This is a compilation of some interesting slides from a recent conference in Istanbul. All credits to the presenters.

2. New York City’s
Energy Efficiency Policies
An In-Depth Look at NYC’s Greener,
Greater Buildings Plan
February 20, 2012

3. By 2030, nearly one million more people will live in NYC

4. New York City also faces challenges from climate change
NYC Projected Mean Annual Temperature NYC Projected Sea Levels
Source: NYC Panel on Climate Change

5. In 2007, Mayor Bloomberg released a comprehensive
sustainability plan to create a greener, greater city
PlaNYC focused on nine issues:
1 Housing
Open Space
Brownfields
Water Quality
Water Network
Transportation
Energy
Air Quality
Climate Change

6. Buildings dominate NYC’s carbon footprint…

7. New York City has launched three major energy efficiency
policies
• The City launched a task force to “green” the city’s
codes. 51 of the 111 regulatory proposals would
result in reduced energy use in buildings
• NYC has issued requirements for progress
inspections in ramping up Energy Code
enforcement
• The most comprehensive energy efficiency policy
launched by any American municipality
• Impacts properties over 50,000 sf, and includes
required benchmarking and disclosure; audits and
retro-commissioning, lighting upgrades and sub-
meters
• Will reduce citywide CO2 emissions by at least 5%
30 x 17 & The • Accelerated energy efficiency in sectors poised to
Mayoral Challenges move more quickly: municipal operations,
to Hospitals & universities, and hospitals
Universities • All pledged 30% CO2 reductions in 10 years

8. The central policy addresses existing buildings

9. The next three laws address the largest buildings
New York has 1 million buildings,
But the largest 16,000 properties
(less than 2%) account for almost
half of the city’s overall emissions

10. Large buildings will measure their efficiency annually
Why Benchmark?
• Transparency
• Market Transformation
• Large scale source of data on building efficiency
Requirements
• All buildings over 50,000 square feet
• Annually submit energy and water
consumption using EPA’s Portfolio Manager
Public Disclosure
• September 1, 2011 – City government buildings
• September 1, 2012 – Non-residential buildings
• September 1, 2013 – Residential buildings

11. And perform an energy audit and retro-commissioning
every 10 years
Why conduct an energy audit or perform retro-commissioning?
• To identify cost effective energy efficiency upgrades
• Re-tune systems in an existing building to achieve better
performance, energy savings, and quick paybacks
Requirements
• ASHRAE Level 2 Energy Audit
• Retro-commissioning according to check-list provided by the City
• Include all “base” building systems – HVAC, electrical and lighting,
domestic hot water, building envelope and conveying systems
Schedule
• Every 10 years starting in 2013 on a staggered schedule

12. Non-residential space will have to upgrade lighting and
install sub-meters
Why upgrade lighting or install sub-meters?
• Lighting accounts for over 22% of energy use in buildings citywide and
upgrades have proven to pay for themselves within 6-18 months
• Since many tenants are unaware of how much energy they are
consuming, sub-metering and providing information can help tenants take
action to reduce their energy consumption
Requirements
• Upgrade lighting systems in all space types, except residential, to meet
the requirements of the energy code
• Install sub-meters on all floors over 10,000 square feet and for all tenants,
except residential, over 10,000 square feet
• Submit monthly electrical statements to tenants
Schedule
• To be completed by January 1, 2025

13. Impacts of Greener, Greater Buildings Plan by 2030
• Reducing citywide carbon emissions
• The laws will cut greenhouse gas emissions by more
than 5% -- the greatest impact of any individual policy
• Job creation
• 20,000 skilled, local jobs, and making NYC a knowledge
center for energy efficiency
• Cost savings
• Reduced annual energy costs of $750 million citywide

14. Buildings in the 21st Century: Roland Risser
Innovative Technologies and Strategies to Significantly
Program Manager
Increase Building Related Energy Efficiency Building Technologies Program
February 21, 2012
1
Lighting Phase-In eere.energy.gov

15. Building Energy Use in the U.S.…
Projected Total U.S. Energy Use
Total U.S. Energy Consumption
22%
28%
40%
18%
32%
Industrial /
Transportation
Source: Building Energy Data Book Source: Energy Information Agency
Buildings also account for 73% of U.S. Electricity Consumption
and 55% of Natural Gas Consumption
2
Buildings in the 21st Century Buildings.energy.gov

