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China foreign policy
- 2. Contents Background and slogans of Chinese foreign policy Current situation Diplomacy to United States (how China see U.S.) Energy secure policy (operations in Australia, Brazil, and Persian Gulf ) Territorial claims (strategies to India, Japan, and Taiwan) ODA and foreign investment (foreign aid to Africa, Latin America, and South Asia) Implications and questions
- 3. Background China mainly focused on the domestic issue and national security and stability before 1980. Chinese foreign policy formally start after the “Chinese Reform and Opening”(1980) which led by Deng Xiaoping. The main tasks of Chinese foreign policy are defensive and have not changed much since the Cold War era: to blunt destabilizing influences from abroad to avoid territorial losses, to reduce its neighbors' suspicions, to sustain economic growth.
- 4. Slogans “Five principles of peaceful coexistence” 1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty. 2. Mutual non-aggression. 3. Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs. 4. Equality and mutual benefit. 5. Peaceful co-existence. Purpose: • Implies that good-neighborly relations come from preventing external instabilities from “spilling over” to fuel internal frictions. • Suggests non-interference in internal affairs, mostly notably Taiwan and Tibet. “New security concept” • Adhere to the FPPC, but emphasizes on the bilaterally beneficial economic cooperation among states. Purpose: • It marks the new proactive Chinese approaches to international affairs.
- 5. Slogans “Peaceful rise/development” • reassure the international community, particularly the neighboring countries, of China’s benign future and that China’s rise will not be a zero-sum game. “Harmonious world” • Manifest China’s commitment to global peace and stability, and the goal of a more just and equitable international system.
- 6. I. Diplomacy to U.S. Before the Cold War, the US–Soviet tensions drove China–US cooperation against Soviet expansion. The collapse of Soviet Union led the divergence of Chinese and American strategy. Basic forms of China’s post-cold war policies toward US:
- 7. I. Diplomacy to U.S. (cont.) Chinese foreign policies in accordance with actions of U.S.
- 8. II. Energy secure policy Overview Domestic inequality of resource supply and demand 20% world population, 12.6% world coal reserves, 1.3% oil and natural gas reserves. Vulnerable to high prices, supply fluctuations, and increased competition for geographically concentrated energy resources.
- 9. II. Energy secure policy (Oil) Oil Strategy: diversify suppliers and secure energy sources. Poor domestic production
- 10. II. Energy secure policy (Iron ore) Iron Ore Strategy: shift from resource trade to resource investment bilaterally. Australia is the largest iron ore exporter to China. Invest in Australian resources in the hope of integrating its steel production and supply chain.
- 11. III. Territorial claims Proclaim the disputed regions as inalienable part of China. Major territorial claims regions: Taiwan Diaoyu Islands (with Japan) South China Sea (with Philippines) Aksai Chin (with India)
- 13. Main Characteristics of China's Foreign Policy China has unswervingly pursued an independent foreign policy of peace. The basic objectives of the policy center on safeguarding national independence and state sovereignty, and creating an international environment favorable to its reform, opening and modernization efforts, as well as maintaining world peace and promoting common development. The policy is based on the following main elements: Maintaining independence. We are principled in international affairs, determining our own position and policies in accordance with the merits of each case and never yielding to pressure from major powers, nor entering into alliance with any major power or power bloc. Maintaining world peace. China does not participate in the arms race, nor does it seek military expansion. China resolutely opposes hegemonies, power politics, aggression and expansion in whatever form, as well as encroachments perpetrated by one country on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of another, or interference in the internal affairs of another nation under the pretext of ethnic, religious or human rights issues. Friendly relations and cooperation. China sincerely hopes to establish and develop friendly ties and cooperative relationship with all countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Relations with other states are never based on social systems or ideologies. Good-neighborly and friendly relations. China has vigorously advanced friendly relations with neighboring countries, worked diligently for regional peace and stability, and promoted regional economic cooperation. Our nation stands for fair and reasonable settlements of border and territorial disputes through negotiations and consultations, including the offshore territory. Disputes defying immediate solutions can be temporarily shelved in the spirit of seeking common ground while putting aside differences. They should never be allowed to stand in the way of the development of normal state-to-state relations. Enhanced unity and cooperation with developing countries. This factor has always been a cornerstone of our foreign policy. We attach great importance to the development of comprehensive friendly relations and cooperation with other developing countries. We have vigorously explored ways to engage in mutually complementary cooperation with other developing nations in the economic, trade, scientific and technological sectors, and have expanded consultations and cooperation with them on international issues in order to maintain the rights and interests of all developing countries. Opening policy. China is open to both developed and developing countries and has engaged in extensive international cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit to promote common development. China, the world's largest developing country and a permanent member of the UN Security Council, stands ready to make unremitting efforts to ensure world peace and development, and the establishment of a new fair and equitable international political and economic order based on peace and stability.
