As Chief Technology Officer at the Federal Communications Commission, Henning Schulzrinne guides policies that drive technological innovation across the nation. At Columbia University, where Schulzrinne is professor and chair in the Department of Computer Science, he has led extensive information technology and telecommunications research and policy projects. At NYC Media Lab's Research Summit 2013, Henning shared what he has identified as the primary research challenges for multimedia communication transitioning from legacy, voice-only networks into a 4G/5G world.
This presentation was made at NYC Media Lab's Research Summit 2013 on September 19, 2013 at the Joseph Urban Theater at Hearst Tower. The Summit was a half-day deep dive into the Lab, featuring presentations and discussion on technologies and trends that are changing the industry. Corporate members also unveiled the results of NYC Media Lab's first round of seed research projects.
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3. Video success à public policy challenges
• Almost all current communication challenges due
to video
• Sample for this discussion:
– Spectrum à incentive auctions
– Video + text à IP transition
– Access for all à relay services
• Important, but have received relatively little
research attention
6. 6
ATC
U.S. Spectrum Allocation of Key Bands
1850
USGovt
1800 - 2200 MHz
1710
AWS-1
US Govt
1755
1865
1870
1895
1890
1885
1910 1930
1945
1950
1975
1970
1965
1990
2320 2345 23602305
WCSWCS DARS
Aeronautical
Telemetry
2110
2 GHz MSS
2200
US Govt
2025
2020
1525 1559
Advanced Wireless
Services (AWS I)
1626.5 1660.5
Mobile Satellite
(MSS) L-Band
1500 - 1800 MHz
700 - 1000 MHz
2300 - 2700 MHz
Sprint
AWS-2HBlock
Aeronautical
Telemetry 1610
Global
Positioning
Satellite (GPS)
MSS
Big LEO
RadioAstronomy/
SpaceResearch/
MeteorologicalAids
NationalFixed/Mob
1675
1670
LightSquared,
Inmarsat
Cellular
900SMR/B/ILT
ISM/
Unlicensed/
US Govt/
Amateur Radio/
Location &
Monitoring
Fixed
Microwave
Public
Safety/
B/ILT
806
824
782
776764
1 MHz Guard Bands
A: 757-758/787-788 MHz
B: 775-776/805-806 MHz
PS: 763-775/793-805 MHz
752
746 794 849 851
Commercial Aviation
Air-Ground
Cellular
869
894 902
901896
929
928
Paging
FixedMicrowave
941
940
932 935
Fixed Microwave
Narrowband
PCS
740
734
728
722
716
710
704
698
TV
TerreStar, DBSD
(DISH)
2 GHz MSS
AWS-2JBlock
TV Aux Broadcast (BAS)
Government Satellite
And Others
2155
AWS-3
1995
20001915
1920
2500
2506
2512
2518
2524
2530
2536
2542
2548
2554
2560
2566
ITFSD3
2572
2578
2584
2590
2596
2602
2608
2614
2620
2626
2632
2638
2644
2650
2656
2662
2668
2674
2680
2686
2690
ITFSC4
ITFSD4
ITFSC3
ITFSD1
ITFSC2
ITFSD2
ITFSC1
ITFSB3
ITFSA4
ITFSB4
ITFSA3
ITFSB1
ITFSA2
ITFSB2
ITFSA1
MMDSH3
ITFSG4
RChannel
ITFSG3
ITFSG2
ITFSG1
MMDSH2
MMDSH1
MMDSE1
MMDSF1
MMDSE2
MMDSF2
MMDSE3
MMDSF3
MMDSE4
MMDSF4
EBSB4
EBSC4
EBSD4
EBSA4
EBSG4
BRSF4
BRSE4
KGuard
JGuard
BRS2
BRSE1
BRSE2
BRSE3
BRSF1
BRSF2
BRSF3
BRSH1
BRSH2
BRSH3
EBSG1
EBSG2
EBSG3
EBSD1
EBSD2
EBSD3
EBSC1
EBSC2
EBSC3
EBSB1
EBSB2
EBSB3
EBSA1
EBSA2
EBSA3
BRS1
2496
2502
2507.5
2513
2518.5
2524
2529.5
2535
2540.5
2546
2551.5
2557
2562.5
2568
2572
2578
2584
2590
2596
2602
2608
2614
2618
2624
2629.5
2635
2640.5
2646
2651.5
2657
2662.5
2668
2673.5
2679
2684.5
2690
Fixed - Satellite /
Radio Astronomy /
Space Research
Old
Allocation
New Allocation
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
TV Channels
Lower 700 MHz Band Upper 700 MHz Band
A AB BC CD E C C
758 770
788 800
D DPublic
Safety
Public
Safety
Old
Allocation
New
Allocation
Mobile Satellite
(MSS) L-Band
LightSquared,
Inmarsat
Globalstar
Iridium
OPCorp
Meteorological Aids/
Meteorological-
