1. MAN AND CULTURE
MID-TERM EXAM
Terms Definitions
genes and environment why do humans appear to be different?
no we are all homo sapiens are humans that different?
tool making, language, art, culture,
religion
what besides biology defines humans?
40,000 years ago/ evolution through
behavior
How and when did we become modern?
South Africa, 100,000 years ago
believed to be homo sapiens, jaw like
homo sapiens, base of mouth of a river
and faces east, modern human
appearance
Why is the fossil from Classys River mouth important?
Why is this site perfect? Where is this site?
Africa What is the birthplace of all humans?
all originated there and migrated all
over the World
What is the "Out of Africa" theory?
Alan Thorne found skulls of Homo
Erectus and Homo Sapiens
Why is Mungo Australia important?
Homo Erectus evolved to Homo
Sapiens through local development
What is Alan Thorne's theory?
died out or algamated, meat What happened to Neanderthals? What was the basis of
their diet?
40,000 years How long did they inhabit the caves in France?
short stocky, hunters for meat and
hide, caves
How were the Neanderthals shaped by the iceage?
died out or became Homo Sapiens What is the place of Neanderthals in evolutionary history?
increased intelligence and
culture/behavior takes over
What shapes the key to emergence in Homo Sapiens?
they both lived there so we can
compare them
Why is the Middle East important for Neandertals and
Homo Sapiens?

2. Homo Sapiens had better knowledge
of their environment/ Neandertals were
cave dwellers so they stayed stationary
How were Neandertals different from Homo Sapiens?
central area where everyone passed
through
What happened 60,000 to 90,000 years ago in the Middle
East?
food, shelter, natural resources What did Homo Sapiens and Neandertals compete for?
see who/what was coming towards
them such as herds of animals
Why were sites that were elevated important?
died out but never lived on high
ground, pushed out of their
areas/lands, no advance warning of
animals coming through
What happened to Neandertals?
technology - types of tools, projectile
points put on wood
What changed the way of life for Homo Sapiens?
rock art, place to live Why were rock overhangs important?
used natural shape of the caves,
spitting charcoal on the walls
How was this art created?
people lived there 60,000 years ago,
Australia
Why is Allen's cave important? Where is it?
Upper Paleolithic last part of the Old Stone Age, 10,000 to 40,000 years ago,
featuring tool industries characterized by long slim blades
and an explosion of creative symbolic forms
multiregional hypothesis hypothesis that modern humans originated through a
process of simulataneous local transition from Homo
Erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world
recent African origins hypothesis the hypothesis that all modern people are derived from one
single population of archaic Homo Sapiens from Africa who
migrated out of Africa after 100,000 years ago, replacing all
other archaic forms due to their superior cultural capabilities
robust austro Several species within the genus Australopithecus, who
lived from 1.1 to 2.5 million years ago in eastern and
southern Africa; known for the rugged nature of their
chewing apparatus (large back teeth, large chewing muscles,
and a bony ridge on their skull tops for the insertion of these
large muscles).
recent African origin The hypothesis that all modern people are derived from one
single population of archaic H. sapiens from Africa who
migrated out of Africa after 100,000 years ago, eplacing all

3. other archaic forms due to their superior cultural
capabilities. Also called the Eve or out of Africa hypothesis.
multiregional hypothesis The hypothesis that modern humans originated through a
process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus
to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world.
gracile Members of the genus Australopithecus possessing a more
lightly built chewing apparatus; likely had a diet that
included more meat than that of the robust
australopithecines.
there is more than one model of
evolutionary change present
a close look at genetics and fossil record indicate:
gradualism The Darwinian evolutionary model is called:
65 million years ago When did the mass extinction of dinasours occur?
hominoid Which term below means "resemblance to humans"?
gibbons Which fossil apes were believed to have been the first to
diverge from a common ancestor?
4.3 and 1.1 million years ago The australopithecine group flourished in Africa between
is a cultural as well as biological
phenomenon
Human childbirth:
decorated figurines Which objects are associated frequently with Upper
Paleolithic art?
recent african origins hypothesis The use of mitochondrial DNA has been associated with
the:
prominent brow ridge All of the following characteristics are associated with
anatomically-modern humans except
gene flow What integrating effect has become so powerful that
dramatic regional variations no longer exist?
true Species are reproductively isolated
true Many paleontologists now believe that Ardipithecus was a
biped not in the direct line of later human ancestry.
true Later human species have all been overwhelmingly right-
handed.
true Transitional species fossils have been found at Atapuerca,
Spain.
true Both arguments associated with the appearance of

