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CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 3
1.
Chapter 3: Network
Protocols and Communications Introduction to Networks © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Presentation_ID rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
2.
Chapter 3: Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Explain how rules are used to facilitate communication. Explain the role of protocols and standards organizations in facilitating interoperability in network communications. Explain how devices on a LAN access resources in a small to medium-sized business network. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
3.
Chapter 3 3.1
Rules of Communication 3.2 Network Protocols and Standards 3.3 Moving Data in the Network 3.4 Summary Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
4.
3.1 Rules of
Communication © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Presentation_ID rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4
5.
The Rules What
is Communication? Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 5
6.
The Rules Establishing
the Rules An identified sender and receiver Agreed upon method of communicating (face-to-face, telephone, letter, photograph) Common language and grammar Speed and timing of delivery Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6
7.
The Rules Message
Encoding Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7
8.
The Rules Message
Formatting and Encapsulation Example: Personal letter contains the following elements: Identifier of the recipient’s location Identifier of the sender’s location Salutation or greeting Recipient identifier The message content Source identifier End of message indicator Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8
9.
The Rules Message
Size An overview of the segmenting process: The size restrictions of frames require the source host to break a long message into individual pieces (or segments) that meet both the minimum and maximum size requirements. Each segment is encapsulated in a separate frame with the address information, and is sent over the network. At the receiving host, the messages are de-encapsulated and put back together to be processed and interpreted. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9
10.
The Rules Message
Timing Access Method Flow Control Response Timeout Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10
11.
The Rules Message
Delivery Options Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
12.
3.2 Network Protocols
and Standards © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Presentation_ID rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12
13.
Protocols Rules that
Govern Communications Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
14.
Protocols Network Protocols
How the message is formatted or structured The process by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks How and when error and system messages are passed between devices The setup and termination of data transfer sessions Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14
15.
Protocols Interaction of
Protocols Application Protocol – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Transport Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol – Internet Protocol (IP) Network Access Protocols – Data link & physical layers Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15
16.
Protocol Suites Protocol
Suites and Industry Standards Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16
17.
Protocol Suites Creation
of Internet, Development of TCP/IP The first packet switching network and predecessor to today’s Internet was the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), which came to life in 1969 by connecting mainframe computers at four locations. ARPANET was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense for use by universities and research laboratories. Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) was the contractor that did much of the initial development of the ARPANET, including creating the first router known as an Interface Message Processor (IMP). In 1973, Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf began work on TCP to develop the next generation of the ARPANET. TCP was designed to replace ARPANET’s current Network Control Program (NCP). In 1978, TCP was divided into two protocols: TCP and IP. Later, other protocols were added to the TCP/IP suite of protocols including Telnet, FTP, DNS, and many others. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17
18.
Protocol Suites TCP/IP
Protocol Suite and Communication Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18
19.
Standards Organizations Open
Standards The Internet Society (ISOC) The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) The International Organization for Standards (ISO) Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19
20.
Standards Organizations ISOC,
IAB, and IETF Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20
21.
Standards Organizations IEEE
38 societies 130 journals 1,300 conferences each year 1,300 standards and projects 400,000 members 160 countries IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.11 Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21
22.
Standards Organizations ISO
OSI Model Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22
23.
Standards Organizations Other
Standards Organization The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) The International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T) The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
24.
Reference Models Benefits
of Using a Layered Model Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24
25.
Reference Models The
OSI Reference Model Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
26.
Reference Models The
TCP/IP Reference Model Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26
27.
Reference Models Comparing
the OSI and TCP/IP Models Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
28.
3.3 Moving Data
in the Network © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Presentation_ID rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28
29.
Data Encapsulation Communicating
the Messages Segmenting message benefits Different conversations can be interleaved Increased reliability of network communications Segmenting message disadvantage Increased level of complexity Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29
30.
Data Encapsulation Protocol
Data Units (PDUs) Data Segment Packet Frame Bits Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
31.
Data Encapsulation Protocol
Encapsulation Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
32.
Data Encapsulation Protocol
De-encapsulation Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
33.
Moving Data in
the Network Accessing Local Resources Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33
34.
Accessing Local Resources
Communicating with Device / Same Network Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 34
35.
Accessing Local Resources
MAC and IP Addresses PC1 192.168.1.110 AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA PC2 192.168.1.111 BB-BB-BB-BB-BB-BB 11-11-11-11-11-11 S1 R1 FTP Server 192.168.1.9 R1 192.168.1.1 CC-CC-CC-CC-CC-CC ARP Request Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35
36.
Accessing Remote Resources
Default Gateway Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
37.
Accessing Remote Resources
Communicating Device / Remote Network Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
38.
Network Protocols and
Communications Summary In this chapter, you learned: Data networks are systems of end devices, intermediary devices, and the media connecting the devices. For communication to occur, these devices must know how to communicate. These devices must comply with communication rules and protocols. TCP/IP is an example of a protocol suite. Most protocols are created by a standards organization such as the IETF or IEEE. The most widely-used networking models are the OSI and TCP/IP models. Data that passes down the stack of the OSI model is segmented into pieces and encapsulated with addresses and other labels. The process is reversed as the pieces are de-encapsulated and passed up the destination protocol stack. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
39.
Network Protocols and
Communications Summary (cont.) In this chapter, you learned: The OSI model describes the processes of encoding, formatting, segmenting, and encapsulating data for transmission over the network. The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard protocol that has been endorsed by the networking industry and ratified, or approved, by a standards organization. The Internet Protocol Suite is a suite of protocols required for transmitting and receiving information using the Internet. Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are named according to the protocols of the TCP/IP suite: data, segment, packet, frame, and bits. Applying models allows individuals, companies, and trade associations to analyze current networks and plan the networks of the future. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 39
40.
Presentation_ID © 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 40
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