Presented July 2010 at the IACP DRE Conference to Drug Recognition Experts across the nation by Dr. Barry K. Logan, PhD, DABFT, NMS Labs National Director of Forensic Services

1. Barry K Logan PhD, DABFT Director of Forensic Services IACP DRE Conference 2010 Pittsburgh PA New Highs: Salvia and K2: Solutions for the DRE Program From the Premium Provider of Forensic Services

4. Marijuana Most popular recreational drug after alcohol and tobacco. #1 Drug in the DRE program Some 25 million Americans have smoked marijuana in the past year, and more than 14 million do so regularly. Possession and use illegal under federal law, but states have variable policies on enforcement and prosecution. 6.8% of Friday and Saturday evening drivers test positive for use.

5. Synthetic Cannabinoids Synthetic drugs that mimic the effects of cannabis. Investigational use for appetite, blood pressure, nausea, etc First synthesized in the 1970’s Sprayed onto dried plant leaves, flowers and stems, and smoked. Legal or unregulated in most US states.

6. Marijuana to Spice THC HU-210 CP 47,497 Cannabicyclohexanol

7. Clemson Series - JWH JWH-018 JWH-073 JWH-250

8. Cannabinoid Mechanism of Action Cerebral Cortex Higher Cognitive Function Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Movement Hippocampus Learning, Memory, Stress Hypothalamus Appetite Spinal Chord Pain, Peripheral sensation Medulla Nausea, Vomiting

9. Herbals - Botanical Substrate Glycyrrhiza glabra (Cultivated Liquorice) Astragalus membranaceus (Milk Vetch) Verbascum thapsus (Common Mullein) (Uchiyama et al, 2010)

10. Synthetic Cannabinoids

12. Synthetic Cannabinoids – Drug ID JWH-018 JWH-073 JWH-200 HU-210/11 JWH-019 JWH-200 WIN 55,212 JWH-015 JWH-133 JWH-250 CP55,940 CP 47,497 (n=7) CP 47,497 (n=8)

13. K2 Blends - Drug Content (* Uchiyama et al, 2010) JWH-018 (mg/g) JWH-073 (mg/g) CP47,497 (n=8) (mg/g) JWH-250 (mg/g) K2 Blonde 12 13 - - K2 Standard 9 9 - - K2 Citron 10 10 - - K2* (Unknown) - - 6 - K2 Summit 11 9 - - K2 Blue 15 - - - K2 Pink 11 - - - K2 Latte 16 0.28 - 14 K2 Mint 19 0.30 - - K2 Silver 8 - - 16 Spike Gold 20 11 - - Spike Maxx 17 - - 19 Spike Diamond 17 0.07 - - Spike Silver 9 16 - - Space 10 - - - Herbal blends* 2.0 – 35.9 - 1.1 – 16.9 -

19. Target analytes Matrix Analytes Blood Serum Oral Fluid (Refrigerate) Parent Compounds – JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, HU-210, HU-211, JWH-019, JWH-200 WIN 55,212, JWH-015, JWH-133, JWH-250, CP55,940, CP 47,497 (n=7) CP 47,497 (n=8) … Urine (Freeze) Ring monohydroxylated metabolites - glucuronidated Ring dihydroxylated metabolites - glucuronidated Desmethyl ring hydroxylated metabolites - glucuronidated

21. K2 use and the DRE Matrix * High doses Drug Symptom Matrix CNS Depressant Inhalants Dissociative Drugs CNS Stimulants Hallucinogens Narcotic analgesics Cannabis K2 Horizontal nystagmus Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Vertical Nystagmus Present * Present* Present No No No No No Lack of Convergence Present Present Present No No No Present Present Pupil Size Normal Normal Normal Dilated Dilated Constricted Dilated* Normal Reaction to Light Slow Slow Normal Slow Normal Little to none Normal Normal Pulse Rate Down Up Up Up Up Down Up Up Blood Pressure Down Up/Down Up Up Up Down Up Up Body Temperature Normal Up/Down/Normal up Up Up Down Normal Normal

27. Salvia Divinorum - Effects Gonzalez, et al, 2006 Best Things Worst Things Unpleasant After-Effects The “Trip” 13 Duration 12 Tiredness 4 Happiness 9 Control 5 Heaviness 4 Dissociation 6 After-effects 4 Dizziness 3 Visual Effects 5 Physical fx 3 Exhaustion 3 Rapid onset 3 Intensity 2 Grogginess 1 Great potency 3 Mental slowness 1 Relaxation 2

29. Salvia Divinorum - Metabolism Tsujikawa et al, 2009

34. Salvinorin A and B – Stability * unpreserved Days 1 2 9 14 28 Blood NaF 25 o C N/ Y N/ Y N/ Y N N Blood NaF 4 o C N/ Y N/ Y N/ Y N N Blood NaF -20 o C Y Y Y Y Y Plasma NaF 25 o C Y Y Y Y N Plasma NaF 4 o C Y Y Y Y Y Plasma NaF -20 o C Y Y Y Y Y Urine* 25 o C Y Y N/ Y N N Urine* 4 o C Y Y Y Y Y Urine* -20 o C Y Y Y Y Y