4. anatomically modern humans place human origins firmly in
Africa.
true Today, all humans are members of a single species.
Ancient Civilizations
1
People who study and write about the human past are called _____.
A)
teachers
B)
fossils
C)
anthropologists
D)
historians
2
Paleolithic is a term meaning _____.
A)
new stone
B)
old stone
C)
Ice Age
D)
new technology
3
_____ is a period known as the New Stone Age.
A)
Paleolithic
B)
Ice Age
C)
Neolithic
D)
Jericho
4

5. Groups of people who move from place to place are called _____.
A)
historians
B)
anthropologists
C)
nomads
D)
astronomers
5
Mesopotamian farmers developed a system of __________ to control the flow
of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
A)
flooding
B)
irrigation
C)
cuneiform
D)
city-states
6
Sumerians developed a number system based on __________, which we still
use today.
A)
4
B)
12
C)
60
D)
100
7
Around 2340 B.C., Sargon conquered all of Mesopotamia and established the
world's first __________.
A)
city-state
B)
civilization
C)
farming village
D)
empire

6. 8
The Assyrian army was the first to use __________, which made it a fearsome
and mighty force.
A)
copper
B)
iron
C)
tin
D)
steel
9
The Assyrian Empire was divided into political districts called __________.
A)
provinces
B)
city-states
C)
states
D)
caravans
10
Babylon's location on the major trade route between the Persian Gulf and the
__________ helped it become a wealthy city.
A)
Red Sea
B)
Arabian Sea
C)
Mediterranean Sea
D)
Atlantic Ocean
1. Homo erectus fossils have been found in which
of the following regions? (Note: For this and the
following questions, Homo erectus is meant to
include both Homo ergaster and Homo erectus.)
a) East Africa
b) South Africa
c) South Asia

7. d) all of the above
2. Which of the following statements is true of
Homo erectus evolution?
a) They remained largely unchanged
anatomically until about 800,000-600,000
years ago.
b) Their brain size increased progressively
beginning before 1 million years ago on up
until they evolved into modern humans.
c) neither of the above
3. Which of the following fossils are now
considered to be Homo erectus?
a) Pithecanthropus erectus
b) Sinanthropuspekinensis
c) Eugene Dubois
d) a and b
e) all of the above
4. The first known discovery of a Homo erectus

8. was in _________ during the 1890's.
a) Sumatra and Java
b) North China
c) East Africa
5. Prior to the 1890's, the oldest known humans
were:
a) Homo habilis in Africa
b) australopithecines in Africa
c) Neandertals in Europe
6. Davidson Black was a Canadian anatomy
professor who was partly responsible for the
first discovery of Homo erectus fossils in:
a) China
b) Africa
c) Europe
7. Which of the following statements is true of
Homo erectus?

9. a)
Homo erectus men averaged about 6 feet
tall.
b)
They were anatomically like modern humans
below the neck.
c) They were primarily quadrupedal.
8. A "supraorbital torus" is a:
a) term referring to bones of the hip region
b) very prominent brow ridge
c) carnivorous species
9. The Homo erectus brain averaged about _______
cubic centimeters in size.
a) 631
b) 930
c) 1300-1400
d) 3000-3200

10. Practice Quiz for Climate
Change and Human
Evolution
No. of Questions= 11
1. The geological epoch during which all human
species, beginning with Homo erectus,
evolved.
a) Pleistocene
b) Pliocene
c) Holocene
d) Paleocene
2. Compared to the Pliocene Epoch, the
Pleistocene climate was.
a) about the same
b) warmer
c) colder
3. How many ice ages were there during the
Pleistocene Epoch?

11. a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4 or more
4. The last ice age ended about how many years
ago?
a) 40,000
b) 20,000
c) 10,000
d) 1,000
5. What commonly happens to sea levels around
the globe when ice ages occur?
a) They remain about the same as today.
b) They rise significantly.
c) They fall significantly.
6. In what hemisphere was most of the glacial ice
during the Pleistocene ice ages?

12. a) western (the Americas)
b) northern
c) southern
7. A long period of time during which earth's
climate cools, causing glaciers to expand out
from the poles and mountains covering vast
areas.
a) glacial
b) interglacial
c) stadial
8. What commonly happened to the size of
mammal bodies during the colder periods of
the Pleistocene Epoch?
a) They got larger.
b) They remained the same.
c) They got smaller.
9. What generally happened to the size of human
bodies as they evolved in response to the

13. climate changes of the Pleistocene Epoch?
a) They got larger.
b) They remained the same.
c) They got smaller.
10. The climate that we are living in today could be
most accurately described as:
a) a glacial
b) an interglacial
c) neither of the above
11. Which of the following statements is true?
a) The first ice ages that our planet
experienced occurred during the
Pleistocene Epoch.
b) Extremely cold periods with ice ages have
occurred a number of times over the last
half billion years.
c) Both humans and dinosaurs lived during
the last ice age.

