1. Who Were America‟s “Mother” and “Fathers”?
America‟s Beginnings through the American
Revolution
Beringian Migration
Mr. Ochoa
Unit 1.1
Chapters 1-6

2. Unit 1.1: African Eve
AFRICAN EVE
• Mitochondrial Eve Theory – M. DNA is
inherited from one common ancestor
in Africa around 200,000 yrs. Ago
• M. DNA is inherited solely from
mother
• M.E.T. discovered by Allan Wilson
U.C. Berkley

3. Unit 1.1: African Eve
Origin of Humans Today
• Primates: 85 million yrs. Ago
• Homo-Habilis: 2.3 million yrs.
Ago
• Homo-Erectus: 1.3 to 1.8 million
yrs. ago, 1st to leave Africa
• Homo-Sapiens: evolved around
400,000 to 250,000 yrs. ago
DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
• Molecule that erodes the
genetic instructions used in
the development of all known
forms of life
• African Eve – 140,000 to
200,000 yrs. ago

4. Unit 1.1: Beringian Migration
Hunter and Gatherers
• Nomads – no home
• Followed Animals and
gathered nuts and
berries
• Used tools made out
of bone, wood, and
stone
Ice Age
• Period of long term
reduction in
temperature of Earth‟s
surface and
atmosphere creating
ice sheets started 2.6
million yrs. ago

5. Unit 1.1: Beringian Migration
Migration
• Asia across Beringia to the Americas
• Pangia 3 million yrs. Ago
• Beringia – the area consisting of the
Bering Strait and adjacent parts of
Siberia + Alaska
– Migration across the Bering

6. Unit 1.1: Corn Civilizations
Corn/Maize
• prior to 1492 corn
only grew in
Americas
• Scientist believe
corn was cultivated
by N. Americans in
Mexico
• Corn moved North
w/ N.A. + Columbus
took corn back to
Europe

7. Unit 1.1: Corn Civilizations
Built Cities
• Aztec, Mayan, Anasazi, +
Mississipian cultures all relied up
corn to sustain their people
• Religion included maize Gods
• Centeotl and Chicomecoatl ensured success
of harvest
• Yum Kaax protected farmers‟ fields

8. Unit 1.1: Corn Civilizations
Anasazi Cliff Dwellers and Mound
Builders
• Anasazi were located in S.W. America
– Built adobes (sundried brick)
• Mound Builders were located in N. America
– Constructed mounds for religious and
ceremonial, burial, and elite residential
purposes
• A.C.D + M.B. were the 1st two civilizations
in America

9. Unit 1.1: A New World
New Inventions
• Faster Ships
• Better Compass
• Portolan Map – lines
on a map radiated out
from compass points
showing key ports,
more accurate map
• Magnetic Compass
Rotten Meat
• Spice Islands – an
archipelago located in
Indonesia
• Rice
• Nutmeg
• Cloves

10. Unit 1.1: A New World
Columbus and Others
– Leif Erikson (1001) – reached N. tip of N.A.
– Bartholomeu Dias (1488) – reached Indian Ocean
– Christopher Columbus (1492) – wanted to find the
Indies by heading west across the Atlantic bumped into
Americas
– Vasco DeGama (1498) – reached India by going around
Africa
– Ferdinand Magellan – circumnavigated the world (died
before his crew went around the world)

11. Unit 1.1: A New World
Columbian Exchange
Americas to Europe, Africa, + Asia
• Maize
• Potato/Sweet Potato
• Bean
• Peanut
• Squash
• Pumpkin
• Pepper
• Pineapple
• Tomato
• Cocoa
Europe, Africa, + Asia to Americas
• Wheat
• Sugar
• Banana
• Rice
• Grape
• Olive Oil
• Dandelion
• Horse
• Pig
• Cow
• Goat
• Chicken
• Small Pox, Typhus (bacteria
spread by lice or fleas

