The document discusses competency modeling and its benefits for human resource management. It defines competency as an underlying characteristic that enables superior job performance. A competency model identifies the key behaviors demonstrated by outstanding performers. It distinguishes competencies from traditional job analysis by focusing on behaviors rather than tasks. Competency modeling aligns HR systems like recruitment, performance management, training, and compensation with organizational goals. The methodology involves collecting data from top performers, analyzing it to identify competencies and behaviors, and building a model that defines competencies and their behavioral indicators.

1. A COMPETENCY APPROACH
TO HUMAN RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT

2. What do we mean when we say
“COMPETENCY” ?

3. COMPETENCY?
• A Competency is an underlying
characteristic of a person which enables
him /her to deliver superior performance
in a given job, role or a situation.

4. COMPETENCY?
• Competencies are seen mainly as inputs.
They consist of clusters of knowledge,
attitudes and skills that affect an
individual’s ability to perform.

5. COMPETENCY?
• Hayes (1979) - Competencies are generic
knowledge motive, trait, social role or
a skill of a person linked to superior
performance on the job.

6. COMPETENCY?
• Albanese (1989) - Competencies are
personal characteristics that contribute
to effective managerial performance.

7. COMPETENCY?
• UNIDO (2002)- A Competency is a set of
skills, related knowledge and attributes
that allow an individual to successfully
perform a task or an activity within a
specific function or job

8. What is Common in the definitions?
Competencies Job
• underlying characteristic • superior performance in a
of a person given job, role or a
situation
• inputs. • individual’s ability to
• clusters of knowledge, perform.
attitudes and skills • linked to superior
• generic knowledge performance on the job.
motive, trait, social role or • contribute to effective
a skill managerial performance
• personal characteristics • successfully perform a
• set of skills, related task or an activity within a
knowledge and attributes specific function or job

9. KNOWLEDGE
Relates to
information
Cognitive Domain
Set of SKILLS Attribute
Relates to
Relates to the
qualitative
ability to do,
aspects
Physical
personal
domain
Characteristics
or traits
COMPETENCY
Outstanding
Performance of tasks
or activities

10. Behaviour Indicators
• A Competency is described in terms of key
behaviours that enables recognition of that
competency at the work place.
• These behaviors are demonstrated by
excellent performers on-the-job much more
consistently than average or poor
performers. These characteristics generally
follow the 80-20 rule in that they include
the key behaviors that primarily drive
excellent performance.

11. Example of a Competency

12. Analytical Thinking
• The ability to break problems into
component parts and consider or organize
parts in a systematic way; the process of
looking for underlying causes or thinking
through the consequence of different
courses of action.

13. Key Behaviour Indicators
• Independently researches for information and solutions to
issues
• Ability to know what needs to be done or find out
(research) and take steps to get it done
• Ask questions when not sure of what the problem is or to
gain more information
• Able to identify the underlying or main problem
• Shows willingness to experiment with new things
• Develops a list of decision making guidelines to help
arrive at logical solutions

14. What is a Competency Model?

15. Competency Model
• A competency model is a valid, observable,
and measurable list of the knowledge,
skills, and attributes demonstrated through
behavior that results in outstanding
performance in a particular work context.
• Typically A competency model includes
– Competency titles
– Definitions of those titles
– Key Behaviour indicators

16. Competency - Broad Categories
• Generic Competencies
– Competencies which are considered essential
for all employees regardless of their function or
level. - Communication, initiative, listening etc.
• Managerial Competencies
– Competencies which are considered essential
for employees with managerial or supervisory
responsibility in any functional area including
directors and senior posts.

