3. Indications for lateral lobectomy
(superficial parotidectomy)
• Benign parotid tumours
• Low grade malignant tumours of small size,
• Refractory sialolithiasis,
• sialoadenitis (chronic parotitis), and
• chronic sialorrhea;
4. Other indications
• As part of lymph node dissection for other
head and neck primary tumors, primarily
cutaneous malignancies of the face and scalp
5. The anatomic landmarks
◆ The mastoid process with the insertion of the
sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle
◆ Posterior belly of the digastric muscle
◆ Tragal pointer
◆ Temporoparotid fascia
◆ Tympanomastoid fissure
◆ Styloid process
7. Patient positioning
• The patient is placed supine, with the head at
the top of the table and the ipsilateral shoulder
as close to the edge of the operating table as
possible.
• A shoulder roll is used to extend the neck, and
the head is supported with a foam rubber
doughnut-shaped ring
12. • The incision is made in a relaxed preauricular
skin crease, curves around the lobule toward
the mastoid tip and then anteriorly along a
natural skin crease, curving approximately 2
finger breadths below the angle of mandible
13. • The ear lobule is retracted posteriorly using a
2-0 silk suture to visualize the mastoid tip and
cartilaginous ear canal.
14. Two techniques of raising skin flaps
1)Flap over the periparotid fascia
Adv: less bleeding
2)Flap under the periparotid fascia
(Adv: fascia acts as a barrier ,avoids Frey
syndrome)
16. • The anterior skin flap is raised sharply in a
supra platysmal plane, above the parotid
fascia, to the anterior border of gland.
• The subcutaneous fat is elevated with the skin
flap.
• The posterior skin flap is then elevated,
exposing the anterior border of the SCM
muscle and the mastoid process.
17.
18. • Dissetion begins in the plane deep to the tail
of the parotid.
• The fascia along the anterior border of the
SCM muscle is incised, exposing the muscle
toward the level of the mastoid process.
• Electrocautery can be used in this dissection
19. • The great auricular nerve and external
jugular vein are identified at this time.
• If the nerve has multiple branches, the
posterior branch is preserved to maintain
sensation to the external ear.
20. • As the dissection proceeds anteriorly, the tail
of the parotid is dissected from the SCM
muscle and mastoid process, and the posterior
belly of the digastric muscle is exposed.
• The gland is retracted using an Allis clamp or
hemostats
21.
22. • Separation of parotid tissue from
external auditory canal
• Identification of tragal cartilage( tragal
pointer) with the blunt dissection
• Hemostasis is crucial identify facial nerve
clearly
23. Landmarks to identify facial nerve
• approximately 1 cm deep to the tip of tragal
pointer (anterior and inferior),
• 6 to 8 mm below the end of the
tympanomastoid fissure (groove palpated
separating the mastoid tip from the tympanic
portion of the temporal bone), and
24. • just above and on the same plane as the
attachment of the digastric muscle in the
digastric groove.
25. • Exposure of superior part of posterior belly
of digastric
• Identification of facial nerve trunk
• Use of nerve stimulator
26.
27. • A curved hemostat or scissors, with tips facing
upward, is used to spread the tissue
immediately superficial to the nerve, keeping
the nerve under direct vision at all times.
• The main trunk is dissected anteriorly.
• The upper (zygomaticotemporal) and lower
(cervicofacial) divisions are identified
28.
29. • Dissection of individual facial nerve
branches
• The tissue is cut in a horizontal plane
parallel to the nerve.
• Once a nerve branch is completely
exposed, the surgeon again returns to the
major division and next branch in sequence
is exposed.
30.
31.
32. DEEP LOBE PAROTIDECTOMY
• Separation of superficial lobe
• Exposure of all the branches of the facial nerve
• Stensen’s duct dissection
• Meticulous separation of facial nerve branches
from the deep lobe
• Gentle retraction of nerves and vessels
33.
34.
35. • The gland may be dissected from the
stylohyoid and stylopharyngeus muscles
Vessels encountered
• the superficial temporal vessels,
• the internal maxillary artery (running deep
to mandibular ramus),
• the occipital artery,
• the posterior auricular artery, and
• the pterygoid plexus of veins.
36.
37. • Extention of cervical incision more anteriorly may
be required for dissection of retromandibular
gland.
• In rare instances, retromandibular deep parotid
tumors are too large or too inaccessible for
transcervical removal.
• incision is extended anteriorly over the mentum
and a paramedian mandibulotomy is performed.
40. Radical Parotidectomy
• resection of overlying skin, adjacent mandible
and soft tissue, temporal bone, and a portion
of the adjacent external ear.
• free tissue transfer may be necessary for
repair.
• Facial n.is invariably sacrificed
41.
42. FACIAL PALSY
• most frequent early complication of parotid
gland surgery.
• Neurapraxia(temporary paresis)
Resolves spontaneously 3-4wks
• Permanent paralysis
May be more than a year
44. HYPOESTHESIA OF GREATER
AURICULAR NERVE
• The area of numbness will improve within
one year of the operation but a small area
of skin may remain anaesthetized.
• Preserve the posterior branch of greater
auricular nerve
46. COSMETIC PROBLEMS
• The “surgical depression” caused by
removal of the parotid gland is most
noticeable
• SCM interposition
• dermal-fat interposition grafts
• temporo-parietal fascia flaps
• free tissue transfer
48. • aberrant regeneration of sectioned
parasympathetic secretomotor fibres of
the auriculotemporal nerve with
inappropriate innervation of the cutaneous
facial sweat glands that are normally
innervated by sympathetic cholinergic
fibres
49. Diagnosis
Minor’s test (iodine test)
Iodine applied over affected area
Dry starch applied over it
Turns blue in the presence of sweat.
50. Surgical treatment for prevention
• Sternocleidomastoid transfer and
• dermis-fat grafts and the
• use of various materials, as interpositional
barriers such as temporalis fascia flap
51. Management of established Frey’s syndrome
- Antiperspirants
- Anticholinergic lotion
- Denervation by tympanic neurectomy
-Cervical sympathectomy,
- Injection of botulinum toxin into the
affected skin.
52. • local injection of botulinum toxin (BTX)
• chemical denervation is effective both for
striated muscle and eccrine glands
53. Other complications of parotidectomy
• Haemorrhage or haematoma
• Infection and Wound seroma
• Trismus
• Skin flap necrosis
54. Parotid salivary fistula
• is a relatively common complication after
parotidectomy.
• Salivary fistula or sialocele occurs if the
resected edge of the remaining salivary gland
leaks saliva and drains through the wound or
collects beneath the flap (sialocele).
• Flow through the fistula increases during
meals, particularly during mastication
55. Management
• Amylase level to confirm
• Initial management is conservative
• reduce oral intake by means of enteral or
parenteral feeding.
• Repeated needle aspiration and pressure
dressing are carried
• SOS drain placement
56. • Fistulas and sialocoeles are managed with
botulinum toxin injection after conventional
conservative management techniques fail.
