5. Biotic and Abiotic
ABIOTIC FACTOR = BIOTIC FACTORS =
non-living
factors in an living factors in
environment. an environment.
6. Abiotic factor 無生命的
Non-living part of the habitat
Includes:
• Water
• Sunlight
• Oxygen
• Temperature
• Soil (edaphic factors)
Important for
photosynthesis to
occur
7. Photosynthesis 光合作用
Biochemical process of converting carbon dioxide,
water, and sunlight, into oxygen and sugar
Abiotic factors in low supply prevent the
materials needed for photosynthesis
8. Photosynthesis 光合作用
Biochemical process of converting carbon
dioxide, water, and sunlight, into oxygen and sugar
Visual animation:
http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_scienc
e_share/vis_sim/dltm05_pg39_photosyn/dlt
m05_pg39_photosyn.html
9. Water
Habitats vary in the availability of water
Which has very little available water?
Sea and desert
10. Sunlight
Habitats vary in the availability of sunlight
How does life survive in low sunlight?
Predation, special adaptations
11. Oxygen
Habitats vary in the availability of oxygen
Mountains
Why do oxygen
levels matter for Deep sea
life if a plant only
need carbon
dioxide?
dioxide and all gasses
means low carbon
Low oxygen usually
13. Soil
Habitats vary in the availability of soil or in
the quality of their soils
Soils produce essential nutrients
14. Biotic factor 生物的
Living part of the habitat
Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem
15. Organism
A living thing
Organisms of the same kind are called
species.
Species 種類
Physically similar organism that can produce
offspring, and those offspring can produce offspring
16. Organism
A living thing
Population 族群
All the members of a particular species in an area
Community 群落
All the various populations in an area
Ecosystem 生態系統
The community and the habitat
21. NICHE = all of the HABITAT =
ways that the organism place where an
interacts with everything organism or
else in the ecosystem-the
role or job of a species in population of
an ecosystem. organisms live.
23. Pyramids
• Are graphical models of the quantitative
differences that exist between the trophic
levels of a single ecosystem.
• In accordance to the 2nd Law of
Thermodynamics, there is a tendency for
numbers and quantities to biomass and
energy to decrease along food
chains, therefore the pyramids become
narrower toward the top.
24. PYRAMID OF NUMBERS represents storages
found at each trophic level.
Units vary
25. Grassland Temperate Forest
(summer) (summer)
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Producers
A few large producers (the trees) support a much larger number of
Small primary consumers (insects) that feed on the trees.
26. PYRAMID OF BIOMASS represent the
standing stock at each trophic level.
Units:
J m-2
or
g m-2
27. Abandoned Field Ocean
Tertiary consumers
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Producers
In open waters of aquatic ecosystems, the biomass primary consumers
(zooplankton) can exceed that of producers. The zooplankton eat the
Producers (phytoplankton) as fast as they reproduce, so their population
is never very large.
28. PYRAMID OF PRODUCTIVITY represents
the flow of energy through each trophic level.
Units:
J m-2 yr-1
or
g m-2 yr-1
29. • As you move up each trophic level, only
10% of the energy is transferred.
• The other 90% is used for everyday life
functions, metabolism.
35. Natural Selection 自然選擇
A process of evolution through better survival
Characteristics that help a
population survive end up
being common in that
population
46. Symbiosis 共生
A close relationship between two species
A close interaction between species where
on species lives in or on the other
• Parasitism
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
47. Parasite 寄生蟲
The organism that benefits in parasitism
eg. mosquitoes
Parasite
48. Host 寄主,宿主
The organism that is harmed in parasitism
Host
49. Mutualism 互利共生
Symbiosis where both species benefit
• Both organisms benefit from the
symbiotic relationship
eg. lichen
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