The document summarizes the history and culture of the Chinook Nation tribes in Oregon. It describes their traditional religious beliefs and spirituality, which included many nature spirits and guardian spirits. It then outlines the impact of European contact starting in the late 18th century, including epidemics that dramatically reduced population sizes, displacement from traditional lands, and changes to their religious systems and economy. While the Chinook Nation was granted federal recognition briefly in 2001, this was later overturned, and they continue to fight for official recognition today to preserve their cultural heritage and sovereignty.

3. Pre-1900’s