Unit 6. Social Identities: The self and/in Interaction

Objectives unit 6,[object Object],Explain the nature vs. nature debate,[object Object],Explain the process of socialization and reflect on important agents of socialization,[object Object],Reflect on 4 theories on the self (Freud, Cooley, Mead and Goffman),[object Object],Work on assignment: Impression-management,[object Object]

What is Human Nature?,[object Object],The naturevs. nurture debate refers to the ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socializationin determining individual behaviors and traits. Ultimately both sides do play a role in making us the people that we are,[object Object]

Nature vs. Nurture debate,[object Object],Nature ,[object Object],Nurture,[object Object],Socio-biologists, psychologists and others in the natural sciences argue that behavior traits can be explained by genetics,[object Object],Sociologists, anthropologists and others in the social sciences argue that human behavior is learned and shaped trough interaction,[object Object]

The process of socialization,[object Object],is the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group and by which we become functioning members of society. ,[object Object],The socialization process begins in infancy and is especially productive once a child begins to understand and use language,[object Object],but it also is a lifelong process that continues into adulthood.,[object Object]

The process of socialization,[object Object],Is a twofold process:,[object Object],The process by which a society, culture, or group teaches individuals to become functioning members,[object Object],The process by which we internalize the values and norms of the group,[object Object],Works both on the individual as on the social level: we learn our society’s way of life and make it our own,[object Object]

2 main goals of socialization,[object Object],It teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, in order to ensure that society itself will continue to exist,[object Object],It teaches individuals the norms, values and believes associates with their culture and provides ways to ensure that members adhere to their shared way of life,[object Object]

Socialization, or hmm domestication?,[object Object]

Theories of the self…,[object Object],A collection of theories on the self,[object Object]

What is ‘the self’?,[object Object],The self is our experience of a distinct, real, personal identity that is separate and different from all other people,[object Object],Sociologists look at both the individual and society to gain a sense of where the self comes from. ,[object Object],Most believe the self is created and modified through interaction over the course of a lifetime.,[object Object]

Id, superego and ego,[object Object],Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic approach divides the mind into three interrelated systems. ,[object Object],The id consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy. ,[object Object],The superego is composed of the conscience, which serves to keep us from engaging in socially undesirable behavior, and the ego-ideal, which upholds our vision of who we believe we should ideally be. The superego represents the internalized demands of society. ,[object Object],The ego is the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and superego.,[object Object]

Charles Cooley,[object Object], believed that one's sense of self depends on seeing one's self reflected in interactions with others. ,[object Object],The looking-glass self refers to the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us.,[object Object]

“ Each to each a looking-glass,,[object Object], reflects the other that doth pass”,[object Object],We imagine how we look to others,[object Object],We imagine other people’s judgments of us,[object Object],We experience some kind of feeling about,[object Object],ourselves based on our perception of other people,[object Object],We respond to judgments that we believe,[object Object],Others make about of us, without really knowing,[object Object],For sure what they think. And we are not ,[object Object],always right,[object Object],We all act like mirrors to each other,[object Object]

How many looking glasses are being portrayed here ?,[object Object],http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5y4b-DEkIps,[object Object],women through the looking glass of the men, through the looking glass of advertizing ,[object Object],what advertizing thinks how women want to see them selves through their own eyes.,[object Object], whose eyes are these?,[object Object]

Mead: mind, self and society,[object Object]

George Herbert Mead,[object Object],Expanded Cooley's ideas about the development of the self.,[object Object],Mead also believed that the self was created through social interaction and that this process started in childhood, with children beginning to develop a sense of self at about the same time that they began to learn language. ,[object Object],Mead argued that one of the key developments was the ability to think of ourselves as separate and distinctand to see ourselves in relationship to others. ,[object Object],When children can take the perspective of the generalized other, rather than specific individuals, they have passed through the final stage of development.,[object Object]

Stages in Mead’s theory on the development of the self,[object Object],Preparatory stage: children mimic /imitate others,[object Object],Play stage: children pretend to play the role of a particular or a significant other. The particular or significant other are the perspectives and particular role that a child learns and internalizes,[object Object],Game stage: children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other,[object Object],Generalized other: the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or a society in general) that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his/her own behavior,[object Object],Dual nature of the self: the believe that we experience the self as both subject and object, the “I” and “me”,[object Object]

Erving Goffman,[object Object],believed that meaning is constructed through interaction. ,[object Object],His approach, dramaturgy, focuses on how individuals take on roles and act them out to present a favorable impression to their "audience." ,[object Object],Goffman argues that people are concerned with controlling how others view them, a process he called impression management,[object Object]

The self is a social construction,[object Object],Each definition of a situation lends itself to a different approach, and the consequences are real.,[object Object],Goffman identifies the following components in his theory of impression management:,[object Object],Region,[object Object],Backstage,[object Object],Front stage,[object Object],The self is a Social construction dependent of the situation,[object Object]

Assignment: impression management,[object Object],Please reflect on yourself and how you manage your impression in social context:,[object Object],How do you portray yourself to your family members, your friends, your co-workers, strangers you meet for the first time, in class, on face book? ,[object Object],Make a distinction between your different selves in all these areas, put this information in a matrix,[object Object],What peculiarities and patterns do you see in your analysis?,[object Object]

Agents of socialization,[object Object],Are the social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place. ,[object Object],Name 4 different agents of socialization?,[object Object],The four predominant agents of socialization are:,[object Object],the family,[object Object],Schools,[object Object],peers,[object Object],the mass media. ,[object Object]

Family, schools, peers and the mass media,[object Object],The family is the single most significant agent of socialization in and teaches us the basic values and norms that shape our identity. ,[object Object],Schools provide education and socialize us through a direct as well as a hidden curriculum (a set of behavioral traits such as punctuality, neatness, discipline, hard work, competition, and obedience) that teaches many of the behaviors that will be important later in life. ,[object Object],Peers provide very different social skills and can become more immediately significant than the family, especially as children move through adolescence. ,[object Object],The media has become an important agent of socialization, often overriding the family and other institutions in instilling values and norms.,[object Object]

Status and roles,[object Object],A status is a position in society that comes with a set of expectations. ,[object Object],An ascribed status is one we are born with that is unlikely to change. ,[object Object],An achieved status is one we have earned through individual effort or that is imposed by others. ,[object Object],One's master status is a status that seems to override all others and affects all other statuses that one possesses. ,[object Object],Roles are the behaviors expected from a particular status. ,[object Object],Role conflict occurs when the roles associated with one status clash with the roles associated with a different status. ,[object Object],Role strain occurs when roles associated with a single status clash. Either of these may lead to role exit.,[object Object]

Emotions and personality: they have a social aspect!,[object Object],Though we tend to believe that our emotions are highly personal and individual, there are social patterns in our emotional responses. ,[object Object],Role-taking emotions are emotions like sympathy, embarrassment, or shame, which require that we assume the perspective of another person and respond from that person's point of view. ,[object Object],Feeling rules are socially constructed norms regarding the expression and display of emotions and include expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation. ,[object Object],Emotion work refers to the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion.,[object Object]

Virtual world is real,[object Object],Though most sociological perspectives on interaction focus on interactions that occur in co- presence (when individuals are in one another's physical presence),[object Object], Modern technology enables us to interact with people very far away. ,[object Object],Postmodern theorists claim that the role of technology in interaction is one of the primary features of postmodern life.,[object Object]

Unit 6. Social Identities: The self and/in Interaction

Unit 6. Social Identities: The self and/in Interaction

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Unit 6. Social Identities: The self and/in Interaction