Blood presentation contains blood composition, blood clotting factors and mechanisms, blood grouping, blood transfusion & normal values of WBCs, RBCs, Thombocytes.

1. Prepared by
Ms. Nisha S. Mhaske
M.Pharm (Q.A.T)
Lecturer, PRES’s COPD, Chincholi.
Email : nisha.mhaske@pravara.in

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction to blood
 Functions of blood
 Haemopoiesis
 Blood composition
 Blood groups
 ABO blood groups
 Blood transfusion
 Rh factor
 Blood clotting Factors & Mechanism
 Normal counts
 Diseases related to Blood

3. BLOOD
 Blood is specialized
connective tissue
which circulates in
closed system blood
vessels.
 Blood temperature-
38°C
 Blood pH-7.4
(Slightly alkaline)
• Blood makes up 6–
8% of our total body
weight i.e.5600 ml in
adult man.
 Normal adult blood
volume is 5 L.

4. Functions of Blood
1.Blood is responsible for…..
◦ Transporting gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide)
◦ Transporting waste products
◦ Transporting nutrients, hormones, vitamins
◦ Helping remove toxins from the body
◦ Transports metabolites
 Regulation of pH
 Regulate water balance
 Maintain acid-base balance
 Maintenance of body temperature
 Protection against infection (foreign substances)
 Clot formation

5. Hemopoiesis/
Hematopoiesis
Hemopoiesis
is the process of
development of
the blood cells
(WBCs, RBCs,
Platelets) in
bone marrow.

6. Composition of Blood

7.  Blood Plasma- the normal plasma volume is about 8 % of body
weight.
 is made up of 3 Basic components
1.Water
2. Dissolved organic & inorganic components
3. Plasma proteins
Electrolytes Gases Nutrients Waste
products
Sodium Ions,
Potassium Ions,
Calcium Ions,
Magnesium Ions,
Chloride Ions,
Bicarbonate Ions,
Phosphate Ions.
Carbon Dioxide,
Oxygen,
Nitrogen.
Glucose, Carbohydrate,
Amino Acids,
Lipids,
Cholesterol,
Vitamins,
Trace Elements.
Urea,
Uric Acid,
Creatinine,
Bilirubin.
Albumins (54%) Globulins (38%) Fibrinogen (7%) Immunoglobulins (1%)
Buffer action Blood clotting Protective
(Antibodies)

8. Red blood cells
(Erythrocytes)
Structure Biconcave disc like
Components Hemoglobin, lipids, ATP, Carbonic Anhydrase
Function Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from
tissues to lungs
Life span About 120 days
Hemoglobin (iron protein)is found in the RBC
Production Formed in the bone marrow

9.  Hemoglobin (Haeme-Non protein part & Globin- Protein part)
 4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic anhydrase involved),
nitric oxide
 Nitric oxide (NO) binds to hemoglobin
 Releases NO causing vasodilation to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery
 4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen ---Iron is required for oxygen transport.
 Each RBCs contain---280 million Hb molecules.
 Molecular weight of Hb is about 68,000
 The iron content of haem imparts Red color to Hb (RBCs)

10.  White blood cells
(Leukocytes)
Structure Largest sized blood cells
Components Contain nuclei with DNA,
Function -Protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and
debris
-Primary cells of the immune system
-Fights disease and foreign invaders
Production Formed in the bone marrow and some in lymph glands
Life span is from 24 hours to several years
Size is 8-20 micrometers in diameter

11. Granulocytes
Constitute 64.7% of total WBCs
Life span – Few hours to 4 Days
Agranulocytes
Constitute about 30-45% of total
WBCs
Life span – Few months.
Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
Constitute
less than 1%
of the total
WBCs
Constitute
about 0-7% of
the total WBCs
Constitute about
50-70% of the
total WBCs
Constitute about
20-30% of the
total WBCs
Constitute about 1.7-
9% of the total
WBCs
Cytoplasmic
granules
stain with
Basic dyes
Cytoplasmic
granules stain
with Acidic
dyes
Play imp.
role during
Injury &
allergic
reaction.
Engulf &
digest Antigen-
Antibody
complexes
formed.
Engulf bacteria
by the process of
phagocytosis.
Provide immunity
from infection
Remove dead cells
& Toxic sub.s by
phaagocytosis.
They increase
in No. during
infection &
allergic
reaction.
Increase in No.
during infection
& wounds by
Bacteria.

13.  Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Production Formed in the bone marrow
Structure Smallest of the blood cells
Size 1-4 micrometers in diameter
Shape round, oval, or appear spiky
Life span around 8-12 days
Functions Involved in the clotting process
Seal wounds and prevent blood loss
Helps repair damaged vessels
Platelets stain bluish with reddish or purple granules

14. Blood groups
 Antigens on surface of RBCs- Agglutinogens
 Agglutinogens are genetically determined & are of 2 Types:-
Type “A” & Type “B”.
 People have natural Antibodies –Agglutinins is of 2 types i.e.
type “a” & type “b”
 Blood group – based on presence or absence of various
antigens
 At least 24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens
◦ ABO and Rh
Blood groups Agglutinogen in RBCs Agglutinin in plasma
A A b
B B a
AB A & B No Agglutinin
O No Agglutinogen a & b

