3. Actions in the present time
General Truths
Near Future
Literature
Habitual Actions
El Presente: Usar
4. { -AR
{ -ER and IR
- O - O
- As - Es
- A - E
- Amos - Emos
- Aís - Eís
- An - En
El Presente: Regulares
5. Nosotros and Vosotros NEVER have stem
changes in the present tense!
Construir, destruir, incluir have a y before the
personal endings.
-AR & -ER stem changes:
e to ie, o to i, u to ue.
Stem Changing Verbos!
6. Yo:
Some of the –er/-ir verbos apply.
A common verb with an irregular yo is Saber,
meaning to know, which is Yo Sé.
-cer to –zco; -gir to –jo
Prefixes attached to verbs follow the same rules
as their root, even in the irregular yo form, such
as conozco and reconozco.
Irregular Formas
7. To be or not to be
That is the question!
They both
mean to be!
Ser and Estar
8. Los dos palabras se significan
“to be” in Ingles.
Ser means “to be” and it is
estar
permanent.
Estar es “to be” but it is not
permanent.
Para Usar….
ser
9. { Ser
Place of origin
{ Estar
Condition
Personality Temporality
Possession Location or spatial relationshio
Material Health and states
Animals Emotions
Profession or occupation Certain weather expressions
Relationship (esta nublado)
Date Expressing death
Season Variability
Used to express the permanence Used to express impermanence
of an object of an object.
A Comparison
10. { SER
Yo { Estar
Soy Tu Estoy
Eres Ella Estás
Es Nosotros Está
Somos Estamos
Vosotros
Sois Estaís
Ellas
Son Están
Personal Forms
11. Verbos Como
Gustar
Gustar means to please. Rather than “I like
apples” as English says, Spanish says “Apples
are pleasing to me.” Objects are attached to
make a the “to me” part. So if the verb is gustar,
{ apples is the subject, and “me” is what apples
are pleasing to, you would read “Me gustan
manzanas.”
Gustar = Verbs
Me = I Object Pronoun
Manzanas = Subject
N is added to the verb when the subject is
plural, one apple = “Me gusta la manzana.”
More than one? “Me gustan manzanas.”
12. Abburir
Caer bien
Caer mal Extra Points
Doler adding a + mi/ti, for example adds emphasis
Faltar to the thing or person or self that is being “gusta-ed”
Encantar (pleased)
Disgustar Verbs like gustar have plural and singular forms,
adding an n makes it plural, but it refers to the
Fascinar
subject, not IO pronoun.
Importar
Interesar
Sorprender
Importar
More verbos como Gustar
14. { Preterit
{ Imperfect
Not seen as a completed
Seen as completed action
action
Definite beginning and Indefinite ending or
ending beginning
Does not lack specificity. Vague or general
Things you “used to do.”
Trigger words: ayer, Trigger words: cuando era
anoche, desde el primer un niño, con frecuencia,
momento, la semana mucho, nunca, muchas
pasada, entonces, ayer veces, siempre, todas las
semanas, todos los dias
por la tarde
Both are past actions,
but…
16. { AR
{ ER/IR
Aba Ía
Abas Ías
Aba Ía
Ábamos Íamos
Abais Íais
aban Ían
Regular Impefect
17. Ser and Ir are the twins, conjugated
the same:
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuemos
Fuisteis
Fueron
Irregular Preterit
18. Dar Hacer Decir Traer Ver
Di Hice Dije Traje Vi
Diste Hiciste Dijiste Trajiste Viste
Dio Hizo Dijo Trajo Vio
Dimos Hicimos Dhimos Trajimos Vimos
Disteis Hicisteis Dijisteis Trajisteis Visteis
Dieron Hicieron Dijeron Trajieron Vieron
Car, gar, zar
Qu Gu C
Irregular Preterit
19. Verbo Change
Irregular Preterit
Andar
Estar
Anduv
Estuv
-e:
Tener
Caber
Tuv
Cup
-iste
Haber
Poder
Hub
Pud
-o
Poner Pus
Verbo Change
Saber Sup
Hacer
Querer
Hic
Quis
-imos:
Venir vin -isteis
-ieron
20. Ir Ser Ver
Iba Era Veía
Ibas Eras Veías
Iba Era Veía
Ibamos Eramos Veíamos
Ibais Erais Veíais
Ibas Eran Veían
Irregular Imperfect
21. Transitive has object
Intransitive does not.
Can sometimes be used with prepositions a, de, and en.
Object is also subject in many cases.
Examples of reflexive verbs:
Abburirse – to become bored
Ponerse – to get or to become
Acordarse –to remember
Comerse– to eat up
Dormirse – to fall asleep
Mudarse – to move
Ponerse – to put on clothing
quitarse – to take off clothing.
