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Fish & Fishing

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Nicolae Sfetcu
Nicolae Sfetcu

A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish. A fish is a water-dwelling vertebrate with gills that doesn”t change form, as amphibians do, during its life. Most are cold-blooded, though some (such as some species of tuna and shark) are warm-blooded. There are over 29,000 species of fish, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. Fishing is a very ancient practice that dates back at least to the Mesolithic period which began about 10,000 years ago. Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish. By extension, the term fishing is also applied to hunting for other aquatic animals such as various types of shellfish as well as squid, octopus, turtles, frogs and some edible marine invertebrates. Fish as a food describes the edible parts of water-dwelling, cold-blooded vertebrates with gills, as well as certain other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish. An aquarium (plural aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium, usually contained in a clear-sided container (typically constructed of glass or high-strength plastic) in which water-dwelling plants and animals (usually fish, and sometimes invertebrates, as well as amphibians, marine mammals, and reptiles) are kept in captivity, often for public display; or it is an establishment featuring such displays. A detailed guide of everything you want and need to know about fish.

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Fish & Fishing Nicolae Sfetcu Published by Nicolae Sfetcu © 2021 Nicolae Sfetcu
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 2 The book is made by organizing Telework articles (main sources: my own articles, Wikipedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license adapted by Nicolae Sfetcu, and other sources). Text license: CC BY-SA 3.0 The information in this book (licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License) is from 2006 and has not been updated. DISCLAIMER: The author and publisher are providing this book and its contents on an “as is” basis and make no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to this book or its contents. The author and publisher disclaim all such representations and warranties for a particular purpose. In addition, the author and publisher do not represent or warrant that the information accessible via this book is accurate, complete or current. Except as specifically stated in this book, neither the author or publisher, nor any authors, contributors, or other representatives will be liable for damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this book. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that applies to all damages of any kind, including (without limitation) compensatory; direct, indirect or consequential damages, including for third parties. You understand that this book is not intended as a substitute for consultation with a licensed, educational, legal or finance professional. Before you use it in any way, you will consult a licensed professional to ensure that you are doing what’s best for your situation. This book provides content related to educational topics. As such, use of this book implies your acceptance of this disclaimer.
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 3 Contents Fish & Fishing.........................................................................................................................................................1 Fish & Fishing...................................................................................................................................................... 19 Fish .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Classification .............................................................................................................................................. 20 Fish anatomy.............................................................................................................................................. 21 Evolution...................................................................................................................................................... 24 Fish disease................................................................................................................................................. 25 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 25 Note on usage: "fish" vs. "fishes" ........................................................................................................ 26 References................................................................................................................................................... 26 Ichthyology........................................................................................................................................................... 27 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 History .......................................................................................................................................................... 27 Modern Publications............................................................................................................................... 30 Organizations............................................................................................................................................. 30 Notable ichthyologists............................................................................................................................ 31 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 32 References................................................................................................................................................... 32 Electric fish ...................................................................................................................................................... 32 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 32 Strongly and weakly electric fish ....................................................................................................... 32 Table of electric fish ................................................................................................................................ 33 References................................................................................................................................................... 36 Fishing.................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 Fishing in antiquity.................................................................................................................................. 39 Fishing techniques................................................................................................................................... 40 Modern fishing........................................................................................................................................... 46 Preservation ............................................................................................................................................... 48
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 4 Fish products.............................................................................................................................................. 49 Cultural references .................................................................................................................................. 50 References................................................................................................................................................... 51 Fisherman ........................................................................................................................................................ 52 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 52 Fishing industry............................................................................................................................................. 53 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 53 Fish market...................................................................................................................................................... 53 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 53 History and development...................................................................................................................... 54 Notable fish markets ............................................................................................................................... 54 Whaling............................................................................................................................................................. 54 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 History of whaling.................................................................................................................................... 55 Modern whaling........................................................................................................................................ 57 The arguments for and against whaling.......................................................................................... 62 References................................................................................................................................................... 68 Recreational fishing...................................................................................................................................... 69 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 69 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 74 Edible fish.............................................................................................................................................................. 75 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 75 Common food fish .................................................................................................................................... 75 Preserving fish for market.................................................................................................................... 75 Preparation for consumption .............................................................................................................. 75 Is fish meat?................................................................................................................................................ 76 Footnotes..................................................................................................................................................... 76 Fishkeeping.......................................................................................................................................................... 77 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 77 Types of fishkeeping................................................................................................................................ 77 The origins of fishkeeping..................................................................................................................... 78 Modern fishkeeping................................................................................................................................. 78 The Fishkeeping Industry ..................................................................................................................... 79
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 5 Fish breeding.............................................................................................................................................. 79 Conservation and science...................................................................................................................... 80 Animal Welfare.......................................................................................................................................... 80 Controversy ................................................................................................................................................ 81 Invasive Species........................................................................................................................................ 82 Further reading......................................................................................................................................... 82 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 82 Aquaria.............................................................................................................................................................. 82 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 83 History and development...................................................................................................................... 84 Function and design ................................................................................................................................ 85 Ecology ......................................................................................................................................................... 90 Public aquaria............................................................................................................................................ 93 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 94 Airstone............................................................................................................................................................. 94 Alternanthera.................................................................................................................................................. 95 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 95 Aquarium furniture...................................................................................................................................... 95 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 95 Aquascaping.................................................................................................................................................... 96 Community tank ............................................................................................................................................ 96 Good community fish.............................................................................................................................. 97 Water chemistry ....................................................................................................................................... 97 Dolphinarium.................................................................................................................................................. 97 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 97 History .......................................................................................................................................................... 98 Design............................................................................................................................................................ 98 Species .......................................................................................................................................................... 98 Animal welfare .......................................................................................................................................... 99 See also.......................................................................................................................................................100 References.................................................................................................................................................100 Marine mammal park ................................................................................................................................101 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................102
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 6 History ........................................................................................................................................................102 Criticism and animal welfare.............................................................................................................102 Books...........................................................................................................................................................102 See also.......................................................................................................................................................103 Substrate.........................................................................................................................................................103 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................103 Substrates for freshwater aquaria...................................................................................................103 Substrates for saltwater aquaria......................................................................................................104 Substrates for specialty tanks............................................................................................................105 Biological filtration via substrate.....................................................................................................105 References.................................................................................................................................................105 Tropical fish...................................................................................................................................................106 See also.......................................................................................................................................................106 Wet dry filter.................................................................................................................................................106 Barbs ................................................................................................................................................................107 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................108 Reclassification of Barbs......................................................................................................................108 Species ........................................................................................................................................................108 References.................................................................................................................................................112 Barbonymus..................................................................................................................................................112 Puntius.............................................................................................................................................................113 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................113 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................113 Species ........................................................................................................................................................114 References.................................................................................................................................................116 Carp...................................................................................................................................................................116 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................117 Controversy ..............................................................................................................................................117 Types of carp............................................................................................................................................117 In Legend ...................................................................................................................................................118 Goldfish ...........................................................................................................................................................118 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................119 History ........................................................................................................................................................119
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 7 Varieties of domesticated goldfish ..................................................................................................120 Goldfish in ponds....................................................................................................................................121 Goldfish in aquaria.................................................................................................................................121 Feeding.......................................................................................................................................................122 Behavior.....................................................................................................................................................122 Native environment...............................................................................................................................123 Breeding.....................................................................................................................................................124 Mosquito control.....................................................................................................................................125 Edibility and cruelty..............................................................................................................................125 See also.......................................................................................................................................................125 Notes............................................................................................................................................................125 References.................................................................................................................................................126 Catfishes..........................................................................................................................................................126 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................127 Physical characteristics........................................................................................................................127 Family..........................................................................................................................................................128 Southern tradition..................................................................................................................................128 Trivia ...........................................................................................................................................................129 Other catfish .............................................................................................................................................129 References.................................................................................................................................................129 Characidae......................................................................................................................................................129 Related Families......................................................................................................................................131 References.................................................................................................................................................134 Tetras...............................................................................................................................................................134 Footnotes...................................................................................................................................................138 Cichlidae..........................................................................................................................................................138 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................139 Characteristics of cichlids....................................................................................................................140 Range...........................................................................................................................................................140 Diet...............................................................................................................................................................141 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................141 Endangered cichlids ..............................................................................................................................141 Hybrid cichlids.........................................................................................................................................142
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 8 Cichlids as aquarium fish.....................................................................................................................142 Genera.........................................................................................................................................................142 References.................................................................................................................................................145 Further reading.......................................................................................................................................146 Jewel cichlid...................................................................................................................................................146 Species ........................................................................................................................................................147 Aquarium care .........................................................................................................................................147 References.................................................................................................................................................147 Labeotropheus .............................................................................................................................................147 Species ........................................................................................................................................................148 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................148 References.................................................................................................................................................148 Sciaenochromis............................................................................................................................................148 Species ........................................................................................................................................................149 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................149 Steatocranus..................................................................................................................................................149 Species ........................................................................................................................................................149 Corydoras.......................................................................................................................................................150 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................152 References.................................................................................................................................................152 Danios..............................................................................................................................................................153 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................156 Common names given to Danionin species..................................................................................156 Species, listed in order of scientific name, categorised by genus ........................................157 Danionins renamed or wrongly identified ...................................................................................161 See also.......................................................................................................................................................163 Gobiidae..........................................................................................................................................................163 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................164 Mudskippers.............................................................................................................................................164 Symbiosis...................................................................................................................................................165 In aquaria...................................................................................................................................................165 See also.......................................................................................................................................................165 References.................................................................................................................................................166