12. Unit 1.1: English or Spanish?
England V. Spain
• Europeans settled in
Americas and brought
religious conflicts with
them
• Queen Elizabeth
encouraged English
adventurers to raid
Spanish colonies
• King Philip wanted to end
attacks sent an armada to
defeat England
• Anglo Spanish War –
commercial rivalry, sugar
was popular and land was
needed
The Defeat of Spanish Armada
• Spain wanted to
defeat England
– Overthrow Queen
Elizabeth
– Spain‟s ships were
outmaneuvered by
lighter, faster English
ships
– The defeat marked the
decline of Spain‟s power

13. The 13 Colonies
Mr. Ochoa
Unit 1.2
Chapters 1-6

14. Unit 1.1: 13 Colonies
13 Colonies
• They came for religious freedom
• They came for economic opportunity
(tobacco)
• They came to be someone/
Indentured Servants (a person who
works for another for a certain time
in return for living expenses and a
place to live)

15. Unit 1.2: Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation
• Reformers who objected to the
doctrines, rituals, leadership, and
structure of the Roman Catholic Church
• M.L. – German monk who challenged
church, he did not believe people could
gain external life by performing good
deeds, he believed one could be saved
by having faith in God

16. Unit 1.2: Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation
• 95 Theses (1517)
– explains the
discontent with the
church
• Roman Catholic
Church – sold
indulgences
(pardons for sins
committed in a
lifetime

17. Unit 1.2: Martin Luther
Puritans
• Did not want to
separate entirely from
Church of England
• Wanted reforms
– Organ music
– Finely decorated houses
of worship
– Special clothing for
priests
Pilgrims
• 1600s English settlers
who sought religious
freedom in the
Americas
– Wanted total separation
from the Church of
England

18. Unit 1.2: Martin Luther
Persecution
• Mistreatment or punishment of
certain people because of their
beliefs
• Many who did not follow established
religion were persecuted
• People had to worship secretly, if
found out they could be imprisoned
or put to death

19. 1.2: Martin Luther
English Settlements and Charters
• Charter – legal document giving
certain rights to a person or
company
• King James I – gave the Virginia
Company of London a charter to
settle lands b/t present day N.C. to
the Potomac River

20. Unit 1.2: Martin Luther
• Problems
– Swampy area
– Unhealthy water
– Mosquitoes spread
malaria
– Govt. hard to
implement
– Starvation – not
planting enough –
busy looking for
gold
• John Smith (soldier
+ explorer)
– Set up rules for
area/must work to
eat
– Got corn from N.
Americans
• Friendship did not
last long

21. Unit 1.2: Jamestown
Raleigh and Tobacco
• Walter Raleigh
established the lost
Roanoke colony (N.C.)
• With in a yr. food was
low, and fighting w/
neighbors
• Tobacco – helped
colonies grow
economically due to
popularity
Religious Tolerance?
• Virginia – men had to
acknowledge
supremacy of the King
and lack of Power or
authority by the Pope
• Idea was to ensure
Church of England
would remain
supreme

22. Unit 1.2: New England Colonies
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
Mayflower + Plymouth
• Mayflower – 100 men, women, and
children were on ship, landed on
Cape Cod (Mass.)
• Called it Plymouth b/c Mayflower
sailed from the port of Plymouth,
England

23. Unit 1.2: New England Colonies
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
Church and Democracy
• Pilgrims realized they would not land in
Virginia (rules would not apply – who
would govern?)
• Not all colonist on Mayflower were
pilgrims
• 41 male passengers made rules and
signed the Mayflower Compact
– Laws were for the general good of the
colony

24. Unit 1.2: New England Colonies
Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
“City on a Hill”
• John Winthrop (1630) wrote A Model
of Christian Charity while traveling
on a ship towards New England
• Winthrop believed that everyone
would admire and emulate the
Puritan city on a hill (Massachusetts's
Bay Colony)

25. Unit 1.2: Middle Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
Trade
• Cash crops – can be
sold for profit in the
market
• Exported so much
they became known
as the bread basket
colonies
• Delaware and
Hudson Rivers made
trade easy

26. Unit 1.2: Middle Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
Major Cities – New York & Philly
New York
• Settled by Dutch – to
encourage farming
officials granted large
parcels of land to rich
families – in return they
agreed to settle at least
50 European families
• King Charles (Eng.) took
over area and gave it to
his brother, Duke of
York, and he renamed it
New York
Philly
• Largest city during the
time
• Became the site of the
First Continental
Congress (1774)

