UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
Seminar report neelam
1. ABSTRACT
This seminar examines the new technology of Holographic Projections. It highlights the
importance and need of this technology and how it represents the new wave in the future of
technology and communications, the different application of the technology, the fields of life
it will dramatically affect including business, education, telecommunication and healthcare.
The paper also discusses the future of holographic technology and how it will prevail in the
coming years highlighting how it will also affect and reshape many other fields of life,
technologies and businesses. Holography is a diffraction-based coherent imaging technique
in which a complex three-dimensional object can be reproduced from a flat, two-dimensional
screen with a complex transparency representing amplitude and phase values. It is commonly
agreed that real-time holography is the ne plus ultra art and science of visualizing fast
temporally changing 3-D scenes. The integration of the real-time or electro-holographic
principle into display technology is one of the most promising but also challenging
developments for the future consumer display and TV market. Only holography allows the
reconstruction of natural-looking 3-D scenes, and therefore provides observers with a
completely comfortable viewing experience. But to date several challenges have prevented
the technology from becoming commercialized. But those obstacles are now starting to be
overcome. Recently, we have developed a novel approach to real-time display holography by
combining an overlapping sub-hologram technique with a tracked viewing-window
technology.
2. INTRODUCTION
Holographic projection is the new wave of technology that will change how we
view things in the new era. It will have tremendous effects on all fields of life including
business, education, science, art and healthcare. To understand how a holographic projector
works we need to know what a hologram is. Holography is the method we use to record
patterns of light. These patterns are reproduced as a three-dimensional image called a
hologram. While Hungarian physicist Dennis Gabor invented the hologram in 1947. Today’s
new technology provides some outstanding advantages to not only everyday consumers but
also large business corporations and governments.
Three-dimensional holographic projection technology is loosely based on an
illusionary technique called Peppers Ghost, and was first used in Victorian theatres across
London in the 1860s. Pepper's Ghost was typically used to create ghostlike figures on stage.
Hidden from the audience's view, an actor dressed in a ghostly costume would stand facing
an angled plate of glass. The audience would be able to see the glass, but not the actor
directly.
3D holographic projection is a rapidly growing technology. With every business
desperately trying to get their product to stand out from the competitors, 3D hologram
advertising and promotion is fast becoming an eye catching success. Thanks to the latest in
HD projection and CGI technology, 3D holographic projection has transformed itself from its
basic Victorian origins into a futuristic audio visual display used by the likes of Endemol
(Big Brother), Coco-Cola and BMW. With almost limitless holographic possibilities, from
life like humans to blockbuster style special effects, as well as the continual advances in
technology, 3D holographic projection has a bright future ahead.
4. Holography is a diffraction-based coherent imaging technique in which a complex
three-dimensional object can be reproduced from a flat, two-dimensional screen with a
complex transparency representing amplitude and phase values. It is commonly agreed that
real-time holography is the ne plus ultra art and science of visualizing fast temporally
changing 3-D scenes. The integration of the real-time or electro-holographic principle into
display technology is one of the most promising but also challenging developments for the
future consumer display and TV market. Only holography allows the reconstruction of
natural-looking 3-D scenes, and therefore provides observers with a completely comfortable
viewing experience.
A holoprojector will use holographic technology to project large-scale, high-
resolution images onto a variety of different surfaces, at different focal distances, from a
relatively small-scale projection device. To understand the technology used in holographic
projection, we must understand the term ‘Hologram’, and the process of making and
projecting holograms. Holography is a technique that allows the light scattered from an
object to be recorded and later reconstructed. The technique to optically store, retrieve, and
process information. The holograms preserve the 3-D information of a holographed subject,
which helps to project 3D images.
2.1HOLOGRAMS
A hologram is a physical component or device that stores information about the
holographic image. For example a hologram can be a grating recorded on a piece of film. It is
especially useful to be able to record a full image of an object in a short exposure if the
object or space changes in time. Holos means “whole” and graphein means “writing”.
Holography is a technique that is used to display objects or scenes in three dimensions. These
3D images are called holograms. A photographic record produced by illuminating the object
with coherent light (as from a laser) and, without using lenses, exposing a film to light
reflected from this object and to a direct beam of coherent light. When interference patterns
on the film are illuminated by the coherent light a three-dimensional image is produced.