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 9 Osphronemidae............................................................................................................................................166 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................166 Species ........................................................................................................................................................167 References.................................................................................................................................................169 Poecilia ............................................................................................................................................................169 Live-bearing..............................................................................................................................................170 Poecilia sphenops........................................................................................................................................170 Acanthemblemaria spinosa.....................................................................................................................171 Altolamprologus..........................................................................................................................................172 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................172 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................173 References.................................................................................................................................................173 Bala shark.......................................................................................................................................................173 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................173 General Overview...................................................................................................................................173 Tank preferences....................................................................................................................................174 Native habitat...........................................................................................................................................174 Brine shrimp .................................................................................................................................................174 Bubble nest....................................................................................................................................................175 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................176 Species which build Bubblenests .....................................................................................................176 Construction of Bubblenests..............................................................................................................176 Bubblenests and Breeding..................................................................................................................176 Triggers of Bubblenest Construction..............................................................................................176 See also.......................................................................................................................................................177 Daphnia...........................................................................................................................................................177 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................178 Biology........................................................................................................................................................178 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................179 Lifespan......................................................................................................................................................180 Uses..............................................................................................................................................................180 Ecology .......................................................................................................................................................180 Deep sand bed ..............................................................................................................................................180
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 10 Fish anatomy.................................................................................................................................................181 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................181 Body.............................................................................................................................................................181 Fins...............................................................................................................................................................182 Scales...........................................................................................................................................................182 Internal organs........................................................................................................................................183 Fish diseases..................................................................................................................................................184 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................184 Prevention.................................................................................................................................................184 Fish disease etiology .............................................................................................................................185 Fish disease by affected organ system...........................................................................................188 Fish Disease treatment.........................................................................................................................189 Complications ..........................................................................................................................................192 References.................................................................................................................................................192 Gobiosoma multifasciatum......................................................................................................................192 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................192 Description................................................................................................................................................193 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................193 Conservation status...............................................................................................................................193 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................193 Ichthyology terms .......................................................................................................................................193 A ....................................................................................................................................................................193 B.....................................................................................................................................................................194 C.....................................................................................................................................................................195 D ....................................................................................................................................................................195 E.....................................................................................................................................................................196 F.....................................................................................................................................................................196 G.....................................................................................................................................................................196 H....................................................................................................................................................................197 I......................................................................................................................................................................197 J......................................................................................................................................................................198 K ....................................................................................................................................................................198 L.....................................................................................................................................................................198
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 11 M....................................................................................................................................................................198 N....................................................................................................................................................................199 O ....................................................................................................................................................................199 P.....................................................................................................................................................................199 R ....................................................................................................................................................................200 S.....................................................................................................................................................................200 T.....................................................................................................................................................................201 U ....................................................................................................................................................................202 V.....................................................................................................................................................................202 List of freshwater aquarium fish species...........................................................................................202 See also.......................................................................................................................................................207 List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species.........................................................................207 Shrimp.........................................................................................................................................................207 Crayfish.......................................................................................................................................................207 Snails ...........................................................................................................................................................207 List of freshwater aquarium plant species........................................................................................208 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................208 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................208 Fake or pseudo-aquarium plants .....................................................................................................208 Listed alphabetically by scientific name........................................................................................208 See also.......................................................................................................................................................218 List of marine aquarium fish species...................................................................................................218 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................218 Angelfish ....................................................................................................................................................219 Anthias........................................................................................................................................................220 Bass..............................................................................................................................................................220 Basslets.......................................................................................................................................................220 Batfish.........................................................................................................................................................220 Blennies......................................................................................................................................................221 Boxfish ........................................................................................................................................................221 Butterflyfish..............................................................................................................................................221 Cardinalfish...............................................................................................................................................222 Chromis ......................................................................................................................................................222
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 12 Clownfish...................................................................................................................................................222 Damsels ......................................................................................................................................................222 Dottybacks.................................................................................................................................................223 Dragonets ..................................................................................................................................................223 Filefish ........................................................................................................................................................224 Foxface........................................................................................................................................................224 Gobies..........................................................................................................................................................224 Groupers ....................................................................................................................................................225 Hawkfish....................................................................................................................................................225 Hogfish........................................................................................................................................................225 Jawfish.........................................................................................................................................................225 Lionfish.......................................................................................................................................................226 Pipefish.......................................................................................................................................................226 Pufferfish ...................................................................................................................................................226 Pseudochromis........................................................................................................................................226 Rabbitfish...................................................................................................................................................227 Rays..............................................................................................................................................................227 Seahorse.....................................................................................................................................................227 Squirrelfish................................................................................................................................................228 Tangs...........................................................................................................................................................228 Tilefish........................................................................................................................................................228 Triggerfish.................................................................................................................................................228 Wrasse ........................................................................................................................................................229 Live rock .........................................................................................................................................................229 Marine aquarium.........................................................................................................................................231 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................231 Marine fishkeeping history.................................................................................................................231 Modern fishkeeping...............................................................................................................................232 Conservation ............................................................................................................................................236 References and further reading........................................................................................................237 Painted fish....................................................................................................................................................237 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................237 Methods......................................................................................................................................................238
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 13 Varieties .....................................................................................................................................................238 Health hazards to painted fish...........................................................................................................239 Efforts to stop fish painting................................................................................................................239 References.................................................................................................................................................239 Protein skimmer..........................................................................................................................................240 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................240 Function .....................................................................................................................................................240 Design..........................................................................................................................................................240 References.................................................................................................................................................242 Reef aquarium ..............................................................................................................................................242 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................243 Methodology.............................................................................................................................................243 Saddleback clownfish ................................................................................................................................246 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................246 Appearance...............................................................................................................................................246 Habitat ........................................................................................................................................................246 Diet...............................................................................................................................................................246 Taxonomic classes...........................................................................................................................................247 Classes of Chordata................................................................................................................................247 Taxonomy & Phylogeny .......................................................................................................................248 Agnatha ...........................................................................................................................................................248 Fossil agnathans......................................................................................................................................249 Hagfish.............................................................................................................................................................249 Species ........................................................................................................................................................251 References.................................................................................................................................................252 Lamprey..........................................................................................................................................................252 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................253 Physical description ..............................................................................................................................253 Fossil lampreys........................................................................................................................................254 Taxonomy..................................................................................................................................................254 Relation to humans................................................................................................................................256 Trivia ...........................................................................................................................................................257 Notes............................................................................................................................................................257
