3. SLOS
SLO 1: Show understanding of the particle nature of matter
SLO 2: Explain the difference between the three states of matter
SLO 3: Outline how matter changes from one state to another
SLO 4: Show understanding of the concept of density and investigate
the densities of different substances
SLO 5: Use the particle theory to explain the processes of diffusion,
expansion and contraction
SLO 6: Explain and give examples of the processes of conduction and
convection
SLO 7: Describe the present atomic model (including the number of
protons, neutrons and electrons) and relate some historical models of
the atom
SLO 8: Show understanding of the definitions of atom, element,
compound, molecule and mixture and be able to distinguish between
them
SLO 9: Understand what a chemical formula represents
SLO 10: Recall names and symbols of some of the most common
elements
4. SLO
SLO 1: Show understanding of
the particle nature of matter
SLO 2: Explain the difference
between the three states of matter
5. PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER
Matter is everything that has mass and takes
up space (everything on earth)
Everything is made up of particles called
atoms
Gold is made of gold atoms
Oxygen is made of oxygen atoms
Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms
6. PARTICLE THEORY
Matter is made up of tiny particles (Atoms &
Molecules)
Particles of Matter are always moving
Particles of Matter are held together by very
strong electric forces
Temperature affects the speed of the
particles. The higher the temperature, the
faster the speed of the particles.
7.
8.
9. PARTICLE THEORY
Particle theory is all about explaining the properties of solids,
liquids and gases by looking at what the particles do.
In a solid the particles ______
around a _____ position. There is
a ______ force of attraction
between each particle and they
are very _____ together
SOLIDS
Words – strong, close, vibrate, fixed
View animation
10. LIQUIDS
GASES
In a liquid the particles are _____
together but can move in any
direction. They won’t keep a
_____ shape like _____ do.
In a gas the particles are very far
apart and move _____ in all
directions. They often ______
with each other and because they
are far apart they can be easily
_______.
Words – fixed, collide, quickly, close, solids, compressed
11.
12. CHANGE OF STATE
A small piece of ice which lived in a test tube
fell in love with a Bunsen burner. "Bunsen!
my flame!
I melt whenever I see you" said the ice.
The Bunsen burner replied :"It's just a phase
you're going through".
13.
14. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Complete cut and paste on states of matter
Complete page 50-51 in Scipad
Describe two properties that are different between solids and
liquids
Forces of attraction between particles are weaker in liquids than
solids
Solids particles vibrate slowly while liquids roll over each other
Describe two properties that are different between liquids and
gases
Gas particles move faster than liquids
Gases have a weaker force of attraction between particles than liquids
What are the three states that matter can exist in?
Liquids solids and gases
16. CHANGING STATES
When heat is added or taken away states of
matter change.
Adding heat makes molecules move faster and
further apart, solids turn to liquids then gases as
heat is added
Removing heat makes molecules move slower
and closer together, gases turn into liquids then
solids as heat is removed
Pressure also effects states of matter
18. CHANGING STATE
Changing state requires energy
Energy is used in changing state so
temperature stays the same
19.
20. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Complete Scipad pages 52-53 Making a Key and
Changing States
Complete Investigation in State Changes on page 54-
55
What happens to the particles in a liquid when it is
turned into a solid? (HINT: discuss speed,
closeness, energy level of particles)
What happens to the particles in a liquid when it is
heated and turned into a gas? (HINT: discuss
speed, closeness, energy level of particles)
21. SLO
SLO 4: Show understanding of the concept of
density and investigate the densities of
different substances
22.
23.
24. DENSITY
All objects are made out of particles
Density is how tightly packed those particles
are.
The more tightly packed the particles, the
more dense.
decreasing density
25.
26. DENSITY
Which is heavier: 1kg of feathers or 1 kg of gold?
They have the same mass, but what is different about
them?
Density describes how heavy an object is for its size
eg: 1kg of feathers would take up a lot of room because
feathers are not very heavy for their size. They have a low
density.