14. Practice Quiz for Early
Human Culture
No. of Questions= 10
INSTRUCTIONS: To answer a question, click the
button in front of your choice. A response will
appear in the window below the question to let you
know if you are correct. Be sure to read the
feedback. It is designed to help you learn the
material. You can also learn by reading the
feedback for incorrect answers.
1. Which of the following statements is true
concerning tool making?
a) Humans are the only tool making and using
animals.
b) The first stone tool manufacturing and use
was probably done by early transitional
humans in East Africa 4.5 million years ago.
c) The first stone tools were made by Homo
erectus.
d) none of the above
2. Which of the following tool traditions came
first?
a) Acheulean
b) Oldowan
c) Habilian

15. 3. Oldowan Tradition flake tools were probably
used mostly for:
a) hammering other rocks to make core tools
b) butchering animals
c) making necklaces
4. Which of the following statements is true of the
first convincing evidence of fire use by
humans?
a) It was associated with Homo erectus.
b) It was associated with Homo habilis.
c) It was about 1.5 million years ago.
d) It was about 100,000 years ago .
5. The most well knownAcheulean Tradition
stone tool was a:
a) hand ax
b) spear
c) meat cleaver

16. 6. Which of the following statements is true of the
Acheulean Tool Tradition?
a)
Hand axes made up only a small proportion
of the tools.
b)
This tool making tradition was limited to
Europe.
c) It was not used by Homo erectus in China.
7. Which of the following statements is true of
major Homo erectus fossil sites by 400,000
years ago?
a) They usually have only a few stone tools.
b)
They usually have very little evidence of
meat eating.
c)
They have been found only in tropical
regions of the world.
d) none of the above
8. ______________________ refers to sources of
food and the way it is obtained.
a) subsistence pattern

17. b) soft hammer technique
c) biocultural evolution
9. Which of the following statements is true of
Homo erectus?
a) They were efficient, specialized big game
hunters.
b) There were about 6 billion of them in the
world.
c) They were the first species in our line of
evolution to expand their range into
temperate climatic zones.
d) none of the above
10. Which of the following statements is true
concerning culture?
a) It can affect the direction of human
biological evolution.
b) It has no effect on human biological
evolution.
c) Since culture is in our minds, it leaves no
evidence for paleoanthropologists to dig up.

18. Practice Quiz for
Early Transitional Humans
No. of Questions= 5
INSTRUCTIONS: To answer a question, click the
button in front of your choice. A response will
appear in the window below the question to let you
know if you are correct. Be sure to read the
feedback. It is designed to help you learn the
material. You can also learn by reading the
feedback for incorrect answers.
1. Which of the following statements is true of
Homo habilis?
a) They were in a different genus from the
australopithecines.
b) They were in a different biological tribe from
the australopithecines.
c) They were significantly heavier and taller
than the late australopithecines.
d) a and b
e) all of the above
2. The first humans appeared about _______
million years ago.
a) 3.5
b) 2.4

19. c) 1.0
d) .5
3. The fossils of early transitional humans have
been found in which of the following areas?
a) throughout all of Africa
b) South and East Africa
c) North Africa
4. The brain size of the early humans:
a) was partly within the range of adult
chimpanzees
b) was partly within the range of adult
australopithecines
c) was partly within the range of both
chimpanzees and australopithecines
d) was entirely above the range of both
chimpanzees and australopithecines
5. Which of the following anatomical changes were
occurring in early transitional humans at the
same time that their brains were getting larger?