2.2 TYPES OF HOLOGRAMS
5. A hologram is a recording in a two-or three-dimensional medium of the
interference pattern formed when a point source of light (the reference beam) of fixed
wavelength encounters light of the same fixed wavelength arriving from an object (the object
beam). When the hologram is illuminated by the reference beam alone, the diffraction pattern
recreates the wave fronts of light from the original object.
Thus, the viewer sees an image indistinguishable from the original object. There
are many types of holograms, and there are varying ways of classifying them. For our
purpose, we can divide them into three types: reflection hologram, transmission holograms
and computer generated holograms.
2.2.1. Reflection hologram
The reflection hologram, in which a truly three-dimensional image is seen near its
surface, is the most common type shown in galleries. The hologram is illuminated by a
“spot” of white incandescent light, held at a specific angle and distance and located on the
viewer’s side of the hologram. Thus, the image consists of light reflected by the hologram.
Recently, these holograms have been made and displayed in colour — their images optically
indistinguishable from the original objects. If a mirror is the object, the holographic image of
the mirror reflects white light.
2.2.2. Transmission holograms
The typical transmission hologram is viewed with laser light, usually of the same
type used to make the recording. This light is directed from behind the hologram and the
image is transmitted to the observer’s side. The virtual image can be very sharp and deep.
Furthermore, if an undiverged laser beam is directed backward (relative to the direction of
the reference beam) through the hologram, a real image can be projected onto a screen
located at the original position of the object.
2.2.3.ComputerGeneratedHolograms
6. Computer Generated Holography (CGH) is the method of digitally generating
holographic interference patterns. A holographic image can be generated e.g. by digitally
computing a holographic interference pattern and printing it onto a mask or film for
subsequent illumination by suitable coherent light source. Alternatively, the holographic
image can be brought to life by a holographic 3D display (a display which operates on the
basis of interference of coherent light), bypassing the need of having to fabricate a
"hardcopy" of the holographic interference pattern each time. Consequently, in recent times
the term "computer generated holography" is increasingly being used to denote the whole
process chain of synthetically preparing holographic light wavefronts suitable for
observation.
Computer generated holograms have the advantage that the objects which one
wants to show do not have to possess any physical reality at all (completely synthetic
hologram generation). On the other hand, if holographic data of existing objects is generated
optically, but digitally recorded and processed, and brought to display subsequently, this is
termed CGH as well.
3. 3D HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION SYSTEM PRINCIPLE
7. The holographic projection is a kind of 3D technology of without wearing glasses, and
viewers can see the three-dimensional virtual character. This technology is more in some
museum applications. Three-dimensional holographic projection equipment is not the use of
digital technology, but the projection equipment projects the different angle image to the
holographic projection membrane, so that you can see other images that are not belong to
your own point of view, and thus achieve a true three-dimensional holographic image.
360 degree phantom imaging is a three-dimensional screen that imaging is suspended in mid-
air imaging in the real, creating magic and real atmosphere, and the effect is peculiar, with a
strong sense of depth. The object can be conjunct with the phantom in the air, also be
available with touch screen interaction with the audience. Holographic interactive display
system is a combination with nanometer touch sensitive membrane and scattering rear-
projection imaging technology, andit is a novel and extraordinary presentation. Visitors can
interact with holographic display glass, and be given a mysterious and magical fantasy
feeling and provided the modern, stylish, interactive tools for the query of the display.
3D holographic projection is the technology that record and reproduce objects in real 3D
image with using of interference and diffraction theory.
Fig.2.1 Holographic projection schematic
The first step is to record the object light wave information by interference
principle, namely, the shooting process: the subject under laser irradiation forms a diffuse
object beam; another part of the laser as a reference beam shines on the holographic film, and
the object beam is been superimposed and produce interference, converts the phase and
8. amplitude of object light waves to the intensity in space changes, thus records all the
information of the object light waves with using of contrast and spacing in interference strips.
The film, recording the interference stripes, after developing and fixing handler, will become
a hologram or holographic photo.
The second step is by diffraction theory to that reproduce the object light wave
information, which is the imaging process: the hologram is like a complex grating, in
coherent laser, the sine-hologram diffraction light waves of a linear record of generally give
two the original image (also known as the initial image) and the conjugate image. The image
of reproduction has the strong three-dimensional sense, and a real visual effect. Every part of
the hologram recorded the light of the object, so in principle, every part can reproduce the
original image, a number of different images can be recorded on a film by multiple-exposure
and showed each other without disturbing.
