SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 29
Download to read offline
Evidence-Based Medicine II:
Prognosis
āļ­. āļ™āļž.āļ™āļ§āļ™āļĢāļĢāļ™ āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ°āļ­āļąāļĄāļžāļĢāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒ
āļĢāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļē RAID 515 āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ§āļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™
āļŠāđ„āļĨāļ”āđŒāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ”āļąāļ”āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ“āļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļĒāđŒāļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ§āļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ„āļ“āļ°āđāļžāļ—āļĒāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāļēāļĄāļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ
Prognosis & Survival Analysis
EBM Keywords for Prognosis
 Survival analysis (time-to-event analysis)
 5-year survival, median survival & relative survival
 Censoring
 Kaplan-Meier curve (survival curve)
 Log rank test
 Cox regression (Cox’s proportional hazard model)
 Hazard ratio
Survival & Censoring
 5-year survival rate: āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ (āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™
āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĒ) āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ 5 āļ›āļĩāļ™āļąāļšāđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē
 Median survival: āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļēāļ™āļ§āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 50 āļĒāļąāļ‡
āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ (āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āļēāļĒ)
 Relative survival: āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 5-year survival rates
āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļĒāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™
 Censoring: āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ (āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĒ) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļļāļ”
āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ lost follow-up āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē
Survival Analysis Introductory Paper
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
Kaplan-Meier (Survival) Curve
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
Log Rank Test
 āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļš Kaplan-Meier curves
āļ§āđˆāļē āđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™
āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļžāļĻāļŠāļēāļĒāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļžāļĻāļŦāļāļīāļ‡
 Null hypothesis: āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ survival
curves āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 2 populations (i.e. probability āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ”
āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđƒāļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢ)
Log Rank Test
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
Log Rank Test
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
Cox Regression
 Log rank test āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ survival
times āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 2 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āļēāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨ
āļ•āđˆāļ­ survival times
 Cox regression āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒ multiple regression āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļēāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļĄāļē
adjust āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡
survival times āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡ adjust āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§
 āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ•āļēāļĄ (dependent variable) āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē “hazard” āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™
probability āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāļīāļ” event āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ
survive āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđƒāļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ risk for death at
that moment
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2390727/
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2390727/
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2390727/
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2390727/
Cox Regression
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
Cox Regression
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
 The P values indicate that the difference between treatments was bordering
on statistical significance, whereas there was strong evidence that age was
associated with length of survival.
 The coefficient for treatment, –1.887, is the logarithm of the hazard ratio for a
patient given treatment 1 compared with a patient given treatment 2 of the
same age. The exponential (antilog) of this value is 0.152, indicating that a
person receiving treatment 1 is 0.152 times as likely to die at any time as a
patient receiving treatment 2
 That is, the risk associated with treatment 1 appears to be much lower.
 However, the confidence interval contains 1, indicating that there may be no
difference in risk associated with the two treatments.
Cox Regression
Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
 Using the Kaplan–Meier (log rank) test, the P value for the difference between
treatments was 0.032, whereas using Cox’s regression, and including age as an
explanatory variable, the corresponding P value was 0.052.
 This is not a substantial change and still suggests that a difference between
treatments is likely. In this case age is clearly an important explanatory
variable and should be included in the analysis.
 The exponential of the coefficient for age, 1.247, indicates that a patient 1
year older than another patient, both being given the same treatment, has an
increased risk for dying, by a factor of 1.247. Note that, in this case, the
confidence interval does not contain 1, indicating the statistical significance of
age.
Assumptions for Cox Regression
1. Censoring is unrelated to prognosis
2. Proportional hazards model: hazard at time t
for a patient in one group is proportional to the
hazard at time t for a patient in the second
group
Prognosis Checklist for Validity
 Was a defined, representative sample of patients
assembled at a common (usually early) point in the course
of their disease?
 Was patient follow-up sufficiently long and complete?
 Were outcome criteria objective and unbiased (e.g. applied
in a ‘blind’ fashion)?
 If subgroups with different prognoses are identified, did
adjustment for important prognostic factors take place?
Prognosis Checklist for Results
 What are the results?
 How likely are the outcome events over time?
 Survival curves (Kaplan-Meier)
 Prognostic factors
 HR
 How precise are the prognostic estimates?
 Confidence intervals
Prognosis Checklist for Applicability
 Can I apply this valid, important evidence about prognosis
to my patient?
 Is my patient so different to those in the study that the
results cannot apply?
 Will results lead directly to selecting or avoiding a
treatment?
 Will this evidence make a clinically important impact on
my conclusions about what to offer to tell my patients
Example
Prognosis Example
āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļēāļĒāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 60 āļ›āļĩ admit āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ GI bleeding āļĄāļĩ
āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļđāļšāļšāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļ§āđˆāļē 30 āļ›āļĩ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ
āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ liver cirrhosis
āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ–āļēāļĄāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‚āļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļēāļ§āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđƒāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļĢ
āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”
Prognosis Example
P: In elderly men with liver cirrhosis,
I: does smoking cessation and alcohol abstinence
C: compared to do nothing
O: improve survival (live longer)?
Prognosis Example
āļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒ search terms āđƒāļ™ PubMed Clinical Queries āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰
5-year survival cirrhosis alcohol smoking
āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ Category: Prognosis āļžāļš 5 āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ
āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Pessione et al: Five-year survival predictive factors
in patients with excessive alcohol intake and cirrhosis. Effect of
alcoholic hepatitis, smoking and abstinence. Liver Int. 2003
Feb;23(1):45-53.