16. DOE Building Technologies Program (BTP)
Pursues an Overarching Goal
Reduce Building-Related Energy Use 50% by 2030
40.000 CommercialMELs
30% 50% 70% 80% Commercial Lighting
35.000 CommercialWashing & drying
Commercial Cooking
30.000 Commercial Refrigeration
2030 annual energy consumption
Commercial Water Heating
25.000 CommercialVentilation
Primary TBTUs
Commercial Space Cooling
20.000 Commercial Space Heating
ResidentialMELs
15.000 Residential Lighting
ResidentialWashing & drying
10.000
Residential Cooking
Residential Refrigeration
5.000
Residential Water Heating
Residential Space Cooling
-
Residential Space Heating
BAU Current Our goal Technical Thermodynamic
consumption economic (with R&D) potential limit
potential
Source: BTP Prioritization tool, NAS, McKinsey.
3
Buildings in the 21st Century Buildings.energy.gov

17. The Building Technologies Program Uses an
Integrated Approach to Deliver Value
• Research & Development
– Develop technology roadmaps
– Solicit/select technology solutions
– Solve technical barriers and test
innovations to prove effectiveness
• Market Stimulation
– Identify barriers to adoption
– Increase product/service use
– Work through policy, adoption, and
financial barriers
– Provide technical assistance and training
• Codes and Standards
– Establish minimum energy use
– Protect consumer interests
– Reduce market confusion
BTP’s three key approaches interact with each
– Enhance competitiveness and
other to make energy efficient technologies and
profitability practices widely available and create lasting
– Expand portfolio of energy efficient changes in the market.
appliances and equipment
4
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

18. DOE’s Portfolio of Research in
Advanced Technologies –
Whole Building Approach
Advanced windows Solid state lighting
Advanced refrigerator Window air
technology conditioning
Low global warming Advanced heat pump
potential refrigerants technology:
• Air source heat pumps
• Ground source heat
pumps
• Heat exchangers
Heating, ventilating, Building Envelope:
air conditioning, Next generation attic
water heating, and and roof systems
working fluids 6
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

19. Envelope Technologies Yield Big Energy
Savings
Cool Roofs
Pitched, cool & colored: ~5% Pitched & white: ~10% air Flat & white: ~15% air
air conditioning savings conditioning savings conditioning savings
Next Generation
Windows Attics/Roofs
Dynamic glass: better day lighting;
HVAC energy savings, unobstructed Next generation attic/roof
glare control
system
7
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

20. Opportunity to Reduce Global Warming with
White or Cool Roofs
• How much CO2 equivalent is offset if all • Example: Walmart store in Northern
eligible urban flat roofs were white? California
• Answer: 24 Gigatonnes (LBNL)
– Equivalent to taking 300 million cars
off the road for 20 years
• 600 million passenger cars world
wide (each emit ~4t CO2/year)
– Equivalent to emissions from 500
medium-sized coal fired power plants
or 1,000 medium-sized gas fired
power plants
8
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

21. Pursuing Transformational Building
Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV)
OWENS CORNING
ATTACHMENT PANEL
SOLEXEL SHINGLE
BIPV roofing membranes, for flat BIPV roof shingles that utilize BIPV roof shingles utilizing high
roofs, utilize high efficiency, high efficiency (>21%), flexible efficiency (28%), thin-film GaAs
flexible CIGS or thin-film mono-crystalline-Si cells; very- cells, heat management and
crystalline-Si cells low-cost distributed circuitry at recovery, and integrated power
the cell level; integrated micro- electronics
inverters
11
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

22. Advanced Windows May Eventually
“Produce” Energy
Single Glaze U-factor (W/m2 K)/ SHGC (-)
4.77/ 0.64
Heating and Cooling Energy Use
Energy Loss
Double Clear
Cold Climate
2.78/ 0.56
Double Low-e
2.1/ 0.53
Triple Low-e
Improved Frame
- Triple Low-e
0.68/ 0.44
1.0/ 0.40
0
Dynamic Triple
+ 0.68/ 0.16-0.44
Energy Gain
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
12
Buildings in the 21st Century Buildings.energy.gov