27. Unit 1.2: Middle Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
Quakers – Penn
• Penn came from a wealthy English family,
joined Quakers (Protestant Reformers)
• Quakers believed all people were equal,
allowed women to preach in public, refused
to remove hats in the presence of nobles,
despised all war, and refused to serve in the
army
• Most despised, Charles II gave Penn a
charter
• Penn believed land belonged to N.A. and
insisted settlers should pay for land

28. Unit 1.2: Southern Colonies
Maryland, Virginia, N. Carolina, S. Carolina, Georgia
Slavery
• S. Colonies need a lot of workers to
grow crops
• 1st tried to slave N.A. but many died
b/c of disease
• Many were mistreated and some fled
Cash Crops
Indigo (blue dye), Rice, + Tobacco

29. Unit 1.2: 13 Colonies
Religious Freedom, Economic Opportunity
• Reasons for people to leave England and start a
life
3 Types: New England, Middle, and Southren
• New England - Massachusetts, Connecticut,
Rhode Island, and New Hampshire
• Middle - New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Delaware
• Southern - Maryland, Virginia, N. Carolina, S.
Carolina, and Georgia

30. American Revolution
Mr. Ochoa
Unit 1.3
Chapters 1-6

31. Unit 1.3: French and Indian War
France vs. England With Indian Tribes Choosing Sides
• Both wanted territory (Ohio River Valley)
• English settlers tried to trade w/ Indians, France
disliked
• N.A. lived in O.R.V. for centuries didn't want to
give up land
• War got too big and N.A. picked sides
• William Johnson (Eng. Trader and official) –
helped gained Iroquois support – gained N.A.
support in O.R.V.
– Charged lower prices than the French for trade
goods

32. Unit 1.3: French and Indian War
Colonist Learn to Fight (GW)
• G. Washington
became major in the
militia in Virginia
(British Territory)
• G.W. built a fort where
the Ohio River is
formed
• Trained and led 150
men into Ohio (1754)
• French soldiers
retreated
Britain Wants Colonies to Pay
for War
• Mercantilist System –
govt. control foreign
trade is important for
ensuring the military
security of the country
• Colonies expected to
serve the colonial
power
– Pay taxes

33. Unit 1.3: Taxes and Boycotts
Tax Sugar (Rum) 1764
• Sugar Act put
new taxes on
molasses
Boycott led by Sam Adams
• S.A. loved
politics, talent in
organizing people
Stamp Act 1765
• Taxes on legal
documents such as
wills, diplomas, +
marriage papers,
etc.
Townshend Acts 1767-68
• Taxed goods such as
glass, paper, paint,
lead + tea
• Can search without
good reason

34. Unit 1.3: Boston Massacre
1770
Sam Adams, “No Taxation…”
• Colonist should no pay taxes without
representation in British Parliament
Committes of Correspondence
Spread the Word/Unite Colonies
• Members wrote letters and
pamphlets reporting on events in
Massachusetts, became tool in every
colony

35. Unit 1.3: Boston
Massacre 1770
Snowball Fight Gone
Bad
• March 5th, 1770 –
people gathered around
outside the Custom
House (Boston)
• People began throwing
snowballs, oyster shells,
+ chunks of ice at
soldiers
• Soldier panicked +
fired a shots into a
crowd
• 5 people die – Sam
Maverick (17) + Crispus
Attucks (American
Sailor)
• Outraged followed –
Boston Massacre

36. Unit 1.3: Tea Tax 1773
1st Direct Tax – on People…Hated!
• Tea brought to colonies by British East India
Company
• B.E.I.C. was in financial trouble
• British Parliament taxed tea as symbol as their
right to tax
Stamp Act Congress – Colonies Unite to get
rid of it
• It almost offended every colonist
Declaratory Act!
• Parliament repealed Stamp Act because British
trade was hurting