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 14 References.................................................................................................................................................258 Gnathostomata.............................................................................................................................................258 Taxonomy & Phylogeny .......................................................................................................................258 Cartilaginous fishes ....................................................................................................................................259 Characteristics.........................................................................................................................................259 Taxonomy..................................................................................................................................................260 Bony fish.........................................................................................................................................................262 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................262 Characteristics.........................................................................................................................................262 Examples....................................................................................................................................................263 Ray-finned fish .............................................................................................................................................263 Classification ............................................................................................................................................264 Notes............................................................................................................................................................266 Acipenseriformes ........................................................................................................................................266 Systematics ...............................................................................................................................................266 References.................................................................................................................................................268 Albuliformes..................................................................................................................................................268 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................268 Description................................................................................................................................................268 Species ........................................................................................................................................................269 References.................................................................................................................................................269 Amiiformes ....................................................................................................................................................270 References.................................................................................................................................................271 Anguilliformes..............................................................................................................................................271 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................271 Biology........................................................................................................................................................272 Classification ............................................................................................................................................272 Suborders and families.........................................................................................................................272 Use by humans.........................................................................................................................................273 Other Information..................................................................................................................................273 Ateleopodiformes........................................................................................................................................274 Species ........................................................................................................................................................274 References.................................................................................................................................................275
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 15 Atheriniformes.............................................................................................................................................275 Reference...................................................................................................................................................276 Aulopiformes.................................................................................................................................................276 Families ......................................................................................................................................................276 References.................................................................................................................................................277 Batrachoidiformes ......................................................................................................................................277 Reference...................................................................................................................................................278 Beloniformes.................................................................................................................................................278 Reference...................................................................................................................................................279 Beryciformes.................................................................................................................................................279 Classification ............................................................................................................................................279 Cetomimiformes ..........................................................................................................................................280 Families ......................................................................................................................................................280 Characiformes...............................................................................................................................................281 Clupeiformes.................................................................................................................................................282 Cypriniformes...............................................................................................................................................282 References.................................................................................................................................................283 Cyprinodontiformes...................................................................................................................................283 Elopiformes ...................................................................................................................................................284 References.................................................................................................................................................284 Esociformes...................................................................................................................................................284 Pikes.............................................................................................................................................................285 Mudminnows ...........................................................................................................................................285 Gadiformes.....................................................................................................................................................285 Reference...................................................................................................................................................286 Gasterosteiformes.......................................................................................................................................286 Classification ............................................................................................................................................286 References.................................................................................................................................................287 Gobiesociformes ..........................................................................................................................................287 Classification ............................................................................................................................................289 Species ........................................................................................................................................................289 References.................................................................................................................................................293 Gonorynchiformes ......................................................................................................................................294
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 16 Gymnotiformes.............................................................................................................................................294 See also.......................................................................................................................................................295 Hiodontiformes............................................................................................................................................295 Lampriformes...............................................................................................................................................295 References.................................................................................................................................................296 Lepisosteiformes.........................................................................................................................................296 Gar in aquaria...........................................................................................................................................297 Gar diversity.............................................................................................................................................298 Lophiiformes.................................................................................................................................................298 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................299 Predation ...................................................................................................................................................299 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................299 Consumption............................................................................................................................................300 References.................................................................................................................................................300 Mugiliformes.................................................................................................................................................300 List of Species...........................................................................................................................................301 Reference...................................................................................................................................................304 Myctophiformes...........................................................................................................................................304 References.................................................................................................................................................304 Notacanthiformes........................................................................................................................................304 References.................................................................................................................................................305 Ophidiiformes...............................................................................................................................................305 References.................................................................................................................................................305 Osmeriformes...............................................................................................................................................306 Classification ............................................................................................................................................306 References.................................................................................................................................................307 Osteoglossiformes.......................................................................................................................................307 Perciformes....................................................................................................................................................307 Families ......................................................................................................................................................308 References.................................................................................................................................................312 Percopsiformes ............................................................................................................................................312 Families ......................................................................................................................................................312 Pleuronectiformes ......................................................................................................................................313
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 17 See also.......................................................................................................................................................314 Polymixiiformes...........................................................................................................................................314 Classification ............................................................................................................................................314 References.................................................................................................................................................315 Polypteriformes...........................................................................................................................................315 Species ........................................................................................................................................................315 References.................................................................................................................................................316 Saccopharyngiformes ................................................................................................................................316 Classification ............................................................................................................................................317 Diet...............................................................................................................................................................317 Salmoniformes .............................................................................................................................................317 References.................................................................................................................................................318 Scorpaeniformes..........................................................................................................................................318 Classification ............................................................................................................................................319 Notes and references ............................................................................................................................320 Stephanoberyciformes..............................................................................................................................321 References.................................................................................................................................................321 Stomiiformes.................................................................................................................................................321 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................322 Distribution and morphology............................................................................................................322 Luminescence ..........................................................................................................................................322 Daily migration........................................................................................................................................323 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................323 Classification ............................................................................................................................................323 References.................................................................................................................................................324 Synbranchiformes.......................................................................................................................................324 Syngnathiformes..........................................................................................................................................324 Classification ............................................................................................................................................324 References.................................................................................................................................................325 Tetraodontiformes......................................................................................................................................325 Physical characteristics........................................................................................................................326 Families ......................................................................................................................................................326 Zeiformes........................................................................................................................................................327
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 18 References.................................................................................................................................................327 Lobe-finned fish...........................................................................................................................................327 Taxonomy and Phylogeny...................................................................................................................328 Evolution of Sarcopterygii ..................................................................................................................329 See also.......................................................................................................................................................329 Lungfish...........................................................................................................................................................329 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................330 Anatomy.....................................................................................................................................................330 Behavior.....................................................................................................................................................331 Taxonomy..................................................................................................................................................331 References.................................................................................................................................................331 Prehistoric fish..................................................................................................................................................333 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................334 References.................................................................................................................................................337 Acanthodii......................................................................................................................................................337 References.................................................................................................................................................338 Placoderms ....................................................................................................................................................338 References.................................................................................................................................................339 License..................................................................................................................................................................340 GNU Free Documentation License........................................................................................................340 Index .....................................................................................................................................................................347 About the author ..............................................................................................................................................350 Nicolae Sfetcu................................................................................................................................................350
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 19 Fish & Fishing A fish is a water-dwelling vertebrate with gills that doesn't change form, as amphibians do, during its life. Most are cold-blooded, though some (such as some species of tuna and shark) are warm-blooded. There are over 29,000 species of fish, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. Taxonomically, fish are a paraphyletic group whose exact relationships are much debated; a common division is into the jawless fish (class Agnatha, 75 species including lampreys and hagfish), the cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes, 800 species including sharks and rays), with the remainder classed as bony fish (class Osteichthyes). Fish come in different sizes, from the 16 m (51 ft) whale shark to a 8 mm (just over ¼ of an inch) long stout infantfish. Many types of aquatic animals named "fish" are not true fish, and in the case of animals such as jellyfish and cuttlefish, are not even vertebrates. Other marine creatures that have in the past been considered fish, like dolphins, are actually mammals. Although most fish are exclusively aquatic and cold-blooded, there are exceptions to both cases. Fish from a number of different groups have evolved the capacity to live out of the water for extended periods of time. Of these amphibious fish some such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days. Also, certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures to varying degrees. Endothermic teleosts (bony fishes) are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the billfishes, tunas, and one species of "primitive" mackerel (Gasterochisma melampus). All sharks in the family Lamnidae – shortfin mako, long fin mako, white, porbeagle, and salmon shark – are known to have the capacity for endothermy, and evidence suggests the trait exists in family Alopiidae (thresher sharks). The degree of endothermy varies from the billfish, which warm only their eyes and brain, to bluefin tuna and porbeagle sharks who maintain body temperatures elevated in excess of 20 °C above ambient water temperatures. See also gigantothermy. Endothermy, though metabolically costly, is thought to provide advantages such as increased contractile force of muscles, higher rates of central nervous system processing, and higher rates of digestion. Fish are an important source of food in many cultures. Other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish are often called "fish" when used as food. For more details, see Fish food. Home | Fish | Ichthyology | Fishing | Edible fish | Fishkeeping | Taxonomic classes | Prehistoric fish | License | Index
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 20 Fish Contents • 1 Classification • 2 Fish anatomy o 2.1 Digestive system o 2.2 Respiratory system o 2.3 Circulatory system o 2.4 Excretory system o 2.5 Sensory and nervous system o 2.6 Muscular system o 2.7 Fish locomotion o 2.8 Reproductive system o 2.9 Immune system • 3 Evolution • 4 Fish disease • 5 See also • 6 Note on usage: "fish" vs. "fishes" • 7 References Classification Fish are a paraphyletic group: that is, any clade containing all fish also contains the tetrapods, which are not fish. For this reason, groups such as the "Class Pisces" seen in older reference works are no longer used in formal classifications. Fish are classified into the following major groups: • Hyperoartia o Petromyzontidae (lampreys) • Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish) • Thelodonti • Anaspida • Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish) o Galeaspida o Pituriaspida o Osteostraci • Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) o Placodermi o Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) o Acanthodii o Osteichthyes (bony fish) ▪ Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 21 ▪ Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) ▪ Actinistia (coelacanths) ▪ Dipnoi (lungfish) Some palaeontologists consider that Conodonta are chordates, and so regard them as primitive fish. For a fuller treatment of classification, see the vertebrate article. Fish anatomy Main article: Fish anatomy Digestive system The advent of jaws allowed fish eat a much wider variety of food, including plants and other organisms. In fish, food is ingested through the mouth and then broken down in the esophagus. When it enters the stomach, the food is further broken down and, in many fish, further processed in fingerlike pouches called pyloric ceca. The pyloric ceca secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the digested food. Organs such as the liver and pancreas add enzymes and various digestive chemicals as the food moves through the digestive tract. The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption. Respiratory system Most fish exchange gases by using gills that are located on either side of the pharynx. Gills are made up of threadlike structures called filaments. Each filament contains a network of capillaries that allow a large surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gill filaments. The blood in the capillaries flows in the opposite direction to the water, causing counter current exchange. They then push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Some fishes, like sharks and lampreys, possess multiple gill openings. However, most fishes have a single gill opening on each side of the body. This opening is hidden beneath a protective bony cover called an operculum. Some fishes, such as lungfish, have developed an adaptation known as a labyrinth that allows them to survive in oxygen-poor areas or places where bodies of water constantly dry up. These species of fish possess specialized organs that serve as lungs. A tube brings air containing oxygen to this organ by way of the fish's mouth. Some kinds of lungfish are so dependent on receiving oxygen from the air that they will suffocate if not allowed to reach the surface of the water.