23. HVAC, Water Heating, and Working Fluids
Make the Push for Big Energy Savings
Working Fluids Low- Global Warming Potential Refrigerants
Heat Pump & Non-Vapor Compression HVAC (Res Central A/C (Split)): 26 SEER
50% to 65%
Water
HVAC Energy
Heating
Savings
Info Technology: Sensors & Controls Systems with Predictive Algorithms and
Smart Grid Integration
Manage Thermal & Dehumidification Loads
14
Buildings in the 21st Century Buildings.energy.gov

24. High Performance, Air Source, Cold
Climate Heat Pumps
• Goal: Develop an advanced air-source heat
pump system with enhanced heating
capacity at low ambient temperatures
• Residential activities:
– Develop a high performance cold
climate heat pump with Purdue
University and Emerson Climate
Technologies
– DOE lab project: High performance
cold climate multi-stage heat pump
– Future activities will focus on
Commercial Rooftop Applications
15
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

25. Ground Source Heat Pump Projects
• Goals:
– Lower installation costs up to 36% by
2020
– Increase customer confidence with an
installer certification standard
– Reduce energy expenses
• Current Activities:
– Installer certification
– Analysis and data collection
– 26 awards for technology
demonstrations
• Outcomes:
– Industry knowledge improves
predictability of costs for future
projects
– 26 projects expected to collectively
save more than $4 million in energy
expenses annually for the next 25 years
16
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

26. Heat Exchangers will Significantly Impact
Many End Uses
• Crosscutting technology: Heat exchangers are not only used in refrigeration, heating, and air
conditioning, but also in nearly every application that generates waste heat
• 30x improvement vs. current technology
• Potential impact: 21 quadrillion BTUs or 53% of building energy use
• First application - data center cooling loads Source: “A Fundamentally New Approach to Air-
Cooled Heat Exchangers” Sandia National Laboratories 17
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

27. The Global Warming Potential of Working
Fluids
• Goal: maintain or improve the efficiency of
the HVAC system while switching to lower
global warming potential working fluids
• Evaluation of thermodynamic properties of
possible fluids
– Predict the thermodynamic
properties based on molecular
structure
– Evaluate effect of refrigerant’s
thermodynamic performance in a 2nd cut-off criteria
variety of refrigeration cycles (by
simulation)
1st cut-off criteria
18
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

28. A Next Generation Window Air-Conditioner
(WAC) that can Deliver 30% Energy Savings
• Goal: WAC unit in 1.5 – 3.5 kW cooling
capacity range with an energy efficiency
ratio (EER) of 13
• 30% energy savings over current U.S.
minimum efficiency standard
• Market & Energy Saving Potential
– U.S. has ~57 million units in use
– Current DOE minimum EER is 9.8
– Replacement of existing units with
advanced WACs could save ~2.5
quads of energy over next 20 years
19
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

29. Solid State Lighting (SSL) Applications will
Provide Significant Energy Savings
Energy Savings Potential of SSL in General Illumination
Applications,
Source: DOE Report “Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State
Lighting in General Illumination Applications” January 2012 21
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

30. High pressure sodium street lighting (left) compared to LED street lighting (right) in a DOE demonstration
project.
San Francisco, California
Lighting Phase-In eere.energy.gov

31. Commercial Building Energy Alliance (CBEA)
HVAC Roof Top Unit (RTU) Challenge
Working with Industry to Drive
Innovation: The RTU Challenge
• Package units like RTUs use ~ 50% of the
cooling energy in commercial buildings
• ~40,000 ten ton RTUs sold/year in the U.S.
• Challenge U.S. manufacturers to build and
deliver innovative, competitively priced,
energy-saving RTUs that meet high-
performance specifications:
– Efficiency from baseline 11.0 EER to 18
IEER
– Decrease air flow by specifying
variable over constant air volume
– Increase fan efficiency from 45% to at
least 60% with variable volume or
multi-stage operation capability
24
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