37. Unit 1.3: Intolerable Acts, 1774
Duties on Glass, Lead, Paint
• Series of laws passed by British Parliament – some
put taxes on certain items
Hancock’s Ship…British Soldiers
• Part of acts, no ship could enter or leave port of
Boston until tea was paid for
• Quartering Act – colonist have to house British
Soldiers
Continental Congress
• Committee of Correspondence – spread news of I.A.
• 1st C.C. backed Mass. Boycott on all British goods
(Georgia did not send delegates)

38. Unit 1.3: Lexington Concord, 1775
British Seize Weapons
• Minutemen – volunteers, collected
weapons + gunpowder
• Created large storage of arms in
Concord (18 miles from Boston)
• April 18th, 1775 – 700 British troops
went to seize weapons
Paul Revere
• Midnight Rider – rode horse towards
concord “The Redcoats are coming”

39. Unit 1.3: Lexington Concord, 1775
Lexington/Concord
• 70 m.m. were waiting, British told them to
go home
• Colonist were outnumbered + began to
leave
• A shot was fired (unknown), 8 men killed
• British found no weapons
• On way back, 300 m.m. waiting – 73 British
soldiers killed, 200 wounded or missing
• Battles of Lexington and Concord spread

40. Unit 1.3: 2nd Congress; Bunker Hill, 1775
Olive Branch Petition
• 2nd C.C. – delegates
sent letter to King
George
• Declared loyalty to
King + wanted to
repeal I.A.
• George became
enraged, sent 200,000
more troops
Washington From An
Army
• G.W. set up a
Continental Army
• G.W. was appointed
commander

41. Unit 1.3: 2nd Congress; Bunker Hill, 1775
Declaration of Independence
• Bunker Hill first major battle of the
Revolution
• Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense
– Colonist did not owe anything to Britain
– Urged independence
– Popular writing

42. Unit 1.3: Declaration of Independence, 1776
Congress
• Created a committee to create a
document
Written by Thomas Jefferson (with Help)
• Jefferson wrote it July 2nd (John Adams, Ben
Franklin, Robert Livingston, + Roger Sherman)
• Free and independent states
3 Parts: A. Inalienable Rights B. King George
is a Tyrant C. People Have Right to Form
own Government

43. Unit 1.3: British Victories 1777
New York – Narrow Escape
• General Howe + thousands of redcoats invaded
N.Y.
• Washington‟s men were outnumbered with no
Navy
• Battle of Long Island – 1,400 Americans killed
• To escape, Washington retreated N.
Washington – Not a Good Tactical General
• Howe captured Philly + defeated Americans in
Brandywine and Germantown

44. Unit 1.3: Saratoga 1777
General Gates Wins, Turning Point in War
• Ended British threats of N.E.
• Uplifted spirits – Washington‟s army was suffering
defeats
French Agrees to Help
• French becomes ally of U.S.
• 1776 – Ben Franklin went to Paris to persuade
Louis XVI
• France recognized America as a new nation

45. Unit 1.3: Valley Forge 1778
Freezing, Dying, Sodiers Tough it Out
• Winter of „77 – ‟78
• Slept on frozen ground, no shoes,
wrapped cloth around feet, frost bite, +
disease
Washington’s Greatest Moment
• Patriots helped with supplies
• V.F. was bleakest moment

46. Unit 1.3: Yorktown 1781
Decisive Battle, End War – Gen. Cornwallis Surrenders
• Cornwallis conquered Virginia + cut off supplies to the S.
• Sent troops to attack Charlottesville – Thomas Jefferson
had to flee
• Lafayette fought Cornwallis – Corn. Ordered to send army
to NY but retreaded to Yorktown
• Washington trapped them in a peninsula
• Many deaths + supplies running low, he surrendered
French Fleet Keeps British From Escaping
• Admiral De Grasse closed the trap once in Chesapeake Bay

47. Unit 1.3: Treaty of Paris 1783
Negotiated by
• 1783 – Congress sent Ben Franklin,
John Adams, John Jay, + Henry Laurens
America’s Boundaries Set
• British recognized the U.S. as
independent
• Atlantic to Mississippi River, N. border
was the Great Lakes, S. stopped at
Florida (Spain)