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 22 Circulatory system Fish have a closed circulatory system with a heart that pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body. The blood goes from the heart to gills, from the gills to the rest of the body, and then back to the heart. In most fishes, the heart consists of four parts: the sinus venosus, the atrium, the ventricle, and the bulbus arteriosus. Despite consisting of four parts, the fish heart is still a two-chambered heart. The sinus venosus is a thin-walled sac that collects blood from the fish's veins before allowing it to flow to the atrium, which is a large muscular chamber. The atrium serves as a one-way compartment for blood to flow into the ventricle. The ventricle is a thick-walled, muscular chamber and it does the actual pumping for the heart. It pumps blood to a large tube called the bulbus arteriosus. At the front end, the bulbus arteriosus connects to a large blood vessel called the aorta, through which blood flows to the fish's gills. Excretory system As with many aquatic animals, most fishes release their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. Some of the wastes diffuse through the gills into the surrounding water. Others are removed by the kidneys, excretory organs that filter wastes from the blood. Kidneys help fishes control the amount of ammonia in their bodies. Saltwater fish tend to lose water because of osmosis. In saltwater fish, the kidneys concentrate wastes and return as much water as possible back to the body. The reverse happens in freshwater fish, they tend to gain water continuously. The kidneys of freshwater fish are specially adapted to pump out large amounts of dilute urine. Some fish have specially adapted kidneys that change their function, allowing them to move from freshwater to saltwater. Sensory and nervous system Fish have well-developed nervous systems that organize around a central brain, that is divided into different parts. The most anterior, or front, end of the brain are the olfactory bulbs, which are involved in the fish's sense of smell. Unlike most vertebrates, the cerebrum of the fish primarily processes the sense of smell rather than being responsible for all voluntary actions. The optic lobes process information from the eyes. The cerebellum coordinates body movements while the medulla oblongata controls the functions of internal organs. Most fishes possess highly developed sense organs. Nearly all daylight fish have well- developed eyes that have color vision that is at least good as a human's. Many fish also have specialized cells known as chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Although they have ears in their heads, many fish may not hear sounds very well. However, most fishes have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system. The lateral line system allows for many fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations, as well as to sense the motion of other nearby fish and prey. In 2003, it was also found by Scottish scientists at Edinburgh University performing research on rainbow trout that fish
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 23 experience pain. Some fishes, such as catfish and sharks, have organs that detect low levels electric current. Other fishes, like the electric eel, can produce their own electricity. Muscular system Fish locomotion Most fish move by contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone alternately. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body of the fish. As each curve reaches the back fin, backward force is created. This backward force, in conjunction with the fins, moves the fish forward. The fish's fins are used like an airplane's stabilizers. Fins also increase the surface area of the tail, allowing for an extra boost in speed. The streamlined body of the fish decreases the amount of friction as they move through water. Since body tissue is more dense than water, fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink. Many bony fishes have an internal organ called a swim bladder that adjust their buoyancy through manipulation of gases. Reproductive system The eggs of fish are fertilized either externally or internally, depending on species. The female usually lays the eggs, and the embryos in the eggs develop and hatch outside her body. These kind of fish are called oviparous fish. Oviparous fish develop by obtaining food from the yolk in the egg. Salmon, for example, are oviparous. Ovoviviparous fish keep the eggs inside of the mother's body after internal fertilization. Each embryo develops in its own egg. The young are "born alive" like most mammals. Some species of fish, such as various sharks, are viviparous. Viviparous fish allow their embryos to stay in the mother's body like ovoviviparous fish. However, the embryos of viviparous fish obtain needed substances from the mother's body, not through material in the egg. The young of viviparous species are also "born alive". Immune system Types of immune organs vary between different types of fish.[1] In the jawless fish (lampreys and hagfishes), true lymphoid organs are absent. Instead, these fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce their immune cells. For example, erythrocytes, macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney (or pronephros) and some areas of the gut (where granulocytes mature) resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish. Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) have a more advanced immune system than the jawless fish. They have three specialized organs that are unique to
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 24 chondrichthyes; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissue similar to bone marrow of mammals) that surround the gonads, the Leydig’s organ within the walls of their esophagus, and a spiral valve in their intestine. All these organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells). They also possess an identifiable thymus and a well- developed spleen (their most important immune organ) where various lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages develop and are stored. Chondrostean fish (sturgeons, paddlefish and birchirs) possess a major site for the production of granulocytes within a mass that is associated with the meninges (membranes surrounding the central nervous system) and their heart is frequently covered with tissue that contains lymphocytes, reticular cells and a small number of macrophages. The chondrostean kidney is an important hemopoietic organ; where erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages develop. Like chondrostean fish, the major immune tissues of bony fish (or teleostei) include the kidney (especially the anterior kidney), where many different immune cells are housed[2]. In addition, teleost fish possess a thymus, spleen and scattered immune areas within mucosal tissues (e.g. in the skin, gills, gut and gonads). Much like the mammalian immune system, teleost erythrocytes, neutrophils and granulocytes are believed to reside in the spleen whereas lymphocytes are the major cell type found in the thymus[3][4]. Recently, a lymphatic system similar to that described in mammals was described in one species of teleost fish, the zebrafish. Although not confirmed as yet, this system presumably will be where naive (unstimulated) T cells will accumulate while waiting to encounter an antigen. [5] Evolution The early fossil record on fish is not very clear. It appears it was not a successful enough animal early in its evolution to leave many fossils. However, this would eventually change over time as it became a dominant form of sea life and eventually branching to include land vertebrates such as amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. The formation of the hinged jaw appears to be what resulted in the later proliferation of fish because un-jawed fish left very few ancestors. Lampreys may be a rough representative of pre-jawed fish. The first jaws are found in Placodermi fossils. It is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force, respiratory-related, or a combination. Some speculate that fish may have evolved from a creature similar to a coral-like Sea squirt, whose larvae resemble primitive fish in some key ways. The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood (as some sea squirts do today, see Neoteny), although the reversal of this case is also possible. Candidates for early fish include Agnatha such as Haikouichthys, Myllokunmingia, and Pikaia.
NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 25 Fish disease Main article: Fish diseases Fish are susceptible to disease as any other organism. Fish diseases can be refered to as etiology: • Bacterial Disorders • Fungal Disorders • Parasitic Disorders • Viral Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Water conditions • Malnutrition or the organ system most affected • Neurological Disorders • Body Cavity • Eye Disorders • Fecal Disorders • Fin Disorders • Gallbladder • Gill Disorders • Intestinal Disorders • Kidney Disorders • Liver Disorders • Locomotor Disorders • Skin Disorders & Changes In Color • Swim Bladder See also • The Wikipedia Fish Category page which provides links to all aspects of the subject from icthyology to aquariums to sharks. • Fish diseases Fish disease category • Ichthyology (the study of fish) • List of fish families • List of fish common names • Fish anatomy • List of freshwater aquarium fish species • Marine aquarium fish species • Antimycin A piscicide • Deep sea fish • Walking fish
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Fish & Fishing

  • 1.