1kg of gold metal does not take up much space as it has a
high density
27. CALCULATING DENSITY
The formula to calculate density is:
Density = mass ÷ volume
The unit used to measure density is gcm-3
(grams per cm cubed)
28. FLOATING AND SINKING
Anything with a density of more than 1
gcm-3 will sink in water
Anything with a density less than 1 gcm-3
will float
Substance Mass in g Volume in cm3 Density in
gcm-3 (m/V)
Float or sink in
water?
Aluminium 54 20
Glass 12.5 5
Cork 0.5 2.5
29. FLOATING AND SINKING
Anything with a density of more than 1
gcm-3 will sink in water
Anything with a density less than 1 gcm-3
will float
Substance Mass in g Volume in cm3 Density in
gcm-3 (m/V)
Float or sink in
water?
Aluminium 54 20 2.7 sink
Glass 12.5 5 2.5 Sink
Cork 0.5 2.5 0.2 float
30. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Put the states of matter in to order of most
dense to least dense
Why are gases less dense than solids?
More particles in a given area in solids than
gases making them heavier and therefore
more dense.
31. SLO
SLO 5: Use the particle theory to explain the
processes of diffusion, expansion and
contraction
32.
33. DIFFUSION
Mixing that is due to molecules moving and
colliding is called diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules
from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration.
34. FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF DIFFUSION
The rate of diffusion depends on:
The size of the molecules – smaller move
_____
The temperature – warmer moves ______
The state of the matter diffusing – gases move
______ then liquids.
The concentration of the chemicals – the
_______ the concentration gradient the _____
the diffusion rate
35. TASKS:
Complete Sci pad pages 56-57 Diffusion,
including experiment
Explain why you can smell bread baking in
an oven throughout the house
Why does diffusion only occur in gases?
36.
37. EXPANSION
When matter is heated, the particles inside
them move faster, and take up more room
As a result the matter expands
38. Effects of heat
Heat produces the
following effects on
matter:
Expansion: The increase in volume which occurs
when a system gains heat.
Expansion
Contraction
39. Effects of heat
Heat produces the
following effects on
matter:
Expansion
Contraction
Contraction: the decrease in
volume which occurs when a
system loses heat.
41. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Complete Sci pad pages 58-59 including
practicals
Ball and ring practical
Explain why power lines sag in the summer
When the metal in the power lines gets heated,
the particles move faster, take up more room and
so the line expands, with more length covering the
same distance the line sags
42. SLO
SLO 6: Explain and give examples of the
processes of conduction and convection
43.
44. Conduction
The kinetic energy of
the particles increases.
particles of a solid
This is the transfer of
heat in most solids.
Heat is transferred
by direct contact.
46. CONDUCTION
Conduction is the movement of heat
through solids.
Heat energy travels from the hot end to the cold
end by particles vibrating and jostling less
energetic neighbors giving them extra energy
47. CONDUCTION EXPERIMENTS
Aim:
Which metal conducts heat the fastest?
Method:
1. Melt wax and attach drawing pins to ends of
metals
2. Hold over Bunsen
3. Record the order in which the pins fall off.
(metals: brass, copper, aluminium, mild steel and
stainless steel)
Conclusion:
Which metal conducts heat the fastest? Why?
48. Conductors and insulators
metal
Insulators do not
allow heat to move
through them easily. plastic Double-glazed window
air
air space
cork
Conductors allow
heat to move through
them easily.
49. Examples of good conductors are:
Copper (on the bottom of pots), Most metals , Water
Steel, tin-foil, solder
Insulation is the prevention of the transfer of heat.
Insulators do not allow the transfer of heat to occur
easily.
Examples of good insulators are:
Pink batts, Wool, Plastic, air, wood
50. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Complete pages 60-61 including experiment in Scipad
Explain what is happening to the particles in a steel rod as
heat moves down it?
Particles are in constant motion, as the molecules hit into each
other they pass the energy down the rod.
Does conduction occur in solids, liquids or gases?
Solids
Give a use of conduction.