15. ABO Blood group

16. Blood transfusion
 A Blood transfusion is taking out blood from one person
and injecting it into vein of another person.
 Who can give you blood?
 People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors,
because they can give blood to any blood type.
 People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients,
because they can receive any blood type.
 Rh +  Can receive + or -
 Rh -  Can only receive
Universal
Donor
Universal
Recipient

17. Rh factor
 Scientists sometimes study Rhesus
monkeys to learn more about the
human anatomy because there are
certain similarities between the two
species.
 While studying Rhesus monkeys, a
certain blood protein was discovered.
This protein is also present in the blood
of some people. Other people, however,
do not have the protein.
 The presence of the protein, or lack of
it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus)
factor.
 Types
◦ Rh positive: Have these antigens
present on surface of RBCs
◦ Rh negative: Do not have these
antigens present
A+ A-
B+ B-
AB+ AB-
O+ O-

18. Blood clotting
Blood clot :-
“The fluid
or solution form of
the blood is
changed into
semisolid gel form
known as blood
clot.”
Factor Synonym
1 Fibrinogen
11 Prothrombin
111 Tissue factor / tissue thromboplastin
IV Calcium ions
V Labile ions
VI Does not exist
VII Stable factor
VIII Antihaemophilic factor ‘A’
IX Antihaemophilic factor ‘B’
X Stuart factor
XI Antihaemophilic factor ‘C’
XII Antihaemophilic factor ‘D’ OR Hageman
factor
XIII Fibrin stabilising factor
Clotting
factor

19. Clotting mechanism of blood
 Step- I
Formation of Thrombin
Prothrombin + Calcium+Thromboplastin Thrombin (Active)
(inactive)
 Step- II
Formation of Fibrin
Thrombin + Fibrinogen fibrin (fine threads)
 Step- III
Formation of Clot
Fibrin + Blood cells Clot

20. Normal counts
Erythrocytes
(RBCs)
Male about 5.4 million RBCs/ cu.mm of blood
Female about 4.8 million RBCs/ cu.mm of blood
Leukocytes (WBCs) 6000 – 10000 per cu.mm of blood
Thrombocytes
(Platelets)
3 – 4 lakhs per cu.mm of blood
Haemoglobin Infants 14 – 20 gm/100 ml of blood
Adult female 12-16 gm/100 ml of blood
Adult male 13.5 – 18 gm/100 ml of blood
Low haemoglobin in female is due to menstruation cycle,
pregnancy & lactation.
In male, testosterone secretion stimulates formation of RBC, hence
Hb is higher than female.

21. Diseases related to Blood
Erythrocytes
(RBCs)
Leukocytes Thrombocytes
(Platelets)
Clotting
Anemia
1.Blood loss anemia
2.Aplastic anemia
3.Megaloblastic anemia
4.Haemolytic anemia
5.Iron deficiency anemia
6.Sickle cell anemia
7.Pernicious anemia
Leukemia or
Leucocytosis ---
WBCs count is More
than normal
Hemophilia ---a
genetic disorder where
longer clotting time
due to absence of
clotting factor
Polycythemia Leucoctyopenia ---
WBCs count is Less
than normal
Thrmbocytopenia ---
less platelet count than
normal
Haemolysis

22.  Anaemia- Deficiency of hemoglobin leads to decreased oxygen
carrying capacity of blood called anaemia.
 Causes of anaemia- Diet & haemorrhage etc.
1. Aplastic anemia
 Aplastic anemia is a condition that occurs when your body stops
producing enough new blood cells.
 Aplastic anemia leaves you feeling fatigued and with a higher risk of
infections and uncontrolled bleeding.
 A rare and serious condition, aplastic anemia can develop at any age.
2. Megaloblastic anemia
 Megaloblastic anemia is a condition in which the bone marrow
produces unusually large, structurally abnormal, immature red blood
cells (megaloblasts).
3. Hemolytic anemia
 Hemolytic anemia is a disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed
faster than they can be made. The destruction of red blood cells is
called hemolysis.

23. 4. Iron deficiency anemia
 A condition in which blood lacks adequate healthy red
blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia is due to
insufficient iron.
5. Sickle cell anemia
 A group of disorders that cause red blood cells to
become misshapen and break down.

24. 6. Pernicious anemia
 A decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb
enough vitamin B12.
 Common causes include a weakened stomach lining or
an auto-immune condition.
 Symptoms include fatigue and weakness.
 Untreated pernicious anaemia can cause heart and nerve
damage. Treatment involves vitamin B-12 shots or pills.

25.  Polycythemia- Polycythemia (also known as
polycythaemia or polyglobulia) is a disease
state in which the hematocrit (the volume
percentage of red blood cells in the blood) is
elevated.
 Haemolysis- the rupture or destruction of red
blood cells.

26.  Bleeding time:- it is time interval
between skin puncture and cessation of
flow of blood.
 Normal bleeding time is 1 to 3 min.
 Clotting time:- it is time interval between
onset of bleeding and appearance of jelly
like semisolid mass i.e.blood clot
 Normal clotting time is 4 to 9 min.

27. References
 Human Anatomy & Physiology, by Rahul Phate,
Career publications, First edition-Jan 2004, Page
no:49-66.
 Human Anatomy & Physiology, by S.B.Bhise &
A.V.Yadav, Nirali Prakashan, 25th edition-July
2013, Page no:5.1-5.8