  • 2. Fish & Fishing Nicolae Sfetcu Published by Nicolae Sfetcu © 2021 Nicolae Sfetcu
  • 3. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 2 The book is made by organizing Telework articles (main sources: my own articles, Wikipedia under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license adapted by Nicolae Sfetcu, and other sources). Text license: CC BY-SA 3.0 The information in this book (licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License) is from 2006 and has not been updated. DISCLAIMER: The author and publisher are providing this book and its contents on an “as is” basis and make no representations or warranties of any kind with respect to this book or its contents. The author and publisher disclaim all such representations and warranties for a particular purpose. In addition, the author and publisher do not represent or warrant that the information accessible via this book is accurate, complete or current. Except as specifically stated in this book, neither the author or publisher, nor any authors, contributors, or other representatives will be liable for damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this book. This is a comprehensive limitation of liability that applies to all damages of any kind, including (without limitation) compensatory; direct, indirect or consequential damages, including for third parties. You understand that this book is not intended as a substitute for consultation with a licensed, educational, legal or finance professional. Before you use it in any way, you will consult a licensed professional to ensure that you are doing what’s best for your situation. This book provides content related to educational topics. As such, use of this book implies your acceptance of this disclaimer.
  • 4. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 3 Contents Fish & Fishing.........................................................................................................................................................1 Fish & Fishing...................................................................................................................................................... 19 Fish .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Classification .............................................................................................................................................. 20 Fish anatomy.............................................................................................................................................. 21 Evolution...................................................................................................................................................... 24 Fish disease................................................................................................................................................. 25 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 25 Note on usage: "fish" vs. "fishes" ........................................................................................................ 26 References................................................................................................................................................... 26 Ichthyology........................................................................................................................................................... 27 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 History .......................................................................................................................................................... 27 Modern Publications............................................................................................................................... 30 Organizations............................................................................................................................................. 30 Notable ichthyologists............................................................................................................................ 31 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 32 References................................................................................................................................................... 32 Electric fish ...................................................................................................................................................... 32 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 32 Strongly and weakly electric fish ....................................................................................................... 32 Table of electric fish ................................................................................................................................ 33 References................................................................................................................................................... 36 Fishing.................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 Fishing in antiquity.................................................................................................................................. 39 Fishing techniques................................................................................................................................... 40 Modern fishing........................................................................................................................................... 46 Preservation ............................................................................................................................................... 48
  • 5. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 4 Fish products.............................................................................................................................................. 49 Cultural references .................................................................................................................................. 50 References................................................................................................................................................... 51 Fisherman ........................................................................................................................................................ 52 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 52 Fishing industry............................................................................................................................................. 53 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 53 Fish market...................................................................................................................................................... 53 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 53 History and development...................................................................................................................... 54 Notable fish markets ............................................................................................................................... 54 Whaling............................................................................................................................................................. 54 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 History of whaling.................................................................................................................................... 55 Modern whaling........................................................................................................................................ 57 The arguments for and against whaling.......................................................................................... 62 References................................................................................................................................................... 68 Recreational fishing...................................................................................................................................... 69 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 69 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 74 Edible fish.............................................................................................................................................................. 75 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 75 Common food fish .................................................................................................................................... 75 Preserving fish for market.................................................................................................................... 75 Preparation for consumption .............................................................................................................. 75 Is fish meat?................................................................................................................................................ 76 Footnotes..................................................................................................................................................... 76 Fishkeeping.......................................................................................................................................................... 77 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 77 Types of fishkeeping................................................................................................................................ 77 The origins of fishkeeping..................................................................................................................... 78 Modern fishkeeping................................................................................................................................. 78 The Fishkeeping Industry ..................................................................................................................... 79
  • 6. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 5 Fish breeding.............................................................................................................................................. 79 Conservation and science...................................................................................................................... 80 Animal Welfare.......................................................................................................................................... 80 Controversy ................................................................................................................................................ 81 Invasive Species........................................................................................................................................ 82 Further reading......................................................................................................................................... 82 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 82 Aquaria.............................................................................................................................................................. 82 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 83 History and development...................................................................................................................... 84 Function and design ................................................................................................................................ 85 Ecology ......................................................................................................................................................... 90 Public aquaria............................................................................................................................................ 93 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 94 Airstone............................................................................................................................................................. 94 Alternanthera.................................................................................................................................................. 95 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 95 Aquarium furniture...................................................................................................................................... 95 See also......................................................................................................................................................... 95 Aquascaping.................................................................................................................................................... 96 Community tank ............................................................................................................................................ 96 Good community fish.............................................................................................................................. 97 Water chemistry ....................................................................................................................................... 97 Dolphinarium.................................................................................................................................................. 97 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... 97 History .......................................................................................................................................................... 98 Design............................................................................................................................................................ 98 Species .......................................................................................................................................................... 98 Animal welfare .......................................................................................................................................... 99 See also.......................................................................................................................................................100 References.................................................................................................................................................100 Marine mammal park ................................................................................................................................101 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................102
  • 7. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 6 History ........................................................................................................................................................102 Criticism and animal welfare.............................................................................................................102 Books...........................................................................................................................................................102 See also.......................................................................................................................................................103 Substrate.........................................................................................................................................................103 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................103 Substrates for freshwater aquaria...................................................................................................103 Substrates for saltwater aquaria......................................................................................................104 Substrates for specialty tanks............................................................................................................105 Biological filtration via substrate.....................................................................................................105 References.................................................................................................................................................105 Tropical fish...................................................................................................................................................106 See also.......................................................................................................................................................106 Wet dry filter.................................................................................................................................................106 Barbs ................................................................................................................................................................107 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................108 Reclassification of Barbs......................................................................................................................108 Species ........................................................................................................................................................108 References.................................................................................................................................................112 Barbonymus..................................................................................................................................................112 Puntius.............................................................................................................................................................113 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................113 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................113 Species ........................................................................................................................................................114 References.................................................................................................................................................116 Carp...................................................................................................................................................................116 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................117 Controversy ..............................................................................................................................................117 Types of carp............................................................................................................................................117 In Legend ...................................................................................................................................................118 Goldfish ...........................................................................................................................................................118 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................119 History ........................................................................................................................................................119
  • 8. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 7 Varieties of domesticated goldfish ..................................................................................................120 Goldfish in ponds....................................................................................................................................121 Goldfish in aquaria.................................................................................................................................121 Feeding.......................................................................................................................................................122 Behavior.....................................................................................................................................................122 Native environment...............................................................................................................................123 Breeding.....................................................................................................................................................124 Mosquito control.....................................................................................................................................125 Edibility and cruelty..............................................................................................................................125 See also.......................................................................................................................................................125 Notes............................................................................................................................................................125 References.................................................................................................................................................126 Catfishes..........................................................................................................................................................126 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................127 Physical characteristics........................................................................................................................127 Family..........................................................................................................................................................128 Southern tradition..................................................................................................................................128 Trivia ...........................................................................................................................................................129 Other catfish .............................................................................................................................................129 References.................................................................................................................................................129 Characidae......................................................................................................................................................129 Related Families......................................................................................................................................131 References.................................................................................................................................................134 Tetras...............................................................................................................................................................134 Footnotes...................................................................................................................................................138 Cichlidae..........................................................................................................................................................138 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................139 Characteristics of cichlids....................................................................................................................140 Range...........................................................................................................................................................140 Diet...............................................................................................................................................................141 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................141 Endangered cichlids ..............................................................................................................................141 Hybrid cichlids.........................................................................................................................................142
  • 9. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 8 Cichlids as aquarium fish.....................................................................................................................142 Genera.........................................................................................................................................................142 References.................................................................................................................................................145 Further reading.......................................................................................................................................146 Jewel cichlid...................................................................................................................................................146 Species ........................................................................................................................................................147 Aquarium care .........................................................................................................................................147 References.................................................................................................................................................147 Labeotropheus .............................................................................................................................................147 Species ........................................................................................................................................................148 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................148 References.................................................................................................................................................148 Sciaenochromis............................................................................................................................................148 Species ........................................................................................................................................................149 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................149 Steatocranus..................................................................................................................................................149 Species ........................................................................................................................................................149 Corydoras.......................................................................................................................................................150 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................152 References.................................................................................................................................................152 Danios..............................................................................................................................................................153 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................156 Common names given to Danionin species..................................................................................156 Species, listed in order of scientific name, categorised by genus ........................................157 Danionins renamed or wrongly identified ...................................................................................161 See also.......................................................................................................................................................163 Gobiidae..........................................................................................................................................................163 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................164 Mudskippers.............................................................................................................................................164 Symbiosis...................................................................................................................................................165 In aquaria...................................................................................................................................................165 See also.......................................................................................................................................................165 References.................................................................................................................................................166