20. a) Their teeth were getting larger.
b) Their skin color was becoming lighter.
c) Their mouths were getting larger.
d) a and c
e) none of the above
1. What should I know for the reading quiz?
2. Before History The hominids Australopithecus Homo erectus Homo
sapiens Economy and society of hunting and gathering peoples Some
permanent Paleolithic settlements The origins of agriculture Neolithic
era; new stone age; refined tools and agriculture When was the Neolithic
Roles of men and women Early agriculture around 9000 B.C.E.
Merchants, migrants, and travelers spread food knowledge Slash-and-
burn cultivation Population explosion caused by surplus The origins of
urban life Emergence of cities Earliest cities in the valley of the Tigris
and Euphrates Rivers, 4000 to 3500 B.C.E
3. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia: "the land between the rivers"
Little rain, so area needs irrigation Food supplies increase Human
population increases Migrants to the area increase--especially Semites
Sumer (in south) becomes population center First cities emerge, 4000
B.C.E Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 B.C.E.) Coup against king of Kish
Seizes trade routes and natural resources Gradually empire weakens and
collapses about 2000 B.C.E. Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.E.) Centralizes
the bureaucracy and regulates taxation Capital is Babylon Law Code: law
of retribution and importance of social status Hittite assault and empire
crumbles in 1595 B.C.E.
4. Later Mesopotamia The later Mesopotamian empires Assyrians
(northern Mesopotamia), about 1300-612 B.C.E. Cities: Assur and
Ninevah Powerful army: professional officers (merit), chariots, archers,
iron weapons Unpopular rule leads to rebellions; ends 612 B.C.E. New
Babylonian empire, 600-550 B.C.E. Nebuchadnezzar (605-562 B.C.E.)
Hanging gardens of palace shows wealth and luxury
5. The formation of a complex society & cultural traditions Economic
specialization and trade Bronze (made from copper and tin); used in
weapons and later agricultural tools Iron (about 1000 B.C.E.), cheaper
and more widely available; used in weapons and tools Wheel (about 3500
B.C.E.) helps trade; carts can carry more goods further Shipbuilding:
maritime trade increases in all directions; network develops The

21. emergence of a stratified patriarchal society Social classes Cities: more
opportunities to accumulate wealth Kings (hereditary) and nobles (royal
family and supporters) are highest class Priests and priestesses rule
temple communities with large incomes and staff Free commoners
(peasants), dependent clients (no property); pay taxes and labor on
building projects Slaves (POWs, criminals, debt servitude): mostly
domestic servants Patriarchy Hammurabi's code: men are head of the
household Women get fewer rights after 2000 B.C.E.; by 1500 B.C.E. are
wearing veils
6. The formation of a complex society & cultural traditions, pt II The
development of written cultural traditions Cuneiform, Mesopotamian
writing style, becomes standard Reed stylus (wedge-shaped) pressed in
clay then baked Mostly commercial and tax documents Education:
vocational to be scribe or government official Literature: astronomy,
mathematics, abstract (religious and literary like Gilgamesh)
7. The broader influence of Mesopotamian society Hebrews, Israelites,
and Jews Early Hebrews are pastoral nomads between Mesopotamia and
Egypt (second millennium B.C.E.) Settle in some cities Abraham leads
group to Palestine 1850 B.C.E. Descendents borrow law of retribution
and flood story from Mesopotamia Some migrate to Egypt in eighteenth
century B.C.E. then back to Palestine with Moses Twelve tribes become
Israelites Mesopotamian-style monarchs with Jerusalem as capital David
(1000-970 B.C.E.) then Solomon (970-930 B.C.E.) Moses and
monotheism Ten Commandments: moral and ethical standards for
followers Compilation of teachings into Torah (1000-400 B.C.E.)
Assyrians conquer Conquer Israel in north and Judah in south and destroy
Jerusalem Deportees return to Judea; become known as Jews (586
B.C.E.) Prophets in this period increase devotion of people Build distinct
Jewish community in Judea with strong group identity
8. The broader influence of Mesopotamian society, pt II The Phoenicians
First settlers about 3000 B.C.E.; develop into kingdoms of independent
city-states Little agriculture; live on trade and communications networks
Overland trade to Mesopotamia; influence on culture Sea trade most
important; get raw materials, trade for manufactured goods Have early
alphabetical script (1500 B.C.E.)
9. Early Africa Egypt and Nubia: "gifts of the Nile" Egypt--
lower third of Nile River; Nubia--middle third of Nile After 5000 B.C.E.
peoples cultivate gourds and watermelons, domesticate donkeys and
cattle (from Sudan), and grow wheat and barley (from Mesopotamia)
Agriculture easy in Egypt (due to Nile flooding) but more work in Nubia
States begin to emerge by 4000 B.C.E., small kingdoms by 3300 B.C.E.
The unification of Egypt Strong Nubian realm, Ta Seti (3400-3200
B.C.E.) Egypt, large and prosperous state by 3100 B.C.E. Menes at