Conduction – heating food
When is conduction a problem?
51. CONVECTION
Convection is the movement of heat through liquids or
gases.
The flow of heat through water or air is called convection
current.
Convection currents follow two rules:
Heat rises (hot air or water rises)
Cold sinks (cold air or water sinks)
This is how the heat in the Earth’s mantle moves
58. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Complete Scipad pages 62-65 including
experiments
How is convection helpful?
Why doesn’t convection occur in solids?
59. SLO
SLO 7: Describe the present atomic model
(including the number of protons, neutrons and
electrons) and relate some historical models of
the atom
60. ATOMS
All matter is made up of atoms
Chemistry involves the rearrangement of
atoms or groups of atoms
61. ATOMS ARE MOSTLY EMPTY SPACE . . .
Structure of atom
How do we know?
62. ATOMS ARE MADE UP OF THE FOLLOWING
SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES:
Electrons
negative charge
outside nucleus, in shells
constant motion
very very small (1/2000 of a
proton)
Neutrons
No charge, neutral
Inside nucleus
Same size as proton
Protons
Positively charged
Inside nucleus
63. Atoms have an overall neutral charge,
therefore:
Number of protons = Number of electrons
64. MAKING MODELS . . .
You are going to make a model of the
lithium atom, Li.
Li is Lithium, a metal.
Li has 3 protons, 3 _________ + 4
neutrons.
(remember atoms are neutral so they must
have the same number of protons
(positive) and electrons (negative)
65. ATOM MODEL:
Protons – 1 colour of pebble
Electron – chocolate chip
Neutron – different coloured pebble
Nucleus - Marshmallow
Electron orbit - cotton
66. SUCCESS CRITERIA
Copy the title into your books,
and draw your model atom.
Label your drawing, protons,
neutrons, electrons
What colour pebble
represents the protons?
What colour pebble
represents the neutrons?
What particles make up the
nucleus?
Complete Scipad page 10
Atoms
67. Atomic Number:
Smaller number
Number of protons
Number of electrons
Atomic Mass or Mass Number:
Bigger number of the two
Total number of sub atomic particles
Number of protons + neutrons.
ATOM INFORMATION
68. How do we work out the number of:
Protons
= Atomic number
Electrons
= Atomic number
Neutrons
= Mass number – atomic number
big number – small number
ATOMIC INFORMATION
69. Complete Sci pad pages11-13 Elements, Getting the know the Periodic
Table, Element Bingo
How can you tell if a chemical change has occurred?
Draw a labeled diagram of an atom, state the charge and size of each
particle
What information does the atomic number tell us?
What information does the mass number tell us?
How many protons, neutrons and electrons does Lithium have?
SUCCESS CRITERIA
70. SLO
SLO 8: Show understanding of the definitions
of atom, element, compound, molecule and
mixture and be able to distinguish between
them
71. Elements are made of one kind of atom
Compounds are made of two or more elements
chemically combined
Mixtures are made up of two or more elements
which are NOT chemically combined
ELEMENTS MIXTURES AND COMPOUNDS
72. Aim: Investigate compounds and mixtures
Method:
1. Separate a mixture of iron and sulphur using a
magnet
2. Heat a mixture of iron and sulphur to form iron
sulfide which is a compound
3. Now try to separate iron with a magnet
Results:
Mixtures can/cannot be physically separated
Compounds can/cannot be physically separated
COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES
75. Elements contain only one capital letter
Al, H, He
Compounds contain more than one element
and therefore more than one capital letter
H2O, CuSO4
Each capital letter represents a different
atom
H2O has Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms in it
ATOMS AND COMPOUNDS
76. The numbers in a compound tell us how many atoms
there are:
H2O = two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen
atom
CO2 = two oxygen atoms for every one carbon atom
CuSO4 = 1 copper, 1 sulphur, 4 oxygen
Methane has four hydrogen atoms for every one carbon
atom, what is its formula? (Carbon goes first)
Complete Scipad page 18-19 Mixtures and Compounds