  • 10. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 9 Osphronemidae............................................................................................................................................166 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................166 Species ........................................................................................................................................................167 References.................................................................................................................................................169 Poecilia ............................................................................................................................................................169 Live-bearing..............................................................................................................................................170 Poecilia sphenops........................................................................................................................................170 Acanthemblemaria spinosa.....................................................................................................................171 Altolamprologus..........................................................................................................................................172 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................172 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................173 References.................................................................................................................................................173 Bala shark.......................................................................................................................................................173 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................173 General Overview...................................................................................................................................173 Tank preferences....................................................................................................................................174 Native habitat...........................................................................................................................................174 Brine shrimp .................................................................................................................................................174 Bubble nest....................................................................................................................................................175 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................176 Species which build Bubblenests .....................................................................................................176 Construction of Bubblenests..............................................................................................................176 Bubblenests and Breeding..................................................................................................................176 Triggers of Bubblenest Construction..............................................................................................176 See also.......................................................................................................................................................177 Daphnia...........................................................................................................................................................177 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................178 Biology........................................................................................................................................................178 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................179 Lifespan......................................................................................................................................................180 Uses..............................................................................................................................................................180 Ecology .......................................................................................................................................................180 Deep sand bed ..............................................................................................................................................180
  • 11. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 10 Fish anatomy.................................................................................................................................................181 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................181 Body.............................................................................................................................................................181 Fins...............................................................................................................................................................182 Scales...........................................................................................................................................................182 Internal organs........................................................................................................................................183 Fish diseases..................................................................................................................................................184 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................184 Prevention.................................................................................................................................................184 Fish disease etiology .............................................................................................................................185 Fish disease by affected organ system...........................................................................................188 Fish Disease treatment.........................................................................................................................189 Complications ..........................................................................................................................................192 References.................................................................................................................................................192 Gobiosoma multifasciatum......................................................................................................................192 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................192 Description................................................................................................................................................193 In the aquarium.......................................................................................................................................193 Conservation status...............................................................................................................................193 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................193 Ichthyology terms .......................................................................................................................................193 A ....................................................................................................................................................................193 B.....................................................................................................................................................................194 C.....................................................................................................................................................................195 D ....................................................................................................................................................................195 E.....................................................................................................................................................................196 F.....................................................................................................................................................................196 G.....................................................................................................................................................................196 H....................................................................................................................................................................197 I......................................................................................................................................................................197 J......................................................................................................................................................................198 K ....................................................................................................................................................................198 L.....................................................................................................................................................................198
  • 12. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 11 M....................................................................................................................................................................198 N....................................................................................................................................................................199 O ....................................................................................................................................................................199 P.....................................................................................................................................................................199 R ....................................................................................................................................................................200 S.....................................................................................................................................................................200 T.....................................................................................................................................................................201 U ....................................................................................................................................................................202 V.....................................................................................................................................................................202 List of freshwater aquarium fish species...........................................................................................202 See also.......................................................................................................................................................207 List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species.........................................................................207 Shrimp.........................................................................................................................................................207 Crayfish.......................................................................................................................................................207 Snails ...........................................................................................................................................................207 List of freshwater aquarium plant species........................................................................................208 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................208 Introduction..............................................................................................................................................208 Fake or pseudo-aquarium plants .....................................................................................................208 Listed alphabetically by scientific name........................................................................................208 See also.......................................................................................................................................................218 List of marine aquarium fish species...................................................................................................218 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................218 Angelfish ....................................................................................................................................................219 Anthias........................................................................................................................................................220 Bass..............................................................................................................................................................220 Basslets.......................................................................................................................................................220 Batfish.........................................................................................................................................................220 Blennies......................................................................................................................................................221 Boxfish ........................................................................................................................................................221 Butterflyfish..............................................................................................................................................221 Cardinalfish...............................................................................................................................................222 Chromis ......................................................................................................................................................222
  • 13. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 12 Clownfish...................................................................................................................................................222 Damsels ......................................................................................................................................................222 Dottybacks.................................................................................................................................................223 Dragonets ..................................................................................................................................................223 Filefish ........................................................................................................................................................224 Foxface........................................................................................................................................................224 Gobies..........................................................................................................................................................224 Groupers ....................................................................................................................................................225 Hawkfish....................................................................................................................................................225 Hogfish........................................................................................................................................................225 Jawfish.........................................................................................................................................................225 Lionfish.......................................................................................................................................................226 Pipefish.......................................................................................................................................................226 Pufferfish ...................................................................................................................................................226 Pseudochromis........................................................................................................................................226 Rabbitfish...................................................................................................................................................227 Rays..............................................................................................................................................................227 Seahorse.....................................................................................................................................................227 Squirrelfish................................................................................................................................................228 Tangs...........................................................................................................................................................228 Tilefish........................................................................................................................................................228 Triggerfish.................................................................................................................................................228 Wrasse ........................................................................................................................................................229 Live rock .........................................................................................................................................................229 Marine aquarium.........................................................................................................................................231 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................231 Marine fishkeeping history.................................................................................................................231 Modern fishkeeping...............................................................................................................................232 Conservation ............................................................................................................................................236 References and further reading........................................................................................................237 Painted fish....................................................................................................................................................237 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................237 Methods......................................................................................................................................................238
  • 14. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 13 Varieties .....................................................................................................................................................238 Health hazards to painted fish...........................................................................................................239 Efforts to stop fish painting................................................................................................................239 References.................................................................................................................................................239 Protein skimmer..........................................................................................................................................240 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................240 Function .....................................................................................................................................................240 Design..........................................................................................................................................................240 References.................................................................................................................................................242 Reef aquarium ..............................................................................................................................................242 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................243 Methodology.............................................................................................................................................243 Saddleback clownfish ................................................................................................................................246 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................246 Appearance...............................................................................................................................................246 Habitat ........................................................................................................................................................246 Diet...............................................................................................................................................................246 Taxonomic classes...........................................................................................................................................247 Classes of Chordata................................................................................................................................247 Taxonomy & Phylogeny .......................................................................................................................248 Agnatha ...........................................................................................................................................................248 Fossil agnathans......................................................................................................................................249 Hagfish.............................................................................................................................................................249 Species ........................................................................................................................................................251 References.................................................................................................................................................252 Lamprey..........................................................................................................................................................252 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................253 Physical description ..............................................................................................................................253 Fossil lampreys........................................................................................................................................254 Taxonomy..................................................................................................................................................254 Relation to humans................................................................................................................................256 Trivia ...........................................................................................................................................................257 Notes............................................................................................................................................................257
