1. University of Sargodha, Lyallpur Campus, Faisalabad
Presented By: Presented To:
Naveed Ali Dr. Behzad
Anwar
M.Phil English
behzad_215@hotmail.com
(2015-17)
nvd.alis@gmail.com

2. Definition of Discourse Analyis
Originally the word “discourse” is taken from Latin “discursus” means
“language beyond the sentence” and the word “analysis” means the
method of preceding something. So, the analysis of discourse is typically
concerned with the study of of language, both in texts and conversation.
Example:
Trains collide, the two die and ten injured
No shoes, no services

3. INTERPRETING DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Discourse analysis is not only about method; it is also a
perspective on the nature of language and its relationship
to the central issues of the social sciences. It is an effort to
interpret what the writer or speaker intended to convey
with in a sensitive social context.
Example:
Father: Is that your coat on the floor?
Son : Yes (goes on reading)

4. Even if the utterances or sentences are ungrammatical the
Discourse Analysis makes up grasp the intended meaning.
My natal was in a small town, very close to Riyadh capital of Saudi
Arabia. The distant between my town and Riyadh 7 miles exactly. The
name of this Almasani that means in English Factories. It takes this
name from the people’s carrer. In my childhood, I remember the
people live. It was very simple. Most the people was farmer.

5. DEVICES FOR DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
1. Cohesion
Cohesion refers to the ties and connections which exist within
texts that link different partys of sentences or larger unit of
discourse.
Example:
My Father once bought a Lincoln convertible. He did it by saving
every penny he could. That car would be worth a fortune
nowadays. However, he sold it to help pay for my college
education. Sometimes I think I’d rather have the convertible.

6. Cohesive Devices
a) Anaphoric Relation
Example: He did that there
b) Cataphoric Relation
Example: Here is the 9 O’clock news

7. 2. Coherence
• The key to the concept of coherence is something which is
not exist in the language, but something which exists in
people.
• Example:
• Everything fitting together well
• Her: That’s the telephone
• Him: I am in the bath
• Her: O.K

8. 3. Parallelism
Parallelism means side by side. In some piece of
literature some comparisons or contrasts go side be
side wioth each other.
Example:
In Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’, good
marriages and bad marriages are compared and
contrasted on parallel levels

9. • Speech Events
• Speech events are mainly concerned what people say in
different environment e.g. Debate, interview, discussions,
quiz, etc are different Speech Events.
• Conversation Analysis
• Conversation is an activity where for the most part two or more
people take turn at speaking. In these turn at speaking one has to
pick up the completion point to take his turn to speak.

10. Example
Summons—answer
Can I get some help here?
On my way.
Offer—refusal
Sales clerk: May I help you find something?
Customer: No thank you, I'm just looking.
Compliment—acceptance
Your hair looks very lovely today.
Thank you. I just had it cut.

11. Turn taking
Turn taking is a signal that we use to inform the
audience that we are still talking and intend to
continue our speech.
The purpose of turn taking is to prevent
interference in the middle of our speech.
The example: er, em, uh, but, and,

12. The Co-operative Principle
Co-operative principle can be divided into four
maxims, called the Gricean maxims:
1. The quantity maxim:
- Say no less than conversation requires
- Say no more than conversation requires
2. The quality maxim:
- Don’t say what do you believe to be false
- Don’t say things for which you lack evidence
3. The relation maxim:
- Be relevant
4. The manner maxim:
- Be clear - Don’t be obscure
- Be brief - Don’t be ambiguous
- Be orderly

13. Example of co-operative principal
I am sorry that our team lost.

14. Hedges
Hedges can be define as words or phase used to
indicate that we’re not really sure about what
we’re saying. Such as; perhaps, may, can,
could, possible, likely, and etc.
Example of expression in conversation:
- I’m not pretty sure about …,
- As far as I know …,

15. Example of Hedges
• Perhaps the medicine can help you to
recover quickly.

16. Implicatures
To make something understood without expressing
it directly.
Example:
Carol: Are you coming to Jill’s birthday party
tonight?
Lara : I’ve got exam tomorrow.

17. Background knowledge
• We interpret based on our expectations of what
normally happens.

18. Example of background knowledge
John was on his way to school last Friday.
He was really worried about the math lesson.
We inference these sentences that John is
probably a schoolboy.

19. Last week he had been unable to control the class.
From this sentence, most readers think that John
is a teacher, because he unable to control the
class.
We will quickly abandon the inference before, if it
doesn’t fit anymore.

20. It was unfair of math teacher to leave him in
charge.
Suddenly, John revert to his schoolboy status, and
the inference that he is a teacher is quickly
abandon.
The final sentence of the text contains a surprise.

21. After all, it is not normal part of a janitor’s duties.

22. Schema and Script
o Schema is conventional knowledge which exists
in memory.
o Script is essentially a dynamic schema in which
conventional action takes place.

23. Schema example
For instance, if you hear someone describe what
happened one day ‘in the grocery store’, you
don’t have to be told what can be normally found
there.
You already have a ‘grocery’ schema (many
stands, various kinds of vegetables and fruits,
sellers and customers and other conventional
features).

24. Example
Trying not to be out of the office, Suzy went into
the nearest place, sat down and ordered a
sandwich.
schema script

25. Schema tells us:
 Suzy may be an office girl.
 The nearest place is some restaurant.

26. Script tells us:
About the action she performed as:
 Firstly, she unlocked the door.
 Secondly, she walked to the nearest restaurant.
 Thirdly, she opened the door of the restaurant.
etc.