32. The DOE Building Performance Database
(BPD): A National, Comprehensive Standard
3
Energy
Performance
2 Forecasting Tool
Data Management
3
Cleansing, Validation, 1
and Ingestion Financial Risk
Processes Management
Tool
External 4
Data Sources
API
Third Party
Tools
–
1 Common taxonomy: a standardized “data model” to organize energy use and building characteristic data
– Data management: processes and tools to support the on-boarding and validation of data from multiple
2
sources
–
3 Applications: web-enabled tools that leverage data to forecast energy savings and related cash flows. As
more use-cases are identified, additional tools will be created and released to the market
–
4 3rd party tool support: API allows 3rd parties to create new applications to use the data in the database
25
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

33. International Cooperation: Super-Efficient Equipment
and Appliance Deployment (SEAD) initiative
Standards and Labeling
Over 50 countries, collectively
representing ~80% of the world’s
population, have standards and
labeling.
36
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

34. Harmonized Policy Allows Harmonized and
Convergent Energy and Economic Savings
500 2000
Energy Use Declines Life Cycle Cost Declines
Cycle Cost - 2008 Euro
(kwh)
Life (2008 Austria PPP Euro)
450 1800
Annual Energy UseUse
1600
Life-Cycle Cost
400
(kWh/year)
Annual Energy
1400
350
1200
300
1000
250
800
200 600
1994 1999 2004 2009 1994 1999 2004 2009
Average Spain Sweden Germany Average Spain Sweden Germany
0.30
(2008 Austria PPP - 2008 Euro
Electricity Prices by Country
Electricity Price Euro/kWh)
0.25
Electricity Price
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
1994 1999 2004 2009
Average Spain Sweden Germany
39
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov

35. TAIPEI 101
Previously the
world’s tallest
building
22

36. BUILDING ENVELOPE
8 Non-reflective Double Low-E Glass Curtain Wall

37. Monitoring:
- VAC Related
- Lighting
- Fire Management
- Generators
- Tenant Power
Ventilation Air-Con System
- Ice Storage Tank
- AHU w/ CO2 sensor on mechanical fls
- VAV boxes on each floor
9 EMCS Energy Management and Control System

38. WATER CONSERVATION
Rainwater Harvesting /
Grey Water System
10

39. TYPICAL FLOOR
Public area lighting 7:30 am till
7:30 pm, motion sensor for basic
lighting for off hours
Off hour toilet lights by pushing
button at lift lobby
Garbage chute inlet
Window blinds
provided
T5 light tube
throughout
Pantry with drinking
water / boiler
11

40. WASTE PROGRAM
Garbage Sorting / Recycling Station
55% Recycle ratio
13
Garbage Collection System

41. ENERGY SAVING EFFORTS
• Focus: VAC System & Lighting
• Goal: 5% saving every year
System 2007 2008 2009
VAC 52% 51% 52%
systems
Lighting 31% 33% 34%
Elevators 11% 10% 8%
Others 6% 6% 6%
14

42. SAVING FROM AIR-CON
• Adjust public area temperature to 25-26℃
• Adjust AHU cool air temperature to 13-14℃
• Fix VAV thermostat to 23-25℃
• Modify chiller plant operating schedule (for
ice storage/melting)
• Modify chilled water distribution according
to actual tenant requirements
• Regular cleansing of AHU valves
• Re-fix door frame to keep doors shut or add
air curtain
15

43. SAVING FROM LIGHTING
• Review all public lighting, no. of tubes
and schedule
• Mechanical floors changed to two way
switch
• Parking lot lights from halogen to T5
tubes and relocating to proper location
• Refuge room installed motion detector
• Staircase floor indicator lights changed
to T5 tubes and reduced no. of tubes
• Service lift lobby installed switch
16

44. ENERGY SAVING – whole complex
Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Consumption(KWH) 95,820,200 96,048,000 90,993,080 89,858,598 85,103,600
Area in Use M2 318,372 339,707 344,915 346,396 351,929
EUI (KWH/M2) 300.97 282.74 263.81 259.41 241.82
Saving from
6.1% 6.7% 1.7% 6.8%
previous year
2011/2007 20% saving
2008 & 2009 Total Investment US$391,000; Saving: US$1.5 million
Compared to 2007 EUI, 2008-2011 4 years
Saved 54.23 mil KWH power = US$4.4 millions
Reduced 36,877 tons carbon emission
*EUI – Energy Use Intensity
17