  • 15. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 14 References.................................................................................................................................................258 Gnathostomata.............................................................................................................................................258 Taxonomy & Phylogeny .......................................................................................................................258 Cartilaginous fishes ....................................................................................................................................259 Characteristics.........................................................................................................................................259 Taxonomy..................................................................................................................................................260 Bony fish.........................................................................................................................................................262 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................262 Characteristics.........................................................................................................................................262 Examples....................................................................................................................................................263 Ray-finned fish .............................................................................................................................................263 Classification ............................................................................................................................................264 Notes............................................................................................................................................................266 Acipenseriformes ........................................................................................................................................266 Systematics ...............................................................................................................................................266 References.................................................................................................................................................268 Albuliformes..................................................................................................................................................268 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................268 Description................................................................................................................................................268 Species ........................................................................................................................................................269 References.................................................................................................................................................269 Amiiformes ....................................................................................................................................................270 References.................................................................................................................................................271 Anguilliformes..............................................................................................................................................271 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................271 Biology........................................................................................................................................................272 Classification ............................................................................................................................................272 Suborders and families.........................................................................................................................272 Use by humans.........................................................................................................................................273 Other Information..................................................................................................................................273 Ateleopodiformes........................................................................................................................................274 Species ........................................................................................................................................................274 References.................................................................................................................................................275
  • 16. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 15 Atheriniformes.............................................................................................................................................275 Reference...................................................................................................................................................276 Aulopiformes.................................................................................................................................................276 Families ......................................................................................................................................................276 References.................................................................................................................................................277 Batrachoidiformes ......................................................................................................................................277 Reference...................................................................................................................................................278 Beloniformes.................................................................................................................................................278 Reference...................................................................................................................................................279 Beryciformes.................................................................................................................................................279 Classification ............................................................................................................................................279 Cetomimiformes ..........................................................................................................................................280 Families ......................................................................................................................................................280 Characiformes...............................................................................................................................................281 Clupeiformes.................................................................................................................................................282 Cypriniformes...............................................................................................................................................282 References.................................................................................................................................................283 Cyprinodontiformes...................................................................................................................................283 Elopiformes ...................................................................................................................................................284 References.................................................................................................................................................284 Esociformes...................................................................................................................................................284 Pikes.............................................................................................................................................................285 Mudminnows ...........................................................................................................................................285 Gadiformes.....................................................................................................................................................285 Reference...................................................................................................................................................286 Gasterosteiformes.......................................................................................................................................286 Classification ............................................................................................................................................286 References.................................................................................................................................................287 Gobiesociformes ..........................................................................................................................................287 Classification ............................................................................................................................................289 Species ........................................................................................................................................................289 References.................................................................................................................................................293 Gonorynchiformes ......................................................................................................................................294
  • 17. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 16 Gymnotiformes.............................................................................................................................................294 See also.......................................................................................................................................................295 Hiodontiformes............................................................................................................................................295 Lampriformes...............................................................................................................................................295 References.................................................................................................................................................296 Lepisosteiformes.........................................................................................................................................296 Gar in aquaria...........................................................................................................................................297 Gar diversity.............................................................................................................................................298 Lophiiformes.................................................................................................................................................298 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................299 Predation ...................................................................................................................................................299 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................299 Consumption............................................................................................................................................300 References.................................................................................................................................................300 Mugiliformes.................................................................................................................................................300 List of Species...........................................................................................................................................301 Reference...................................................................................................................................................304 Myctophiformes...........................................................................................................................................304 References.................................................................................................................................................304 Notacanthiformes........................................................................................................................................304 References.................................................................................................................................................305 Ophidiiformes...............................................................................................................................................305 References.................................................................................................................................................305 Osmeriformes...............................................................................................................................................306 Classification ............................................................................................................................................306 References.................................................................................................................................................307 Osteoglossiformes.......................................................................................................................................307 Perciformes....................................................................................................................................................307 Families ......................................................................................................................................................308 References.................................................................................................................................................312 Percopsiformes ............................................................................................................................................312 Families ......................................................................................................................................................312 Pleuronectiformes ......................................................................................................................................313
  • 18. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 17 See also.......................................................................................................................................................314 Polymixiiformes...........................................................................................................................................314 Classification ............................................................................................................................................314 References.................................................................................................................................................315 Polypteriformes...........................................................................................................................................315 Species ........................................................................................................................................................315 References.................................................................................................................................................316 Saccopharyngiformes ................................................................................................................................316 Classification ............................................................................................................................................317 Diet...............................................................................................................................................................317 Salmoniformes .............................................................................................................................................317 References.................................................................................................................................................318 Scorpaeniformes..........................................................................................................................................318 Classification ............................................................................................................................................319 Notes and references ............................................................................................................................320 Stephanoberyciformes..............................................................................................................................321 References.................................................................................................................................................321 Stomiiformes.................................................................................................................................................321 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................322 Distribution and morphology............................................................................................................322 Luminescence ..........................................................................................................................................322 Daily migration........................................................................................................................................323 Reproduction............................................................................................................................................323 Classification ............................................................................................................................................323 References.................................................................................................................................................324 Synbranchiformes.......................................................................................................................................324 Syngnathiformes..........................................................................................................................................324 Classification ............................................................................................................................................324 References.................................................................................................................................................325 Tetraodontiformes......................................................................................................................................325 Physical characteristics........................................................................................................................326 Families ......................................................................................................................................................326 Zeiformes........................................................................................................................................................327
  • 19. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 18 References.................................................................................................................................................327 Lobe-finned fish...........................................................................................................................................327 Taxonomy and Phylogeny...................................................................................................................328 Evolution of Sarcopterygii ..................................................................................................................329 See also.......................................................................................................................................................329 Lungfish...........................................................................................................................................................329 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................330 Anatomy.....................................................................................................................................................330 Behavior.....................................................................................................................................................331 Taxonomy..................................................................................................................................................331 References.................................................................................................................................................331 Prehistoric fish..................................................................................................................................................333 Contents .....................................................................................................................................................334 References.................................................................................................................................................337 Acanthodii......................................................................................................................................................337 References.................................................................................................................................................338 Placoderms ....................................................................................................................................................338 References.................................................................................................................................................339 License..................................................................................................................................................................340 GNU Free Documentation License........................................................................................................340 Index .....................................................................................................................................................................347 About the author ..............................................................................................................................................350 Nicolae Sfetcu................................................................................................................................................350
  • 20. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 19 Fish & Fishing A fish is a water-dwelling vertebrate with gills that doesn't change form, as amphibians do, during its life. Most are cold-blooded, though some (such as some species of tuna and shark) are warm-blooded. There are over 29,000 species of fish, making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. Taxonomically, fish are a paraphyletic group whose exact relationships are much debated; a common division is into the jawless fish (class Agnatha, 75 species including lampreys and hagfish), the cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes, 800 species including sharks and rays), with the remainder classed as bony fish (class Osteichthyes). Fish come in different sizes, from the 16 m (51 ft) whale shark to a 8 mm (just over ¼ of an inch) long stout infantfish. Many types of aquatic animals named "fish" are not true fish, and in the case of animals such as jellyfish and cuttlefish, are not even vertebrates. Other marine creatures that have in the past been considered fish, like dolphins, are actually mammals. Although most fish are exclusively aquatic and cold-blooded, there are exceptions to both cases. Fish from a number of different groups have evolved the capacity to live out of the water for extended periods of time. Of these amphibious fish some such as the mudskipper can live and move about on land for up to several days. Also, certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures to varying degrees. Endothermic teleosts (bony fishes) are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the billfishes, tunas, and one species of "primitive" mackerel (Gasterochisma melampus). All sharks in the family Lamnidae – shortfin mako, long fin mako, white, porbeagle, and salmon shark – are known to have the capacity for endothermy, and evidence suggests the trait exists in family Alopiidae (thresher sharks). The degree of endothermy varies from the billfish, which warm only their eyes and brain, to bluefin tuna and porbeagle sharks who maintain body temperatures elevated in excess of 20 °C above ambient water temperatures. See also gigantothermy. Endothermy, though metabolically costly, is thought to provide advantages such as increased contractile force of muscles, higher rates of central nervous system processing, and higher rates of digestion. Fish are an important source of food in many cultures. Other water-dwelling animals such as mollusks, crustaceans, and shellfish are often called "fish" when used as food. For more details, see Fish food. Home | Fish | Ichthyology | Fishing | Edible fish | Fishkeeping | Taxonomic classes | Prehistoric fish | License | Index
  • 21. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 20 Fish Contents • 1 Classification • 2 Fish anatomy o 2.1 Digestive system o 2.2 Respiratory system o 2.3 Circulatory system o 2.4 Excretory system o 2.5 Sensory and nervous system o 2.6 Muscular system o 2.7 Fish locomotion o 2.8 Reproductive system o 2.9 Immune system • 3 Evolution • 4 Fish disease • 5 See also • 6 Note on usage: "fish" vs. "fishes" • 7 References Classification Fish are a paraphyletic group: that is, any clade containing all fish also contains the tetrapods, which are not fish. For this reason, groups such as the "Class Pisces" seen in older reference works are no longer used in formal classifications. Fish are classified into the following major groups: • Hyperoartia o Petromyzontidae (lampreys) • Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless fish) • Thelodonti • Anaspida • Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless fish) o Galeaspida o Pituriaspida o Osteostraci • Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) o Placodermi o Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) o Acanthodii o Osteichthyes (bony fish) ▪ Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
  • 22. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 21 ▪ Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) ▪ Actinistia (coelacanths) ▪ Dipnoi (lungfish) Some palaeontologists consider that Conodonta are chordates, and so regard them as primitive fish. For a fuller treatment of classification, see the vertebrate article. Fish anatomy Main article: Fish anatomy Digestive system The advent of jaws allowed fish eat a much wider variety of food, including plants and other organisms. In fish, food is ingested through the mouth and then broken down in the esophagus. When it enters the stomach, the food is further broken down and, in many fish, further processed in fingerlike pouches called pyloric ceca. The pyloric ceca secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the digested food. Organs such as the liver and pancreas add enzymes and various digestive chemicals as the food moves through the digestive tract. The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption. Respiratory system Most fish exchange gases by using gills that are located on either side of the pharynx. Gills are made up of threadlike structures called filaments. Each filament contains a network of capillaries that allow a large surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gill filaments. The blood in the capillaries flows in the opposite direction to the water, causing counter current exchange. They then push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Some fishes, like sharks and lampreys, possess multiple gill openings. However, most fishes have a single gill opening on each side of the body. This opening is hidden beneath a protective bony cover called an operculum. Some fishes, such as lungfish, have developed an adaptation known as a labyrinth that allows them to survive in oxygen-poor areas or places where bodies of water constantly dry up. These species of fish possess specialized organs that serve as lungs. A tube brings air containing oxygen to this organ by way of the fish's mouth. Some kinds of lungfish are so dependent on receiving oxygen from the air that they will suffocate if not allowed to reach the surface of the water.