Satellite
Uplink Band
Downlink Band
TDD Band
1720 1730 1745
A B BA A B BA
A B C D E F
ISM/
MSS
Big LEO
Globalstar
2483.5 2495
2487.5
2008
AWS-1
A B C D E F TerreStar, DBSD
(DISH)
21752120 2130 2145
Broadband PCS
A B CD E F
ATCATC
Broadband PCS
B CE FDA
AWS-2HBlock
Unlicensed
PCS
ISM/
Unlicensed
AWS-2JBlock
AA B BDC
ATC
Sirius Radio
Legend
Amateur
Radio
ATC ATC
Public
Safety/
B/ILT
900SMR/B/ILT
IEEE Standard Band Designato
HF 3-30 MHz
VHF 30-300 MHz
UHF 300-1000 MHz
L band 1-2 GHz
S band 2-4 GHz
C band 4-8 GHz
X band 8-12 GHz
Ku band 12-18 GHz
K band 18-27 GHZ
Ka band 27-40 GHz
V band 40-75 GHz
W band 75-110 GHz
mm wave 110-300 GHz
817
Sprint
862
Sprint
Source: FCC, Sprint and Stifel Nicolaus Research
Sprint
Stifel Nicolaus does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports. As a result, investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could
affect the objectivity of this report. Investors should consider this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision.
All relevant disclosures and certifications appear on pages 2-3 of this report.
July 14, 201
7. What are Spectrum Incentive Auctions?
• Incentive auctions are a voluntary, market-based means of
repurposing spectrum by encouraging licensees to voluntarily
relinquish spectrum usage rights in exchange for a share of the
proceeds from an auction of new licenses to use the repurposed
spectrum.
• Currently:
• TV in VHF (54-88 MHz, 174-216 MHz) & UHF (476-698 MHz) à 298 MHz
• Cellular in 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 1.7 GHz, 2.1 GHz, 2.5 GHz à ~500 MHz
• Useful cellular bands: 500 MHz to 3 GHz (for now)
• Unlicensed data use mainly in 2.4, 5.8, 60 GHz
8. Broadcast Incentive Auction: Objectives
• Create market-based process for repurposing maximum
amount of UHF spectrum for flexible use
Relieve Spectrum
Crunch
• Forward auction proceeds must exceed reverse auction
payments
• Cover repacking reimbursement and admin costs
• Other congressional objectives (FirstNet, deficit reduction)
Statutory Fiscal
Objectives
• Provide unique business opportunity for participating
broadcasters
• Preserve broadcast service for nonparticipating
broadcasters
Provide for a Healthy
Broadcast Industry
• Availability of low-band spectrum for a range of mobile
broadband providers and a contiguous unlicensed band
• Launchpad for advanced wireless networks
Promote Innovation
and a Vibrant Mobile
Market
9. Broadcast Incentive Auction: Key Components
Reverse
Auction
Forward
Auction
Broadcasters
• Offer to relinquish
spectrum usage rights
Mobile Broadband
Providers
• Offer to purchase
spectrum licenses
Integration
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. Broadcaster Options
2. Reverse Auction Design
3. Repacking of Broadcast Stations
4. Forward Auction Design
5. 600 MHz Band Plan
6. Integration of Forward and
Reverse Auctions
7. Unlicensed Use/TV Whitespaces
10. Incentive Auction Decision Tree
Reverse
Auc1on
Forward
Auc1on
Maximum
Opening
Bids
Minimum
Opening
Bids
Ini1al
spectrum
clearing
target
(#
channels)
No
Yes
Close
Auction
Reduce
spectrum
clearing
target,
con1nue
auc1ons
Ascending
clock
stopping
rule:
Stops
for
a
license
category
when
there
is
no
excess
demand
for
that
category.
(The
stage
ends
when
all
clocks
have
stopped.)
Reverse
auc1on:
Winning
bidders
paid
last
offer
they
accepted,
channels
assigned
to
others
Forward
auc1on:
Winning
bidders
go
to
assignment
stage
to
be
assigned
specific
frequencies
Closing Rule
Met?
Descending
clock
stopping
rule:
Stops
for
a
sta1on
when
it
either
has
exited
or
must
be
cleared
to
achieve
the
clearing
target.
(The
stage
ends
when
all
clocks
have
stopped.