Holographic projection technology is holography displayed reversely. In
essence, it is the formation of three-dimensional images on the air or a special three-
dimensional lens. This technology breaks through the limitations of traditional sound, light,
power, and the image is color, the contrast and clarity are very high. Unlike the flat screen
projection displaying the stereoscopic perception only in the two-dimensional surface by the
effect of perspective and shadows ,holographic projection technology is the real rendering of
3D images, which different sides of the image can be viewed from any angle of 360 degree.
Decorative and practicality are blended, and the strong sense of space and perspective are the
most attractive place of this technique. The holographic projection is expected to become the
ultimate show solutions beyond the current 3D technology.The computer-generated
holographic principle can be including the calculation process and the reproduce,
9. Fig. 2.2 Computer generated holographic principle
The calculation process transforms the three-dimensional information into a holographic
stripe, which there are two methods based on interference and diffraction. The interference
and diffraction are all the basic nature of light. Interference is more than two (or two) light
waves with the same frequency, the same vibration direction and the constant phase
difference, in the superposition of the space, and forms the constant strengthening and
weakening in the overlap area. Diffraction is that the light waves display the derivative
phenomenon in the communication process through the edges or porosity of the obstacles.
The greater the wavelength, the smaller the pore, the exhibition derivative phenomenon is
more obvious.
The reproduce process is the holographic stripes generated by the spatial light
modulator (SLM) modulated the incident light, and converts stripes into visible three-
dimensional images. In essence, the calculated hologram information produced and
reproduced by computer-controlled graphics device on the physical media.
10. 4. IMPORTANCE AND NEED OF HOLOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
The interest in 3D viewing is not new. The public has embraced this experience
since at least the days of stereoscopes, at the turn of the last century. New excitement,
interest, and enthusiasm then came with the 3D movie craze in the middle of the last century,
followed by the fascinations of holography, and most recently the advent of virtual reality.
Recent developments in computers and computer graphics have made spatial 3D images
more practical and accessible. Modern three-dimensional (”3D”) display technologies are
increasingly popular and practical not only in computer graphics, but in other diverse
environments and technologies as well. A concurrent continuing need is for such practical
autostereoscopic 3D displays that can also accommodate multiple viewers independently and
simultaneously. A particular advantage would be afforded if the need could be fulfilled to
provide such simultaneous viewing in which each viewer could be presented with a uniquely
customized autostereoscopic 3D image that could be entirely different from that being
viewed simultaneously by any of the other viewers present, all within the same viewing
environment, and all with complete freedom of movement therein. A high resolution three
dimensional recording of an object. Another feature is that these are glasses free 3D display.
This 3D technology can accommodate multiple viewers independently and simultaneously,
which is an advantage no other 3D technology can show. The 3D holographic technology
does not need a projection screen. The projections are projected into midair, so the
limitations of screen are not applicable for 3D holographic display.
Modern three-dimensional (”3D”) display technologies are increasingly popular
and practical not only in computer graphics, but in other diverse environments and
technologies as well. Growing examples include medical diagnostics, flight simulation, air
traffic control, battlefield simulation, weather diagnostics, entertainment, advertising,
education, animation, virtual reality, robotics, biomechanical studies, scientific visualization,
and so forth. The increasing interest and popularity are due to many factors. In our daily
11. lives, we are surrounded by synthetic computer graphic images both in principle and on
television. People can nowadays even generate similar images on personal computers at
home. We also regularly see holograms on credit cards and lenticular displays on cereal
boxes.
There is also a growing appreciation that two dimensional projections of 3D
scenes, traditionally referred to as “3D computer graphics”, can be insufficient for inspection,
navigation, and comprehension of some types of multivariate data. Without the benefit of 3D
rendering, even high quality images that have excellent perspective depictions still appear
unrealistic and flat. For such application environments, the human depth cues of stereopsis,
motion parallax, and (perhaps to a lesser extent) ocular accommodations are increasingly
recognized as significant and important for facilitating image understanding and realism.