22. Memphis unites Upper and Lower Egypt Pharaoh, absolute ruler and
owns all land Archaic Period (3100-2660 B.C.E.) and Old Kingdom
(2660-2160 B.C.E.) Great pyramids of Giza built during this period;
Khufu the largest Violence between Egypt and Nubia (Egypt dominates
from 3000-2400 B.C.E.) Nubia later develops into Kingdom of Kush
Interaction through diplomacy, Nubian mercenaries, and intermarriage
10. Turmoil and empire Period of upheaval after Old Kingdom (2160-
2040 B.C.E.) Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 B.C.E.) Nomadic horsemen,
Hyksos, invade Egypt Using bronze weapons and chariots (Egypt does
not have) Captures Memphis in 1674 B.C.E. Causes revolts in Upper
Egypt New Kingdom (1550-1070 B.C.E.) Pharaoh gains power, huge
army, large bureaucracy Building projects: temples, palaces, statues
Tuthmosis III (1479-1425 B.C.E.) built empire including Palestine,
Syrian, Nubia Then Egypt falls into a long period of decline Egyptians
driven out of Nubia in 1100 B.C.E. Nubian Kingdom of Kush; capital is
Napata King Kashta conquers Thebes (in Egypt) in 760 B.C.E. Assyrians
with iron weapons invade from the north After sixth century B.C.E. series
of foreign conquests
11. The formation of complex societies & cultural traditions The
emergence of cities and stratified societies Cities are not as prominent in
Egypt as in Mesopotamia (agricultural villages) Memphis, head of the
delta Thebes, administrative center of Upper Egypt Heliopolis, center of
sun god cult Tanis, important sea port on Mediterannean Nubian cities
Kerma, dominates trade routes Napata, most prosperous city after Nubian
conquest of Egypt Meroë, most influential city after Assyrian invasion
because it is farther south Social classes Egypt: peasants and slaves
(agriculture), pharaoh, professional military and administrators Nubia:
complex and hierarchical society (can tell from tombs) Patriarchy in both
but women have more influence than in Mesopotamia Women act as
regents, like female pharaoh Hatshepsut Nubia: women serve as queens,
priestesses, and scribes
12. Economic specialization and trade Bronze important but copper and
tin rare and expensive Iron metallurgy develops independently in Sudan
Transportation: sailboats, carts, and donkey caravans Trade networks
Egypt and Nubia: exotic goods from Nubia (ebony, gold, gems, slaves)
and pottery, wine, linen, decorative items from Egypt Egypt and the
north: especially wood, like cedar from Lebanon Egypt with Africa: Punt
(east Africa)
13. Early writing in the Nile valley Hieroglyphics found on monuments
and papyrus by 3200 B.C.E. Hieratic script, everyday writing 2600-600
B.C.E. Demotic and Coptic scripts adapt Greek writing Scribes live very
privileged lives Nubia adapts Egyptian writing until Meroitic in fifth
century B.C.E. (untranslated)

23. 14. The development of organized religious traditions Principal gods: sun
gods Amon and Re Brief period of monotheism: Aten Pharaoh
Akhenaten's idea of a new capital at Akhetaten Orders all other gods'
names chiseled out; their names die with him Mummification At first
only pharaohs are mummified (Old Kingdom) Later ruling classes and
wealthy can afford it Eventually commoners have it too (Middle and New
Kingdom) Cult of Osiris Brother Seth murders Osiris and scatters his
body Wife Isis gathers him up and gods restore him to life in underworld
Becomes associated with Nile, crops, life/death, immortality Osiris
judges the heart of the dead against the feather of truth Nubians combine
Egyptian religions with their own
15. Early India Background Neolithic villages in Indus River valley by
3000 B.C.E. Earliest remains inaccessible because of silt deposits and
rising water table Also little known because writing not yet translated
Foundations of Harappan society The Indus River Runs through north
India, with sources at Hindu Kush and the Himalayas Rich deposits but
less predictable than the Nile Wheat and barley were cultivated in Indus
valley Cultivated cotton before 5000 B.C.E. Complex society of
Dravidians, 3000 B.C.E. No evidence about political system Harappa and
Mohenjo-daro: two main cities Each city had a fortified citadel and a
large granary Broad streets, marketplaces, temples, public buildings
Standardized weights, measures, architectural styles, and brick sizes
Harappan society and culture Social distinctions, as seen from living
styles Religious beliefs strongly emphasized fertility Harappan society
declined from 1900 B.C.E. onward Ecological degradation led to a
subsistence crisis Another possibility: natural catastrophes such as floods
or earthquakes Population began to abandon their cities by about 1700
B.C.E. Almost entirely collapsed by about 1500 B.C.E. Some Harappan
cultural traditions maintained
16. The Indo-European migrations and early Aryan India The Aryans and
India The early Aryans Depended heavily on a pastoral economy No
writing system, but had orally transmitted works called the Vedas Sacred
language (Sanskrit) and daily-use language (Prakit) The Vedic Age:
1500-500 B.C.E. A boisterous period; conflicts with indigenous peoples
Called indigenous people dasas --"enemies" or
"subjectpeople" Indra, the Aryans' war god and military hero
Aryan chiefdoms fought ferociously among themselves Most chiefdoms
had leader raja, king Aryan migrations in India: first Punjab and by 500
B.C.E. in northern Deccan Used iron tools and developed agriculture Lost
tribal organizations but established regional kingdoms
17. Origins of the caste system Caste and varna The meaning of caste :
hereditary, unchangeable social classes The Sanskrit word varna,
"color," refers to social classes Social distinctions in the late

