● Concept of Structure and Union ● Declaration and Initialization of structure and union ● Nested structures ● Array of Structures ● Passing structure to functions

1. MODULE 5:STRUCTURE
AND UNION
CO4:Demonstrate
the use of arrays,
strings and
structures in C
language.

2. CONTENTS
● Concept of Structure and Union
● Declaration and Initialization of structure and union
● Nested structures
● Array of Structures
● Passing structure to functions

3. NEED FOR STRUCTURE
Suppose, you want to store information about a person: his/her
name, citizenship number, and salary.
You can create different variables name, citNo and salary to
store this information.
What if you need to store information of more than one person?
Now, you need to create different variables for each information
per person: name1, citNo1, salary1, name2, citNo2, salary2,
etc.
A better approach would be to have a collection of all related
information under a single name Person structure and use it for
every person.

4. STRUCTURE
A structure is a user-defined data type available in C that allows to
combining data items of different kinds. Structures are used to
represent a record.
Defining a structure: To define a structure, you must use the struct
statement. The struct statement defines a new data type, with more
than or equal to one member. The format of the struct statement is
as follows:
struct [structure name]
{
member definition;
member definition;
...
member definition;
};

5. STRUCTURE
Example
struct employee
{
char name[50];
int empno;
float salary;
};

6. DECLARING STRUCTURE VARIABLE
You can declare structure variable in two ways:-
1. By struct keyword within main() function
2. By declaring variable at the time of defining structure.

7. DECLARING STRUCTURE VARIABLE
When a struct type is declared, no storage or memory is
allocated. To allocate memory of a given structure type
and work with it, we need to create variables.
struct employee
{
char name[50];
int id;
float salary;
};
int main()
{
struct employee e1, e2, e[20];
return 0;
}

8. DECLARING STRUCTURE VARIABLE
struct employee
{
char name[50];
int id;
float salary;
} e1, e2, e[20];
In both cases, two variables e1, e2, and an array variable e
having 20 elements of type struct employee are created.

9. DECLARING STRUCTURE VARIABLE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct student
{
int rollno;
char name[60];
}s1; //declaring s1 variable for structure
void main( )
{ //store first employee information
s1.rollno=1;
strcpy(s1.name, “nikhat”);//copying string into char array
//printing first employee information
printf( "Rollno : %dn", s1.rollno);
printf( "Name : %sn", s1.name);
}

10. ACCESS MEMBERS OF A
STRUCTURE
There are two types of operators used for accessing members of a
structure.
. Member operator
-> Structure pointer operator (to access the members of the
structure
that being referenced using pointer)
Suppose, you want to access the salary of e2 (Using member
operator)
e2.salary
To access the members of the structure referenced using the
pointer we use the operator “->”.This operator is called as arrow
operator. Using this we can access all the members of the
structure and we can further do all operations on them.
s->age=18;

11. KEYWORD typedef
We use the typedef keyword to create an alias name for data
types. It is commonly used with structures to simplify the
syntax of declaring variables.
struct distance
{
int feet;
float inch;
};
int main()
{
struct distance d1, d2;
}

12. Keyword typedef
typedef struct distance
{
int feet;
float inch;
} distance;
int main()
{
distance d1, d2;
}

13. NESTED STRUCTURES
C provides us the feature of nesting one structure within another
structure by using which, complex data types are created.
For example, we may need to store the address of an entity employee
in a structure. The attribute address may also have the subparts as
street number, city, state, and pin code.
Hence, to store the address of the employee, we need to store the
address of the employee into a separate structure and nest the
structure address into the structure employee.

14. NESTED STRUCTURES
#include<stdio.h>
struct address
{
char city[20];
int pin;
char phone[14];
};
struct employee
{
char name[20];
struct address add;
};

15. NESTED STRUCTURES
void main ()
{
struct employee emp;
printf("Enter employee information?n");
scanf("%s %s %d %s",emp.name,emp.add.city, &emp.add.pin, emp.a
dd.phone);
printf("Printing the employee informationn");
printf("name: %snCity: %snPincode: %dnPhone: %s",emp.name,e
mp.add.city,emp.add.pin,emp.add.phone);
}

16. NESTED STRUCTURES
The structure can be nested in the following ways.
1. By separate structure
2. By Embedded structure

17. NESTED STRUCTURES
1) Separate structure
Here, we create two structures, but the dependent structure should be used inside the main
structure as a member. Consider the following example.
struct Date
{
int dd;
int mm;
int yyyy;
};
struct Employee
{
int id;
char name[20];
struct Date doj;
}emp1;
doj (date of joining) is the variable of type Date. Here doj is used as a member in
Employee structure. In this way, we can use Date structure in many structures.

