The Physical Universe: Nucleus

The Physical Universe, 11/e Konrad B. Krauskopf, Prof. Emeritus of Geochemistry, Stanford Univ. Arthur Beiser ISBN: 0072418265 Copyright year: 2004

The Nucleus: Main Ideas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Atom and its Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object]

Very little was known ,[object Object],[object Object]

Rutherford’s discovery ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Quick look at simple Atomic Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],These are “nucleons”

Rutherford’s conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],dense

Atom Identity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Isotopes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

NUCLIDE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Radioactivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Radioactive elements ,[object Object],[object Object]

Radioactive atoms ,[object Object],Radioactivity is the term given to the spontaneous “falling apart” of an atomic nucleus When the nucleus falls apart, LARGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY can be released…..

Why do nuclei decay? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Radioactivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The nucleus of an atom becomes UNSTABLE. As a radioactive nucleus begins to DECAY, these particles/rays are emitted

What’s the difference?? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What’s the difference?? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What’s the difference?? (cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

After Decay ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

WHEN DO ATOMS DECAY? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

BUT, we can MEAUSURE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],HALF-LIFE

Characterizing Radioactive Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More about half life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],FAST rate -> SHORT half-life SLOW rate -> LONG half-life

Here is how it goes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Radiation Hazards ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Measuring radiation exposure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Typical Radiation doses ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Dose Limits ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Nuclear Energy ,[object Object],[object Object]

The atomic mass unit ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Electronvolt ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The MEGAelectronvolt ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What holds the nucleus together ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

When a nucleus decays ,[object Object],[object Object]

Energy Equivalent ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Binding energy per nucleon ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Two remarkable conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fission/Fusion means CONfusion?!? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Binding energy to Nuclear Energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Difficulties in harnessing nuclear energy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Chain Reaction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Nuclear Fission Reactor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Historic anniversary ,[object Object],[object Object]

KEY – 1 - : CRITICALITY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

KEY –2-: MODERATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Modern Nuclear Power Plants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Nuclear fuel ,[object Object],LAST, and VERY IMPORTANT is the COOLING of the whole system. This is the ONLY WATER THAT IS NOT COMPLETELY ENCLOSED. Usually comes from a nearby lake or river, recirculated back into the river… NUCLEAR DECAY PRODUCES HEAT ENCLOSED water circulates around fuel—gets HOTHOTHOT More ENCLOSED water is heated to boiling, producing steam, which turns a turbine—causing the coils of an ELECTRIC GENERATOR to rotate---remember Ampere’s law?

What about nuclear FUSION? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Smaller pieces of matter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

A word on ANTIMATTER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fundamental Interactions ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Basic Four ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Leptons and Hadrons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Hadrons Leptons

Six kinds of quarks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Let’s sum it up ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

In-Lecture Quiz Questions Chapter 7

In-Lecture QUIZ CHAPTER 7 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

In-Lecture QUIZ CHAPTER 7 ,[object Object]

In-Lecture QUIZ CHAPTER 7 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

In-Lecture QUIZ CHAPTER 7 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Physical Universe: Nucleus

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The Physical Universe: Nucleus