24. Vedic Age Four main varnas, recognized after 1000 B.C.E.: brahmins
(priests), kshatriyas (warriors and aristocrats), vaishyas (cultivators,
artisans, and merchants), shudras (landless peasants and serfs) Later the
category of the untouchables was added Subcaste, or jati Represented
more elaborate scheme of social classification; developed after the sixth
century B.C.E. Jati , or subcastes, were determined by occupations
Elaborate rules of jati life: eating, communication, behavior In caste
system, social mobility difficult but still possible Usually a result of
group, not individual, effort Foreign peoples could find a place in society
of the castes
18. Development of patriarchal society Patriarchal and patrilineal society
The Lawbook of Manu Prepared by an anonymous sage, first century
B.C.E. Dealt with moral behavior and social relationships Advised men
to treat women with honor and respect Subjected women to the control
and guidance of men Women's duties: to bear children and maintain the
household Sati, social custom in which widow throws self on funeral pyre
19. Religion in the Vedic Age Aryan religion Aryan gods War god, Indra
Gods of the sun, the sky, the moon, fire, health, disease God Varuna:
ethical concern, cosmic order Ritual sacrifices were more important than
ethics Priests were specialists of the ritual sacrifices Ritual sacrifices for
rewards from the divine power Sacrifices, chants, soma Spirituality
underwent a shift after about 800 B.C.E. Thoughtful individuals retreated
to forests as hermits Dravidian notions of transmigration and
reincarnation were adapted
20. The blending of Aryan and Dravidian values The Upanishads, works
of religious teachings (800-400 B.C.E.) The religious forums: dialogues
between disciples and sages Brahman: the universal soul Highest goal: to
escape reincarnation and join with Brahman Samsara: an individual soul
was born many times Karma: specific incarnations that a soul
experienced Moksha : permanent liberation from physical incarnation
Religion and Vedic society Samsara and karma reinforced caste and
social hierarchy Upanishads were also spiritual and intellectual
contemplations Taught to observe high ethical standards: discourage
greed, envy, vice Respect for all living things, a vegetarian diet
21. Early China Early agricultural society and the Xia dynasty The
Yellow River Water source at high plateau of Tibet Loess soil carried by
the river's water, hence "yellow"
"China'sSorrow"--extensive flooding Loess provided rich
soil, soft and easy to work Neolithic societies after 5000 B.C.E.
Yangshao society, 5000-3000 B.C.E. Excavations at Banpo village: fine
pottery, bone tools The Xia dynasty Archeological discovery of the Xia is
still in its early stages Established about 2200 B.C.E. Legendary King