17. Competency - Broad Categories
• Technical / Functional
– Specific competencies which are considered
essential to perform any job in the organisation
within a defined technical or functional area of
work. E.g.: Finance, environmental
management,etc

18. • COMPETENCY MODELING BEGINS
THE PROCESS OF BUILDING TOOLS
TO LINK EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE
TO THE MISSION AND GOALS OF THE
ORGANISATION

19. Why Competencies ?

20. Traditional Job Analysis Vs
Competency Approach
Job Analysis leads to Competency model leads to
• long lists of tasks and the • a Distilled set of underlying
skills / knowledge personal characteristics
required to perform each • Data generation from
of those tasks outstanding performers in
• Data generation addition to subject matter
fromsubject matter experts and other job
experts; job incumbents incumbents
• Effective Performance • Outstanding Performance

21. Distinguish Superior From Merely
Satisfactory Performance
• The approach allows executives and
managers to make a distinction between a
person's ability to do specific tasks at the
minimum acceptable level and the ability to
do the whole job in an outstanding fashion

22. Behaviour Indicators Based upon what
outstanding individuals actually do
• The competency definitions are based upon
outstanding current performance in the
organization. These competencies do not
reflect someone's management theory or an
academic idea of what it takes to do the job
well, but rather are based on what works
within the organization and most directly
contributes to top performance.

23. The Competencies are Behaviour
Specific
• It is one thing, for example, to ask whether
an employee "takes initiative," a very
general concept, open to interpretation, but
it is quite another to ask, "Was it typical of
this manager to carry out tasks without your
having to request that they be done?," a
question which has only two answers,
"Yes" and "No".

24. Holistic Application
• Competencies
– help companies ‘raise the Bar’ of performance
expectations
– help teams and individuals align their
behaviours with key organisational strategy
– each employee understand how to achieve
expectations

25. Alignment of HR systems
n d
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Competency
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a
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26. Competency based recruitment
• Competency based interviews reduce the
risk of making a costly hiring mistake and
increase the likelihood of identifying and
selecting the right person for the right job

27. Competency based Performance
Appraisal
• Competencies enable
– establishment of clear high performance
standards
– Collection and proper analysis of factual data
against the set standards.
– Conduct of objective feedback meetings
– direction with regard to specific areas of
improvement

28. Competency based Training
• Competency based appraisal process
leading to effective identification of training
needs
• Opportunity to identify/ develop specific
training programmes - Focused training
investment
• Focused Training enabling improvement in
specific technical and managerial
competencies

29. Competency based Development
• Competencies
– contribute to the understanding of what
development really mean, giving the individual
the tools to take responsibility for their own
development
– give the line managers a tool to empower them
to develop people

30. Competency based Pay
• Provide an incentive for employees to grow
and enhance their capabilities

31. Methodology?

32. Steps in Model Building
• Background information about the organisation
• Decide on the Occupation / Job Position(s) that
require competency Model(s)
• Discuss the application of the competency model
• Select a data collection method and plan the
approach
• Organize Data collected
• Identify main themes or patterns
• Build the model - Defining specific behaviour
Indicators
• Review the model

33. Data Collection Methods
• Resource / Expert Panels
– Structured process to get the participants (Job
holders, managers HR / training staff) to think
systematically about the job, skills and personal
characteristics needed for success.
• Critical Event Interviews
– Structured interviews with superior performers
which involves in-depth probing of a large
number of events and experiences.

34. Data Collection Methods
• Generic competency Dictionaries
– Conceptual frameworks of commonly
encountered competencies and behaviour
indicators
– Serve as a starting point to the model building
team
– Can be used in resource panel by asking the
participants to select a set of generic
competencies related to the job and rate the
importance

35. Competency model building
A detailed approach

36. A Detailed Approach
• Info about the company
• Decision on the job position(s)
• Discussion on the CM application
• Basic data collection on the job
responsibilities(using customized menu)
• Focus group
– Review job description
– understand performance criteria
– Discuss specific behaviours
– List top ten competencies

37. A Detailed Approach
• Critical incident technique - interviewing top
performers
– incidents that lead to effective performance
– incidents that lead to in effective performance
– Discuss specific behaviours
– List behaviours
– List competencies

38. A Detailed Approach
• Content Analysis
– Group behaviours
– Match behaviours to competencies using competency
dictionary as a guideline
– Evolve new set of competencies if any
– Match behaviour indicators identified through CIT to
the top 10 competencies identified by the focus group
– Review the model and make corrections