In other aspects of 3D display technologies, such as the hardware needed for viewing, the
broad field of virtual reality has driven the computer and optics industries to produce better
stereoscopic helmet mounted and boom-mounted displays, as well as the associated hardware
and software to render scenes at rates and qualities needed to produce the illusion of reality.
However, most voyages into virtual reality are currently solitary and encumbered ones: users
often wear helmets, special glasses, or other devices that present the 3D world only to each of
them individually. A common form of such stereoscopic displays uses shuttered or passively
polarized eyewear, in which the observer wears eyewear that blocks one of two displayed
images, exclusively one each for each eye. Examples include passively polarized glasses, and
rapidly alternating shuttered glasses.
While these approaches have been generally successful, they have not met
with widespread acceptance because observers generally do not like to wear equipment over
their eyes. In addition, such approaches are impractical, and essentially unworkable, for
projecting a 3D image to one or more casual passersby, to a group of collaborators, or to an
entire audience such as when individuated projections are desired. Even when identical
projections are presented, such situations have required different and relatively
underdeveloped technologies, such as conventional auto stereoscopic displays. Thus, a need
still remains for highly effective, practical, efficient, uncomplicated, and inexpensive auto
stereoscopic 3D displays that allow the observer complete and unencumbered freedom of
movement. Additionally, a need continues to exist for practical auto stereoscopic 3D displays
12. that provide a true parallax experience in both the vertical as well as the horizontal
movement directions.
A concurrent continuing need for such practical auto stereoscopic 3D displays
that accommodate multiple viewers independently and simultaneously. A particular
advantage would be afforded if the need could be fulfilled to provide such simultaneous
viewing in which each viewer could be presented with a uniquely customized auto
stereoscopic 3D image that could be entirely different from that lesser extent) ocular
accommodations are increasingly recognized as significant and important for facilitating
image understanding and realism.
In other aspects of 3D display technologies, such as the hardware needed for
viewing, the broad field of virtual reality has driven the computer and optics industries to
produce better stereoscopic helmet mounted and boom-mounted displays, as well as the
associated hardware and software to render scenes at rates and qualities needed to produce
the illusion of reality. However, most voyages into virtual reality are currently solitary and
encumbered ones: users often wear helmets, special glasses, or other devices that present the
3D world only to each of them individually. A common form of such stereoscopic displays
uses shuttered or passively polarized eyewear, in which the observer wears eyewear that
blocks one of two displayed images, exclusively one each for each eye. Examples include
passively polarized glasses, and rapidly alternating shuttered glasses.
While these approaches have been generally successful, they have not met with
widespread acceptance because observers generally do not like to wear equipment over their
eyes. In addition, such approaches are impractical, and essentially unworkable, for projecting
a 3D image to one or more casual passersby, to a group of collaborators, or to an entire
audience such as when individuated projections are desired. Even when identical projections
are presented, such situations have required different and relatively underdeveloped
technologies, such as conventional auto stereoscopic displays. Thus, a need still remains for
highly effective, practical, efficient, uncomplicated, and inexpensive auto stereoscopic 3D
displays that allow the observer complete and unencumbered freedom of movement.
Additionally, a need continues to exist for practical auto stereoscopic 3D displays that
13. provide a true parallax experience in both the vertical as well as the horizontal movement
directions.
A concurrent continuing need for such practical auto stereoscopic 3D displays
that accommodate multiple viewers independently and simultaneously. A particular
advantage would be afforded if the need could be fulfilled to provide such simultaneous
viewing in which each viewer could be presented with a uniquely customized auto
stereoscopic 3D image that could be entirely different from thatbeing viewed simultaneously
by any of the other viewers present, all within the same viewing environment, and all with
complete freedom of movement therein. Yet another urgent need is for an unobtrusive 3D
viewing device that combines feedback for optimizing the viewing experience in
combination with provisions for 3D user input, thus enabling viewing and manipulation of
virtual 3D objects in 3D space without the need for special viewing goggles or headgear. In
view of the ever increasing commercial competitive pressures, increasing consumer
expectations, and diminishing opportunities for meaningful product differentiation in the
marketplace, it is increasingly critical that answers be found to these problems. Moreover, the
ever-increasing need to save costs, improve efficiencies, improve performance, and meet
such competitive pressures adds even greater urgency to the critical necessity that answers be
found to these problems.
4.1 HOLOGRAM PROPERTIES
• Appears as a real object from different angles.