Reflexive Verbs
22. What will happen?
Expresses wonder or probability in current state.
Can be expressed by conjugated ir + infinitive.
Some irregulares:
Tener – tedr
Salir – saldr
Haber – habr
Decir – dir
Caber – cabr
Hacer – har
Regular verbs end in
É
Ás
Á
Emos
Éis
Án
Future.
23. Would / should / could
Regulars end in: ía, ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían.
Irregulars mainly the same as future.
Use for speculation about the past or future,
reported speech, advice, polite requests, etc.
Conditional expresses
what might happen by
probability, wonder, or
conjecture.
24. Combine two sentences that share a common
noun.
Related to a noun that has previously been
stated already.
Introduction to a clause that modifies a noun.
Que vs Cual
Q- what C- which
Q – definitions C- used before es, not in
definitions
Q- before nouns C- suggests from a group,
suggestions, clauses
Relative Pronouns
25. Just like in english, adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs.
In english we often add –ly to adjectives to
make adverbs, the spanish equivalent is –
mente.
Carinoso = carinosamente
Kindly
Adverbs
26. Indicate smallness (diminutive)
Indicates affection
You can drop o or a from almost any noun and
ad ito or ita
Cito or cita can be added to words not ending
in o or a
Nino ninito
Diminutives
27. Indicates largeness
Opposite of diminutive
Can end in anzo/a, on/a, ucho/a, acho/a, or
udo/a.
NOT affectionate.
Augmentatives
28. What had happened in the past
Formed using Haber + past participle verb… which are formed by adding
ado to –ar verbs and ido to –er/ir verbs.
He
Has
Han
Hemos
Hebais
Han
Subjunctive:
Haya
Hayas
Haya
Hayamos
Hayais
+ Past Participle
Hayan
Present Perfect
29. Reflexive pronouns when subject is also object.
Equivalent of the passive voice in english
Can replace le or les to avoid two l pronouns!
SE
30. Agree with noun in gender and number
Follow same rules regarding er/ir and then ar
verbs.
Past Participles as
Adjectives
31. Hace + time + que
Hace tres anos que voy a mexico.
It has been two years since I have been to mexico.
Negatives can be formed by adding “no” simply.
Present tense uses desde.
Verb + desde hace + time
Yo voy a mexico desde hace dos anos.
I have been going to mexico for two years.
Expressing time using
hacer.
32. Event hasn’t happened, but is expected to happen.
Equivalent of english “will” or “shall” happen.
Formed by the future indicative of haber and the
participle form.
Habré
Habrás
Habrá
Habremos
Habréis
habrán
Future perfect
33. Something that would have happened
If
In the past
Superstition/probability
Haber + past participle
Habría
Habrías
Habrían
Habríamos
Habrías
Habrían
Conditional Perfect Tense
34. If liklihood is expressed, si can be used. With
present indicative.
If condition is contrary or unlikely, si can be
used with past subjunctive verbs.
It may precede the sentence, or not.
Si
35. Cause and effect: ya que, como, porque
Clarification: en otras palabras
Explanation: ademas
Contrast and similarity: sin embargo,
igualmente
General and specific: espesificamente
Intro and conclusion: el primero lugar – para
concluir.
Transitional Expressions
36. Coordinating conjunctions
Equivalent of english “but”
Pero indicates contrast of things or ideas
Sino is used when the part of the sentence
following the conjunction is negative, meaning
something closer to “rather.”
Pero and Sino
37. Used with a generalized subject, subject that
refers to something else, or a peripheral subject.
Whatever receives the action of the verb comes
first.
Followed by verb “to be”
Followed by participle
Ser is usd
Subject would be a DO if written actively.
El coche fue rompido por la arbol.
Passive voice. Shhhh….
38. Negative: nobody or nothing
Nada: nothing
Nadie: nobody
Ningun: not any
Ni: neither
Tampoco: neither
Indefinite: ambiguous
Algo: something
Alguien: someone
Alguna vez: some time
Alguno: some
Cualquier: which
Algo pasó.
Negative and Indefinite
Expressions
39. Formed by adding auxiliary verb of had with a
participle.
Negatives formed by adding no prior to haber.
Había
Habías
Había
Habíamos +participle
Habías
Habían
Past Perfecto
40. Completed actions
Actions that happened before another action.
Conditional constructions
hypothetical
Imperfect sub. Of haber is used alongside a
past participle.
Past Perfecto Subjunctivo
42. Form a phrase! Tell location, approximation, etc.
Almost always followed by adjective.
A
Con
Contra
Antes de
Durante
En
Entre
Hasta
Para
Por
Sin
sobre
Prepositions
