This document discusses ancient maps and the T-O map. It begins with questions about ancient maps and map-making software. It then discusses the T-O map, which depicted the three known continents - Europe, Africa and Asia - around the Mediterranean Sea, with Jerusalem at the center. Finally, it considers how the T-O map is different from modern maps and why it remains popular as a symbol.

2. DISCUSSION
Do you anything about ancient maps?
What do you think these strange , exceptional maps come from?
Have you ever tried to work with a map-making software?
Have you ever tried to work with Google earth or something?

3. THE MAP AS A SYMBOL

4. GLOSSARY
Onwards: forward, since
Diagrams: a group of lines which
Represents s.t.h. Together.
Ox-hide: the leather from hide of an
ox
Hide : the hard skin of an animal
Ox: a male cow which is castrated
castrate: to cut the sex organs for
working

5. THE T-O MAP
east
Black Aegea
Sea n
Europ
e
Sophisticated: highly developed
Red
sea
Mediterranean
sea
South
Nile
river
Africa

6. THE MAP AS A SYMBOL

7. GLOSSARY
Medieval times: a period of time
between
500 – 1500 when the church was
interfering every aspect of human life.

summit: zenith, peak
Perch : to settle and land on a height
aware: showing or having realization
Noah and the story:



Shem=>Asia
Japheth=>Europe
Ham=>Africa
A symbol
Christopher
Colombus

8. DESCRIBING MAPS AND DIAGRAMS

9. COMPREHENSION CHECK

True or false? Why?
Roman map-makers knew T-O maps were not accurate.
On a T-O map, the north is to the right.
T-O maps became a religious symbol in medieval times.

Answer.

How is the T-O map different from the world maps of today?



Why is T-O map still popular?

10. GRAMMAR (THE, A, AN , OR NO ARTICLE)

They are all laws.

11. GRAMMAR (THE, A, AN , OR NO ARTICLE)

12. EXERCISE FOR GRAMMAR