• Usually just look like a sparkly pictures or smears of color.
• Each cut views the entire holographic image.
14. 5. WORKING OF HOLOGRAMS
The time-varying light field of a scene with all its physical properties is to be
recorded and then regenerated. Hence the working of holography is divided into two phases:
1. Recording
2. Reconstruction
Recording of hologram: Basic tools required to make a hologram includes a red
lasers, lenses, beam splitter, mirrors and holographic film. Holograms are recorded in darker
environment, this is to avoid the noise interference caused by other light sources.
The recording of hologram is based on the phenomenon of interference. It requires a
laser source, a plane mirror or beam splitter, an object and a photographic plate. A laser
beam from the laser source is incident on a plane mirror or beam splitter. As the name
suggests, the function of the beam splitter is to split the laser beam. One part of splitted
beam, after reflection from the beam splitter, strikes on the photographic plate. This beam is
called reference beam. While other part of splitted beam (transmitted from beam splitter)
strikes on the photographic plate after suffering reflection from the various points of object.
This beam is called object beam.
The object beam reflected from the object interferes with the reference beam when
both the beams reach the photographic plate. The superposition of these two beams produces
an interference pattern (in the form of dark and bright fringes) and this pattern is recorded on
the photographic plate. The photographic plate with recorded interference pattern is called
15. hologram. Photographic plate is also known as Gabor zone plate in honour of Denis Gabor
who developed the phenomenon of holography.
Each and every part of the hologram receives light from various points of the object.
Thus, even if hologram is broken into parts, each part is capable of reconstructing the whole
object.
There are two basic types of holograms:
• Reflection holograms
• Transmission holograms
Reflection holograms form images by reflecting a beam of light off the surface of the
hologram. This type of hologram produces very high quality images but is very expensive to
create.
Transmission holograms form images by transmitting a beam of light through the
hologram. This type of hologram is more commonly seen since they can be inexpensively
mass-produced. Embossed holograms, such as those found on credit cards, are transmission
holograms with a mirrored backing.
5.1 ReflectionHolograms
16. Fig. 5.1 Recording of reflex hologram
5.1.1 Recording Reflection Holograms
• The laser provides a highly coherent source of light. The beam of light hits the beam
splitter, which is a semi-reflecting plate that splits the beam into two: an object beam
and a reference beam
• The object beam is widened by a beam spreader (expanding lens) and the light is
reflected off the object and is projected onto the photographic plate.
• The reference beam is also widened by a beam spreader and the light reflects off a
mirror and shines on the photographic plate.
• The reference and object beams meet at the photographic plate and create the
interference pattern that records the amplitude and phase of the resultant wave.
17. 5.1.2 Reconstructing Reflection Holograms
• A reconstruction beam of light is used to reconstruct the object wave front. The
reconstruction beam is positioned at the same angle as the illuminating beam that was
used during the recording phase
Fig. 5.2 Image recording of reflection hologram
• The virtual image appears behind the hologram at the same position as the object .
18. Fig. 5.3 Image reconstruction of reflection hologram
5.2 Transmission Holograms
5.2.1 Recording Transmission Holograms
• As with reflection holograms, a laser is used to provide a highly coherent source of
light. A beam splitter and beam spreaders are also used in the recording of
transmission holograms.
• After the object beam passes through the beam spreader, the light is reflected off a
mirror and onto the object. The object beam is then reflected onto the photographic
plate.
• The reference beam is also reflected off a mirror and shines on the photographic
plate.
19. • The incoming object and reference beams create a resultant wave. The amplitude
and phase of the resultant wave is recorded onto the photographic plate as an
interference pattern.
Fig.5.4 Image recording of Transmission hologram
5.2.2 Reconstructing Transmission Holograms
• A reconstruction beam is used to illuminate the hologram and is positioned at the
same angle as the reference beam that was used during the recording phase.
• When the reconstruction beam is placed at the right angle, three beams of light will
pass through the hologram.
• An undiffracted beam (zeroth order) will pass directly through the
hologram but will not produce an image.
• A second beam forms the primary (virtual) image (first order) that is diffracted at the
same angle as the incoming object beam that was used during recording.
20. • A third beam forms the secondary (real) image.
• As we can see in the diagram, the beams that form the images are diffracted at the
same angle,alpha, from the undiffracted beam. Between the image beams, the angle
is twice as large, or 2(alpha).