45. ENERGY SAVING – Office Tower
Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Consumption(KWH) 41,140,800 41,548,800 41,167,280 41,058,398 41,880,000
Area in Use M2 141,094 162,866 170,395 171,064 178,131
EUI (KWH/M2) 291.59 255.11 241.60 240.02 235.11
Saving from
12.5% 5.3% 0.7% 2.1%
previous year
2011/2007 19% saving
• Public power saving from 2007 to 2011 is 26% !
• Energy Star performance rating for 2010 reached 86 !
*EUI – Energy Use Intensity
18

46. USGBC LEED SYSTEM
• LEED is US Green Building Council’s standard
• LEED has been for 12 years and took off in 2008
• LEED is the most recognized rating system in the world
• LEED – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
• CS – Core and Shell
• NC – New Construction
• EBOM – Existing Building Operation and Maintenance
2009 version
• Commercial Interior
• Neighborhood
• Hotel
19

47. LANDLORD’S CONSIDERATION
Benefits:
- Actual Cost Saving
- Third party verification / health
checkup
- Competitive Advantage in Leasing
- Corporate Image
- Corporate Social Responsibility
Challenges:
- Shareholders Endorsement
- Allocate Sufficient Funding
- Staff Commitment
- Tenant Participation
- Quality of Consultants
20

48. FOR LEASING
Tenant’s Benefits: Current Status in Asia:
- Actual Operational Cost - Governments have yet to
Saving request such standards
- Better Indoor Environment - Tenants love the idea
good for work efficiency
- MNCs have yet to make it a
- Good PR and feel good for relocation criteria
employees
- Landlords need to sell the
benefits to tenants better
21

49. LEED EBOM POINTS
Category and Points Projects Identified
1. Sustainable Site 26 - Prerequisites 9 331K
2. Water Efficiency 14 - Low / no cost 32 13K
3. Energy and Atmosphere 35 - Moderate cost 4 600K
4. Materials and Resources 10 - High cost 6 909K
5. Indoor Environmental Quality 15 Total: 51 projects
6. Innovation in Operations 6 Actual cost: < US$2,000,000
7. Regional Priority Credits 4
Level
Total: 110
- Platinum 80-110
- Gold 60-79
- Silver 50-59
- Certified 40-49
22

50. PROJECT EXAMPLES
Energy and Atmosphere
- VAV sensors calibration
- Chiller plant optimization program
- Sub-metering plants and equipment
- Implement energy audit and
verification
Water Efficiency
- Replace toilet flush valve, urinal
flush valve, install aerators in sink
- Alter irrigation system and utilize
rain water
Indoor Environment Quality
- Air flow measurement
- Install humidity sensors
- Install more CO2 sensors
23

51. PERFORMANCE
Sustainable Site (SS)
- All parking spaces are in basement
- 84% building occupiers take public
transportation to work every day.
Energy and Atmosphere (EA)
- Over 30% better in energy performance
than average building
- Monitoring and recording 40% of total
energy usage
Water Efficiency (WE)
- Decrease potable water usage by 30%
- 625 SM of on-site landscape uses 100%
rainwater
24

52. PERFORMANCE
Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ)
- Utilizes CRI* approved vacuum
cleaners for better cleaning efficiency
and healthier environment, an average
score of 1.61 Orderly Spotlessness.
- Over 65% of tenant occupied space
enjoy exterior view
- Smoke free and applies high levels of
outdoor filtered air
Material and Resources (MR)
- Waste management program recycle rate
up to 71%
- Low-mercury and no-mercury lamp
fixtures with only 58.5 picograms
(standard is 90)
25

53. LEED - EBOM
 June 2009 LEED Registration
 Whole 2010 Alteration projects and documentation
 Nov. 2010 – Jan. 2011 Performance Period
 April 2011 Submission
 July 2011 Achieved LEED EBOM Platinum
26

54. TAIPEI 101 LEED Certification
Existing Building Operation & Maintenance
Platinum 59 5%
Gold 421 38%
Silver 365 33%
Certified 255 23%
Total: 1100
- Only 5% are Platinum
- Only 2 Platinum buildings are over
100,000 s.m.
LEED EBOM is the trend!
27