25. Yu, the dynasty founder, a hero of flood control Erlitou: possibly the
capital city of the Xia
22. The Shang and Zhou Dynasties The Shang dynasty: 1766-1122
B.C.E. Arose in the southern and eastern areas of the Xia realm Many
written records and material remains discovered Bronze metallurgy,
monopolized by ruling elite Horses and chariots traveled with Indo-
European migrants to China Agricultural surpluses supported large troops
A vast network of walled towns The Shang capital moved six times
Lavish tombs of Shang kings with thousands of objects Other states
besides Shang, for example, Sanxingdui The Zhou dynasty: 1122-256
B.C.E. Zhou gradually eclipsed Shang Mandate of heaven, the right to
rule The Zhou needed to justify the overthrow Ruler as "the son of
heaven" Mandate of heaven only given to virtuous rulers Political
organization: decentralized administration Used princes and relatives to
rule regions Consequence: weak central government and rise of regional
powers Iron metallurgy spread through China in first millennium B.C.E.
The fall of the Zhou Nomadic invasion sacked Zhou capital in 711 B.C.E.
Territorial princes became more independent The Warring States (403-
221 B.C.E.) The last king of the Zhou abdicated his position in 256
B.C.E.
23. Society and family in ancient China The social order The ruling elites
with their lavish consumption of bronze Hereditary aristocrats with
extensive landholding Administrative and military offices Manuals of
etiquette Free artisans and craftsmen mostly worked for elites Merchants
and trade were important Trade networks linked China with west and
south Oar-propelled boats traded with Korea and offshore islands
Peasants, the majority of population Landless peasants provided labor
Lived in small subterranean houses Women's work: wine making,
weaving, silkworm raising Wood, bone, stone tools before iron was
spread in the sixth century B.C.E. Slaves, mostly war prisoners
24. Family and patriarchy Early dynasties ruled through family and
kinship groups Veneration of ancestors Belief in ancestors' presence and
their continuing influence Burial of material goods with the dead Offering
sacrifices at the graves Family heads presided over rites of honoring
ancestors' spirits Patriarchal society evolved out of matrilineal one The
rise of large states brought focus on men's contribution After the Shang,
females devalued
25. Early Chinese writing and cultural development The secular cultural
tradition Absence of organized religion and priestly class Believed in the
impersonal heavenly power-- tian Oracle bones used by fortune-tellers
Inscribed question, subjected to heat, read cracks Discovery of the
"dragonbones" in 1890s Early Chinese writing, from
pictograph to ideograph More than two thousand characters identified on

26. oracle bones Modern Chinese writing is direct descendant of Shang
writing Thought and literature Zhou literature--many kinds of books The
Book of Change , a manual of diviners The Book of History , the history
of the Zhou The Book of Rites , the rules of etiquette and rituals for
aristocrats The Book of Songs, a collection of verses--most notable work
Most Zhou writings have perished
26. Ancient China and the larger world Chinese cultivators and nomadic
peoples of central Asia Nomadic peoples of the steppe lands--herders
Exchange of products between nomads and Chinese farmers Nomads
frequently invaded rich agricultural society Nomads did not imitate
Chinese ways Nomads relied on grains and manufactured goods of the
Chinese The southern expansion of Chinese society The Yangzi valley;
dependable river; two crops of rice per year The indigenous peoples of
southern China Many were assimilated into Chinese agricultural society
Some were pushed to hills and mountains Some migrated to Taiwan,
Vietnam, Thailand The state of Chu in the central region of Yanzi
Challenged the Zhou for supremacy Adopted Chinese political and social
traditions and writing
27. Early societies of Mesoamerica TheOlmecs Migration to
Mesoamerica Large wave of humans traveled from Siberia to Alaska
around 13,000 B.C.E. By 9500 B.C.E., humans reached the southernmost
part of South America As hunting became difficult, agriculture began
(7500 B.C.E.) Early agriculture: beans, squashes, chilis; later, maize
became the staple (5000 B.C.E.) Agricultural villages appeared after 3000
B.C.E. No large domesticated animals, no wheeled vehicles Ceremonial
centers by the end of the second millennium B.C.E. Olmecs, the
"rubber people,"lived near the Gulf of Mexico (1200 B.C.E. )
Elaborate complexes built The colossal human heads--possibly likenesses
of rulers Rulers' power shown in construction of huge pyramids Trade in
jade and obsidian Decline of Olmecs: systematically destroyed
ceremonial centers by 400 B.C.E. Influence of Olmec: maize, ceremonial
centers, calendar, human sacrifice, ball game
28. Heirs of the Olmecs: the Maya The Maya lived in the highlands of
Guatemala Besides maize, they also cultivated cotton and cacao Tikal
was the most important Maya political center, 300 to 900 C.E. Maya
warfare: warriors had prestige; captives were slaves or victims
ChichénItzá, power by the ninth century; loose empire in Yucatan Maya
decline began in 800 C.E.; many Mayans deserted their cities
29. Maya society and religion Maya society was hierarchical Kings,
priests, and hereditary nobility at the top Merchants were from the ruling
class; they served also as ambassadors Professional architects and artisans
were important Peasants and slaves were majority of population The
Maya calendar had both solar and ritual years interwoven Maya writing