18. NESTED STRUCTURES
2) Embedded structure
The embedded structure enables us to declare the structure inside the
structure. Hence, it requires less line of codes but it can not be used in
multiple data structures.
struct Employee
{
int id;
char name[20];
struct Date
{
int dd;
int mm;
int yyyy;
}doj;

19. ACCESSING NESTED STRUCTURE
We can access the member of the nested structure by Outer Structure
variable. Inner Structure variable .member of inner structure
e1.doj.dd
e1.doj.mm
e1.doj.yyyy

20. ACCESSING NESTED STRUCTURE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct Employee
{
int id;
char name[20];
struct Date
{
int dd;
int mm;
int yyyy;
}doj;
}e1;

21. ACCESSING NESTED STRUCTURE
int main( )
{
//storing employee information
e1.id=101;
strcpy(e1.name, “Nikhat");//copying string into char array
e1.doj.dd=10;
e1.doj.mm=11;
e1.doj.yyyy=2014;
//printing first employee information
printf( "employee id : %dn", e1.id);
printf( "employee name : %sn", e1.name);
printf( "employee date of joining (dd/mm/yyyy) : %d/%d/%dn", e1.doj.dd,e1.doj.mm,e1.doj.yyyy);
return 0;
}

22. ARRAY OF STRUCTURES
An array of structures can be defined as the collection of
multiple structures variables where each variable contains
information about different entities.
The array of structures in C are used to store information about
multiple entities of different data types.
The array of structures is also known as the collection of
structures.
To declare an array of structure, first the structure must be
defined and then an array variable of that type should be
defined.
For Example − struct book b[10]; //10 elements in an array of
structures of type ‘book’

23. ARRAY OF STRUCTURES

24. INITIALIZING ARRAY OF
STRUCTURES
struct car
{
char make[20];
char model[30];
int year;
};
struct car arrcar[2] = {
{"Audi", "TT", 2016},
{"Bentley", "Azure", 2002}
};

25. ARRAY OF STRUCTURES
Consider a case, where we need to store the data of 5 students.
We can store it by using the structure
#include<stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct student{
int rollno;
char name[10];
};

26. ARRAY OF STRUCTURES
int main(){
int i;
struct student st[5];
printf("Enter Records of 5 students");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("nEnter Rollno:");
scanf("%d",&st[i].rollno);
printf("nEnter Name:");
scanf("%s",&st[i].name);
}
printf("nStudent Information List:");
for(i=0;i<5;i++){
printf("nRollno:%d, Name:%s",st[i].rollno,st[i].name);
}
return 0;
}

27. PASSING STRUCTURE TO
FUNCTION
#include<stdio.h>
struct address
{
char city[20];
int pin;
char phone[14];
};
struct employee
{
char name[20];
struct address add;
};
void display(struct employee);

28. PASSING STRUCTURE TO
FUNCTION
void main ()
{
struct employee emp;
printf("Enter employee information?n");
scanf("%s %s %d %s",emp.name,emp.add.city, &emp.add.pin, emp.add.pho
ne);
display(emp);
}
void display(struct employee emp)
{
printf("Printing the details....n");
printf("%s %s %d %s",emp.name,emp.add.city,emp.add.pin,emp.add.phone);
}

29. UNION
Union also stores the elements of different types i.e
heterogeneous elements. The union keyword is used to define
structure. Union takes the memory of largest member only so
occupies less memory than structures.
Structures allocate enough space to store all their members,
whereas unions can only hold one member value at a time.
We use the union keyword to define union.
union car
{
char name[50];
int price;
};

30. CREATE UNION VARIABLES
When a union is defined, it creates a user-defined type. However, no memory is
allocated. To allocate memory for a given union type and work with it, we need to
create variables.
1. Inside main function
union car
{
char name[50];
int price;
};
int main()
{
union car car1, car2, *car3;
return 0;
}

31. CREATE UNION VARIABLES
2. During declaration
union car
{
char name[50];
int price;
} car1, car2, *car3;
In both cases, union variables car1, car2, and a union pointer
car3 of union car type are created.

32. ACCESS MEMBERS OF A UNION
We use the . operator to access members of a union.
To access pointer variables, we use the -> operator.
In the above example,
•To access price for car1, car1.price is used.
•To access price using car3, either (*car3).price or car3->price
can be used.

33. ACCESS MEMBERS OF A UNION
#include <stdio.h>
union Job
{
float salary;
int workerNo;
} j;
int main()
{
j.salary = 12.3;
// when j.workerNo is assigned a value,
// j.salary will no longer hold 12.3
j.workerNo = 100;
printf("Salary = %.1fn", j.salary);
printf("Number of workers = %d", j.workerNo);
return 0;
}

34. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN
STRUCTURE AND UNION
1. Both are user-defined data types used to store data of different
types as a single unit.
2. Their members can be objects of any type, including other
structures and unions or arrays. A member can also consist of a bit
field.
3. Both structures and unions support only assignment = and sizeof
operators. The two structures or unions in the assignment must
have the same members and member types.
4. A structure or a union can be passed by value to functions and
returned by value by functions. The argument must have the same
type as the function parameter. A structure or union is passed by
value just like a scalar variable as a corresponding parameter.
5. ‘.’ operator is used for accessing members.

35. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNIONS
AND STRUCTURES
#include <stdio.h>
union unionJob
{ //defining a union
char name[32];
float salary;
int workerNo;
} uJob;
struct structJob
{
char name[32];
float salary;
int workerNo;
} sJob;
int main()
{ printf("size of union = %d bytes", sizeof(uJob));
printf("nsize of structure = %d bytes", sizeof(sJob));
return 0;
}

36. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
STRUCTURES AND UNIONS
size of union = 32
size of structure = 40
Here, the size of sJob is 40 bytes because
•the size of name[32] is 32 bytes
•the size of salary is 4 bytes
•the size of workerNo is 4 bytes
However, the size of uJob is 32 bytes. It's because the size of a
union variable will always be the size of its largest element. In
the above example, the size of its largest element, (name[32]),
is 32 bytes.
With a union, all members share the same memory.

37. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
STRUCTURES AND UNIONS