Editor's Notes
- So now, let’s begin the topic. The Chinese foreign policy.
- In this presentation I will introduce the background and some important slogans of Chinese foreign policy. Then, we will comprehensively analyze Chinese foreign policy through four current situations.
- Before 1980, China mainly focused on the domestic issue and national security. After that, Chinese foreign policy developed gradually. Even if China's relative power has grown significantly in recent decades, the main tasks of Chinese foreign policy are defensive and have not changed much since the Cold War era: to blunt destabilizing influences from abroad, to avoid territorial losses, to reduce its neighbors' suspicions, and to sustain economic growth.
- The FPOPC is the principle foreign policy of China, which implies that good-neighborly relations come from preventing external instabilities from “spilling over” to fuel internal frictions. It also suggests the goodwill of no foreign interference in internal affairs, most notably Taiwan and Tibet. The NSC which adhere to the FPPC emphasizes on the bilaterally beneficial economic cooperation among nations. It marks the new proactive Chinese approaches to international affairs and bring China to a new level.
- The peaceful rise/development devotes to reassure the international community, particularly the neighboring countries, of China’s benign future and that China’s rise will not be a zero-sum game. The Harmonious World introduced by Hu Jintao which manifest China’s commitment to global peace and stability, and to the goal of a more just and equitable international system.
- The first situation, the Chinese foreign policy toward U.S., is the one we concern a lot. Before the Cold War, the US–Soviet tensions drove China–US cooperation against Soviet expansion. US government need to have a closer relation to increase the pressure on the Soviet Union. Then, the collapse of Soviet Union led the divergence of Chinese and American strategy. Specifically, from the forms of policies toward US we could see China desire to cooperate with U.S. and mutually benefit to each other. It also implies the Chinese defensive foreign policy that we will not attack actively unless we are attacked.
- In this graph, we could see that the consensus between two countries is avoiding nuclear confrontation. And the principle contradiction is China think US is still the most powerful country and we have a massive power gap between U.S. and us.
- The second situation is the Chinese Energy secure policy. Over the last few decades, China’s growth has been matched by a dramatic increase in energy demand, which has raised serious concerns over future energy shortage. This problem has also recently been exacerbated by China’s rapidly dwindling domestic energy reserves: with 20% of the world population, China has 12.6% of world coal reserves, but only 1.3% of oil reserves and 1.3% of natural gas reserves. China have become increasingly voracious consumers of energy. However, this accelerated demand, driven by economic growth, industrialization and urbanization, has also made states increasingly vulnerable to high energy prices, supply fluctuations, and increased competition for geographically concentrated energy resources.
- In this section, we will analyze from two case. The oil strategy and the iron ore strategy. In a word, the oil strategy can be summarize that to diversify suppliers and secure energy sources, which is comes from the following reasons: 1. China's import dependence is increasing recently because domestic production has failed to keep pace with growth in demand. In 2012, total oil imports accounted for 56 percent of China's consumption.
- In the other case, the iron ore strategy is to shift China from resource trade with Australia to resource investment bilaterally. The surging price of minerals, especially iron ore, has caused economic problems for China. Even though the Chinese steel industry has achieved a great deal, for example, there are potential dangers. One of which is the rapidly increasing price of iron ore currently eroding the industry’s profits. As the largest importer of iron ore from Australia, China decided to invest in Australian resources in the hope of integrating its steel production and supply chain. In contrast, the Australian government is attempting to expand its service exports to China. In this way, both China and Australia could benefit from shifting resource trade to resource investment.
- The next foreign policy is aimed to the territorial claims. Chinese government always proclaims that those disputed regions are inalienable parts of China. There are four major territorial regions: … Here is another video may give us some insights of it.