  • 23. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 22 Circulatory system Fish have a closed circulatory system with a heart that pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body. The blood goes from the heart to gills, from the gills to the rest of the body, and then back to the heart. In most fishes, the heart consists of four parts: the sinus venosus, the atrium, the ventricle, and the bulbus arteriosus. Despite consisting of four parts, the fish heart is still a two-chambered heart. The sinus venosus is a thin-walled sac that collects blood from the fish's veins before allowing it to flow to the atrium, which is a large muscular chamber. The atrium serves as a one-way compartment for blood to flow into the ventricle. The ventricle is a thick-walled, muscular chamber and it does the actual pumping for the heart. It pumps blood to a large tube called the bulbus arteriosus. At the front end, the bulbus arteriosus connects to a large blood vessel called the aorta, through which blood flows to the fish's gills. Excretory system As with many aquatic animals, most fishes release their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. Some of the wastes diffuse through the gills into the surrounding water. Others are removed by the kidneys, excretory organs that filter wastes from the blood. Kidneys help fishes control the amount of ammonia in their bodies. Saltwater fish tend to lose water because of osmosis. In saltwater fish, the kidneys concentrate wastes and return as much water as possible back to the body. The reverse happens in freshwater fish, they tend to gain water continuously. The kidneys of freshwater fish are specially adapted to pump out large amounts of dilute urine. Some fish have specially adapted kidneys that change their function, allowing them to move from freshwater to saltwater. Sensory and nervous system Fish have well-developed nervous systems that organize around a central brain, that is divided into different parts. The most anterior, or front, end of the brain are the olfactory bulbs, which are involved in the fish's sense of smell. Unlike most vertebrates, the cerebrum of the fish primarily processes the sense of smell rather than being responsible for all voluntary actions. The optic lobes process information from the eyes. The cerebellum coordinates body movements while the medulla oblongata controls the functions of internal organs. Most fishes possess highly developed sense organs. Nearly all daylight fish have well- developed eyes that have color vision that is at least good as a human's. Many fish also have specialized cells known as chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Although they have ears in their heads, many fish may not hear sounds very well. However, most fishes have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system. The lateral line system allows for many fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations, as well as to sense the motion of other nearby fish and prey. In 2003, it was also found by Scottish scientists at Edinburgh University performing research on rainbow trout that fish
  • 24. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 23 experience pain. Some fishes, such as catfish and sharks, have organs that detect low levels electric current. Other fishes, like the electric eel, can produce their own electricity. Muscular system Fish locomotion Most fish move by contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone alternately. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body of the fish. As each curve reaches the back fin, backward force is created. This backward force, in conjunction with the fins, moves the fish forward. The fish's fins are used like an airplane's stabilizers. Fins also increase the surface area of the tail, allowing for an extra boost in speed. The streamlined body of the fish decreases the amount of friction as they move through water. Since body tissue is more dense than water, fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink. Many bony fishes have an internal organ called a swim bladder that adjust their buoyancy through manipulation of gases. Reproductive system The eggs of fish are fertilized either externally or internally, depending on species. The female usually lays the eggs, and the embryos in the eggs develop and hatch outside her body. These kind of fish are called oviparous fish. Oviparous fish develop by obtaining food from the yolk in the egg. Salmon, for example, are oviparous. Ovoviviparous fish keep the eggs inside of the mother's body after internal fertilization. Each embryo develops in its own egg. The young are "born alive" like most mammals. Some species of fish, such as various sharks, are viviparous. Viviparous fish allow their embryos to stay in the mother's body like ovoviviparous fish. However, the embryos of viviparous fish obtain needed substances from the mother's body, not through material in the egg. The young of viviparous species are also "born alive". Immune system Types of immune organs vary between different types of fish.[1] In the jawless fish (lampreys and hagfishes), true lymphoid organs are absent. Instead, these fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce their immune cells. For example, erythrocytes, macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney (or pronephros) and some areas of the gut (where granulocytes mature) resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish. Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) have a more advanced immune system than the jawless fish. They have three specialized organs that are unique to
  • 25. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 24 chondrichthyes; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissue similar to bone marrow of mammals) that surround the gonads, the Leydig’s organ within the walls of their esophagus, and a spiral valve in their intestine. All these organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells). They also possess an identifiable thymus and a well- developed spleen (their most important immune organ) where various lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages develop and are stored. Chondrostean fish (sturgeons, paddlefish and birchirs) possess a major site for the production of granulocytes within a mass that is associated with the meninges (membranes surrounding the central nervous system) and their heart is frequently covered with tissue that contains lymphocytes, reticular cells and a small number of macrophages. The chondrostean kidney is an important hemopoietic organ; where erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages develop. Like chondrostean fish, the major immune tissues of bony fish (or teleostei) include the kidney (especially the anterior kidney), where many different immune cells are housed[2]. In addition, teleost fish possess a thymus, spleen and scattered immune areas within mucosal tissues (e.g. in the skin, gills, gut and gonads). Much like the mammalian immune system, teleost erythrocytes, neutrophils and granulocytes are believed to reside in the spleen whereas lymphocytes are the major cell type found in the thymus[3][4]. Recently, a lymphatic system similar to that described in mammals was described in one species of teleost fish, the zebrafish. Although not confirmed as yet, this system presumably will be where naive (unstimulated) T cells will accumulate while waiting to encounter an antigen. [5] Evolution The early fossil record on fish is not very clear. It appears it was not a successful enough animal early in its evolution to leave many fossils. However, this would eventually change over time as it became a dominant form of sea life and eventually branching to include land vertebrates such as amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. The formation of the hinged jaw appears to be what resulted in the later proliferation of fish because un-jawed fish left very few ancestors. Lampreys may be a rough representative of pre-jawed fish. The first jaws are found in Placodermi fossils. It is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force, respiratory-related, or a combination. Some speculate that fish may have evolved from a creature similar to a coral-like Sea squirt, whose larvae resemble primitive fish in some key ways. The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood (as some sea squirts do today, see Neoteny), although the reversal of this case is also possible. Candidates for early fish include Agnatha such as Haikouichthys, Myllokunmingia, and Pikaia.
  • 26. NICOLAE SFETCU: FISH & FISHING 25 Fish disease Main article: Fish diseases Fish are susceptible to disease as any other organism. Fish diseases can be refered to as etiology: • Bacterial Disorders • Fungal Disorders • Parasitic Disorders • Viral Disorders • Metabolic Disorders • Water conditions • Malnutrition or the organ system most affected • Neurological Disorders • Body Cavity • Eye Disorders • Fecal Disorders • Fin Disorders • Gallbladder • Gill Disorders • Intestinal Disorders • Kidney Disorders • Liver Disorders • Locomotor Disorders • Skin Disorders & Changes In Color • Swim Bladder See also • The Wikipedia Fish Category page which provides links to all aspects of the subject from icthyology to aquariums to sharks. • Fish diseases Fish disease category • Ichthyology (the study of fish) • List of fish families • List of fish common names • Fish anatomy • List of freshwater aquarium fish species • Marine aquarium fish species • Antimycin A piscicide • Deep sea fish • Walking fish