27. was ideographic and syllabic; only four books survive Religious thought
PopolVuh , a Maya creation myth, taught that gods created humans out of
maize and water Gods maintained agricultural cycles in exchange for
honors and sacrifices Bloodletting rituals honored gods for rains The
Maya ball game: sporting, gambling, and religious significance
30. Heirs of the Olmecs: Teotihuacan The city of Teotihuacan in the
highlands of Mexico Colossal pyramids of sun and moon High point
between 400 and 600 C.E.; two hundred thousand inhabitants Paintings
and murals reflect the importance of priests Teotihuacan society Rulers
and priests dominated society Two-thirds of the city inhabitants worked
in fields during daytime Artisans were famous for their obsidian tools and
orange pottery Professional merchants traded extensively throughout
Mesoamerica No sign of military organization or conquest Cultural
traditions: ball game, calendar, writing, sacrifices Decline of Teotihuacan
from about 650 C.E.; was sacked and destroyed mid-eighth century
31. Early societies of South America Early Andean society and the
Chavín cult Early migration to Peru and Bolivia region By 12,000 B.C.E.
hunting and gathering peoples reached South America By 8000 B.C.E.
they began to experiment with agriculture Complex societies appeared in
central Andean region after 1000 B.C.E. Andean societies were located in
modern-day Peru and Bolivia Early agriculture in South America Main
crops: beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, cotton Fishing supplemented
agricultural harvests By 1800 B.C.E. the people produced pottery, built
temples and pyramids The Chavín Cult, from about 900 to 300 B.C.E.
Complexity of Andean society increases during Chavín Devised
techniques of producing cotton textiles and fishing nets Discovered gold,
silver, and copper metallurgy Cities began to appear shortly after Chavín
cult Early Andeans did not make use of writing Early Andean states:
Mochica (300-700 C.E.) in northern Peru Irrigation, trade, military, no
writing Artistic legacy: painting on pottery, ceramics
Quizs for Civilization Knowledge Test
In what modern day country was the Fertile Crescent?
What was the earliest kingdom in Mesopotamia?
Political:What law system did Sumerians use?

28. Economic: How did Mesopotamians earn a living?
Geography:Between what 2 rivers did the Fertile Crescent appear?
Social:What type of writing did they use?
What did Egyptians write on?
1.What river is the basis for Egyptian civilization?
2.What “paper” did Egyptians write on?
3. What is an Egyptian ruler called?
4.What writing system did Egyptians use?
5.What other African kingdom did Egypt trade and interact with?
6. What type of economic system did Egypt have?
G:What modern day countries was the Indus Valley civ in?
P: Why do we know so little of the power structure in the Indus Valley?
E: How did the Indus make a living?
G:In what modern day country are the settlements of the Indus River Valley
civilization?
G:Why did the cities have so many walls?
S: How do Indus artifacts demonstrate that the thethe Indus Valley was
sophisticated?
P: In China, according to the dynastic cycle, what happened to “bad kings”?
E: How did the Chinese earn a living?
G: What river was the earliest Chinese civilization centered around?
S: What technological advancements did the Chinese have?

29. Cultures
Perhaps the most difficult aspect of trying to understand the beliefs and
practices of another culture is
A.determining the meaning of what the anthropologist has observed or
experienced for members of the culture.
Assessing the political impact of a particular event.
take field notes while being a participant-observer.
learning their language.
finding a direct parallel in one's own culture with that of another culture.
Which present-day theoretical orientations look at culture as dynamic and
unstable, where norms and values are continually being "contested" or
reinforced?
cultural ecology and cultural materialism
neo-evolutionary
C.feminism, postmodernism
structuralism
symbolic/interpretive
An illustration of the plasticity of culture would be the development of a
new type of sunscreen to avoid the adverse effects of solar radiation on the
human body.
True
False

30. A culture may be characterized by all except which one of the following?
variability among individuals and groups within the culture
basically a highly integrated, static system
provides members with a system of classification for understanding the
world
includes norms or guidelines for behavior
provides a context in which people give meanings to their lives
2. Anthropologists often choose to focus on communities or groups who are
significantly different from those of the larger, dominant culture within the
same society, such as Amish, Hmong, and people who share a similar
occupation e.g., firefighters or age e.g., elderly. These groups are referred
to as
ethnic groups.
the socioeconomically disadvantaged.
minorities.
subcultures.
geographical regions.
Which of the following anthropological research projects would be
considered a good example of an interpretive/symbolic approach?
an exploration of cricket as a commentary on British culture
the ecological function of Hindu beliefs regarding not eating beef
the role of 'homegardens' in household economy
the social structure of middle-class Brazilian households
classification of medicinal plants by Samoan elders