• If we look at the hologram at the same angle as the primary image beam (also same
angle as recording object beam), we will see a virtual image of the object located
behind the hologram.
22. • If we look at the hologram at the same angle as the secondary image beam, we will
see a real image of the object located in front of the hologram.
Fig.5.7 Image reconstruction, secondary image
23. 6.WORKINGOF3DHOLOGRAPHICPROJECTIONTECHNOLOGY
This is entirely a Latest and vary unique Hi Definition 3D Projection
Technology in which a person is captured in 3Ddimentional Aspect with a Sp. Hi Definition
Camera on a specially built stage And Projected “As Is” at various Distant Locations “At a
Time” Viewers at the other end will feel the presence of REAL Person in front of them and
also interact with projected „Virtual” person, without wearing any kind of 3D glasses, as they
interact with “Actual Person .‟
Holography is a technique that enables a light field, which is generally the
product of a light sources scattered off Objects, to be recorded and Later reconstructed when
the original light field is no longer present, due to the absence of the original objects.
Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to sound recording, whereby a sound
field created by vibrating matter like musical instruments or vocal cords, is encoded in such a
way that it can be reproduced later, without the presence of the original vibrating matter. It
starts with the patented foil, completely invisible to the naked eye.Right at 45° across the
stage and the gives s the impression of a real 3D volumetric image on stage. A hologram is
recorded by exposing a light-sensitive sensor (for example, photographic film, or a high-
resolution CCD) simultaneously to a coherent beam of light and the reflection of that beam
of light from the scene being recorded. The sensor records not an image of the scene, but the
interference (typically taking place at the surface of a sheet of film) between the image and
the original coherent light. This interference pattern contains all the information in the light
field at the sensor.
24. Fig.6.1 Recorded hologram from coherent beam of light
To play back a hologram, the interference pattern of the original hologram is
reproduced, and a coherent beam of light (typically having the same wavelength as the
original laser illumination source) is directed onto the pattern along the same direction as was
the reference beam. The reconstruction beam is diffracted from the interference pattern, and
25. thereby reproduces the 3D image information of the subject of the hologram. For us, a
glowing but seemingly solid image suddenly appears floating in space.
Fig.6.2 Appearance of Virtual Image through reconstructed waveforms
With video displays being of considerably greater value than static 3D picture frames, a
dynamic substitute for photographic film has long been sought, with varying degrees of
success. An active holographic display is based on a spatial light modulator
26. 7.ADVANCEMENT IN HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY
7.1 Touchable holograms
The importance of haptic interaction techniques gather much more attention
with the progress of the computer graphics, the physical simulation and the visual display
technologies. There have been a lot of interactive systems which aim to enable the users to
handle 3D graphic objects with their hands. If tactile feedback is provided to the user’s hands
in 3D free space, the usability of those systems will be considerably improved. One strategy
to provide tactile feedback in 3D free space is to attach tactile displays on the user’s hands.
The method is based on a nonlinear phenomenon of ultrasound; acoustic
radiation pressure. When an object interrupts the propagation of ultrasound, a pressure field
is exerted on the surface of the object. This pressure is called acoustic radiation pressure.
7.2 Tactile display with haptic feedback
“Airborne Ultrasound Tactile Display [Iwamoto et al. 2008]” is tactile display
which provides tactile sensation onto the user’s hand. It utilizes the nonlinear phenomenon
of ultrasound; acoustic radiation pressure. When an object interrupts the propagation of ultra-
sound, a pressure field is exerted on the surface of the object.
7.3Userinterfacingintegrateddisplays
27. While camera-based and marker-less hand tracking systems are demonstrated
these days, we use Wiimote (Nintendo) which has an infrared (IR) camera for simplicity. A
retro reflective marker is attached on the tip of user’s middle finger. IR LEDs illuminate the
marker and two Wiimotes sense the 3D position of the finger. Owing to this hand-tracking
system, the users can handle the floating virtual image with their hands.
7.4 360-degree3Dsystem
The system was made possible by projecting high-speed video on a spinning
mirror. As the spinning mirror changes direction, different perspectives of the projected
image is shown. The University of Southern California project is more realistic compared to
other holographic attempt because, nearly 5, 000 individual images are reflected every
second.