11. 11
Participate and Stay on the Air: Channel-
Sharing
• Stations share single transmitter and
antenna
– Pairing through private negotiations
– Capital infusion from contribution of
spectrum
– OpEx and CapEx savings
• Each station is licensed portion of 6-
megahertz channel
– Two stations on a channel share 19.4 Mbps
– Can allocate bandwidth dynamically
• Call letters, channel guide number (PSIP),
other indicia of station identity remain
• Includes all current licensee rights (e.g.,
must carry)
Current: 12 MHz for Broadcasting
6 MHz
Channel 17
6 MHz
WXXX
21
WYYY
Channel
22
6 MHz
Potential: 6 MHz for Broadcasting
6 MHz for Auction
12. Repacking
• FCC is looking to recover contiguous blocks of
spectrum (contiguous channels) on a nationwide
or market-wide basis
• Broadcast service will continue after the auction:
• Stations not participating
• Stations not purchased in the auction
• Stations remaining on the air will be repacked
into channels remaining for TV use
13. Effect of Repacking
21 50
Potential for service loss
from co-channel interference
21
Service
POP A
(New)
Station on
Ch 50
receives
new
allotment
on Ch 21
Channel
Change
Service
Impacts
Service
POP A
(Old)
Service
POP B
(Old)
Interference (POP C)
New interference must not
reduce population coverage by
more than 0.5%
21
Service
POP B
(New)
14. 2
4
5
7
9
3
6
8
10
Non-‐
Broadcast
spectrum
Non-‐
Broadcast
spectrum
New York City
Full Power
TV Stations
Philadelphia
Full Power
TV Stations
Low
Power TV
White
Space
White
Space
White
Space
White
Space
Etc.
Etc.
• TV channels are “allotted” to cities to serve the local area
• Other licensed and unlicensed services are also in TV bands
• “White Spaces” are the channels that are “unused” at any
given location by licensed devices
Low
Power TV
Only for illustrative purposes
Wireless
Microphones
Wireless
Microphones
TV white spaces
16. The three transitions
From
to
mo1va1on
issues
Copper
à fiber
capacity
maintenance
cost
compe@@on
(“unbundled
network
elements”)
Wired
à wireless
mobility
cost
in
rural
areas
capacity
quality
Circuits
à packets
(IP)
flexibility
cost
per
bit
line
power
Neustar
May
2013
16
VoIP,
VoLTE
17. Neustar
May
2013
17
When?
TDM
switching
(core)
VoIP
access
fixed
4G
2013
no
single
transi@on
date!
numbering
E.164
human-‐visible
hidden
“wireless
network
is
99%
wired”
18. • User behavior changes
– more text, less voice
– video conferencing for personal & business use (telepresence)
– landline à mobile
– OTT VoIP (for international calls)
• Core network technology changes
– IMS
– SIP trunking
• Access and end system changes
– large PBX all VoIP
– voice as app
– WebRTC
18
The transition of the PSTN
Neustar
May
2013
19. 19
Available access speeds
100
Mb/s+
20
Mb/s
5
Mb/s
2
Mb/s
1
Mb/s
18%
80%
95%
97%
100%
avg.
sustained
throughput
of
households
marginal
VOIP
10
Gb/s
common
now
–
future
capability
1
Gb/s
10
Mb/s
99%
by
2023?
Neustar
May
2013
20. 20
Interstate switched access minutes
5 - 2
Chart 5.1
Interstate Switched Access Minutes of Use for Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers
(in Billions)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Neustar
May
2013
21. Switches are ageing
1979
Nortel
DMS-‐100
hcp://www.phworld.org/switch/ntess.htm
Neustar
May
2013
21
22. Challenges & Opportunities
Challenges
• Legacy circuit-switched services
– credit card readers
– TTYs
– FAA air traffic control systems
• Consumer protections
• Access competition (copper
loops)
• Voice quality
• Network power (48V)
Opportunities
• Multimedia services
– including for 911
• Advanced services
– e.g., robocall filtering
• Lower cost operations
• More service competition
24. Relay services for deaf & HoH
• VRS used by about 250,000 in US
• Provided at no cost to users
audio
real-‐1me
text
video
audio
speech-‐to-‐speech
cap@oned
telephone
VRS
(ASL)
real-‐@me
text
TRS,
iTRS
TTY
video
VRS
VRS
direct
calls
711
25. Challenges
• VRS as precursor of general consumer technology
– 10-digit phone numbers, with video, text and audio
• Proprietary technology
– à transition to standards-based systems
• High cost: ~$5/minute for VRS
– à direct video communication for customer service calls?
– à automating speech-to-text and ASL-to-text?
• Fragmented: VRS, TRS, iTRS, captioned , STS, …
– à integrated video communication platform in progress
26. Conclusion
• Fundamental transition
– VRS as first interoperable video conferencing service using
telephone numbers
• Other challenges needing research attention:
– Indoor location determination for 9-1-1
– Resiliency for communication networks
– Securing key communication identifiers
– Automated fault diagnosis for consumers
– Cheaper digging for fiber cables