28. 8. APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 Marketing with 3D holographic display
This world’s innovative technology can enable observers to see lifelike images
that float deep inside and project several feet in front of a display screen. Dimensional
Studios, a leader in 3D visual display solutions has recently introduced its unparalleled
digital signage in the UK. This world’s innovative technology can enable observers to see 3D
holographic-like images that float deep inside and project several feet in front of an LCD or
plasma display screen. Its aim is for advertising agencies and consumer products who wish to
catch a huge impact from this new break through media.
29. Fig,8.1 Marketing with 3d holographic display
8.2 Holography in education
Holography being in its infant stage has not being widely used in education. However,
application of holography in education is not new. Although, the distance of transition was
minimal, long distance projection is possible since the images are transmitted over the
30. internet. Holography differs from video conferencing because the teacher appears to be in the
classroom. While in video conferencing users can easily notice a screen and a camera.
Fig.8.2 Holography in education
31. 8.3 Holography in Entertainment Industry
When one thinks about holography in the entertainment industry, the movies
Star Trek and Star Wars come into mind. In these movies, people relate with holograms as
they would relate with real human. Although, what people see in these movies are not real
holograms, they depict what a real hologram looks like and future capabilities of holography.
In the musical industry, holography is being used for concerts. In this case, the musicians can
be far away in New York while performing in several cities around the world. Today, three
dimensional television and cinemas are becoming common, and there is more to come.
3D movies in home theatres require chunky glasses which may be
uncomfortable for some people to wear. Also experts found that viewing 3D television over a
long period can cause headache and eye strain due to new sensory experience. Since
holography makes beamed image look like real, it should not have any future strain on the
eyes nor generate headache.
32. Fig.8.3 Holography in entertainment industry
8.4 Virtual Reality, Augmented reality and Telepresence
With the aid of a light pen, the Sketchpad draws vector lines on a computer
screen. The Sketchpad contributed to the field of Human Computer Interaction, and also
introduced the concept of Graphical User Interface. Virtual reality employs computer
modelling and simulation, which produces images to look similar to the real world.
33. Telepresence differs from virtual reality, because telepresence makes it possible
for a person to be virtually present in another physical location. Telepresence is applicable
especially in circumstances where the person involved cannot be physically present. The
absence of a real person makes telepresence an option in case of foreseen danger to the
person’s life in the new environment. Telepresence is similar to holography, because they
both allow objects to be transported to a new destination in 3D.
Augmented reality gives an adjusted real world, where images or text are
displayed upon real objects. Museums, artists and industries are popular users of augmented
reality and the usage is on the rise. Augmented reality is also becoming part of our everyday
life which includes mobile appliances, shopping malls, training, and education.
8.5 Projection displays
Future colour liquid crystal displays (LCD’s) will be brighter and whiter as a result
of holographic technology. Scientists at Polaroid Corp. have developed a holographic
reflector that will reflect ambient light to produce a whiter background. Holographic
televisions may be possible within a decade but at a high price. MIT researchers recently
made a prototype that does not need glasses, but true holographic commercial TV will take a
year to appear. One day all TVs could be holographic, but will take 8-10 years. In future,
holographic displays will be replacing all present displays in all sizes, from small phone
screen to large projectors.
CONCLUSION
Holography may still be in its infant stage, but its potentials applications are aspiring.
Holographic Technology and Spectral Imagining has endless applications, as far as the
human mind can imagine. Holography being the closest display technology to our real
environment may just be the right substitute when reality fails. With holography, educational
institutions may become a global village sooner that people thought, where information and
34. expertise are within reach. Knowledge sharing and mobility will only cost a second and
learning will become more captivating and interactive. First, there is an urgent need to
address the infrastructural deficiencies limiting the application of holography in education.
More interestingly, the display medium of holography is very important. A 360 viewing
angle is especially what is needed to maximize the use of holography in education. Being
able to display a 3D hologram in free air is also vital, because interacting with holograms in a
covered display may be cumbersome. In order not to limit the use of holography to a non-
interactive display medium, incorporation with feedback technologies is mandatory. The
haptic technology which makes it possible to touch and manipulate virtual object is
especially important. As the field of haptics continues to grow and integrates with
holography, interaction with holograms becomes limitless. In future, holographic displays
will be replacing all present displays in all sizes, from small phone screen to large projectors