More Related Content

What's hot

9 āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
9 āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ9 āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
9 āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
guest9e1b8
 

What's hot (12)

The use of meta -analysis for Pharmacoepidemiology
The use of meta -analysis for PharmacoepidemiologyThe use of meta -analysis for Pharmacoepidemiology
The use of meta -analysis for Pharmacoepidemiology
 
PICO : āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē
PICO : āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēPICO : āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē
PICO : āļ„āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē
 
āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒ (Evidence-Based Practice: EBP) 2551
āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒ (Evidence-Based Practice: EBP) 2551āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒ (Evidence-Based Practice: EBP) 2551
āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļąāļāļĐāđŒ (Evidence-Based Practice: EBP) 2551
 
Lesson 10 Healthcare Economics
Lesson 10 Healthcare EconomicsLesson 10 Healthcare Economics
Lesson 10 Healthcare Economics
 
āļ–āļ­āļ”āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž 8 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ
āļ–āļ­āļ”āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž 8 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ–āļ­āļ”āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž 8 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ
āļ–āļ­āļ”āļšāļ—āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž 8 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ
 
9 āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
9 āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ9 āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
9 āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
 
Introduction to pharmacoepidemiology (pe)
Introduction to pharmacoepidemiology (pe)Introduction to pharmacoepidemiology (pe)
Introduction to pharmacoepidemiology (pe)
 
āļ—āļģāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ„āļ›āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄ
āļ—āļģāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ„āļ›āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄāļ—āļģāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ„āļ›āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄ
āļ—āļģāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ„āļ›āļ—āļģāđ„āļĄ
 
Knowledge Translation āļœāļĻ.āļ™āļž.āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ° āļ§āļĢāļ˜āļ™āļēāļĢāļąāļ•āļ™āđŒ
Knowledge Translation āļœāļĻ.āļ™āļž.āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ° āļ§āļĢāļ˜āļ™āļēāļĢāļąāļ•āļ™āđŒKnowledge Translation āļœāļĻ.āļ™āļž.āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ° āļ§āļĢāļ˜āļ™āļēāļĢāļąāļ•āļ™āđŒ
Knowledge Translation āļœāļĻ.āļ™āļž.āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ° āļ§āļĢāļ˜āļ™āļēāļĢāļąāļ•āļ™āđŒ
 
Complimentary Roles of Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods 2015.2.25
Complimentary Roles of Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods 2015.2.25Complimentary Roles of Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods 2015.2.25
Complimentary Roles of Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods 2015.2.25
 
āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
āļĢāļđāļ›āđāļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
 
āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļĄāļ•āļīāļāļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ
 

Similar to Prognosis (Evidence-Based Medicine for Year 5 Ramathibodi Medical Students) (October 2019)

Palliatve session on the Palliative care.pdf
Palliatve session on the Palliative care.pdfPalliatve session on the Palliative care.pdf
Palliatve session on the Palliative care.pdf
eightswot
 
author_pue,+Journal+manager,+13_Warissara152-165 (1).pdf
author_pue,+Journal+manager,+13_Warissara152-165 (1).pdfauthor_pue,+Journal+manager,+13_Warissara152-165 (1).pdf
author_pue,+Journal+manager,+13_Warissara152-165 (1).pdf
ssuser9f38da
 
Introduction and Role of Epidemiology
Introduction and Role of EpidemiologyIntroduction and Role of Epidemiology
Introduction and Role of Epidemiology
Ultraman Taro
 
tapanee2500,+Journal+manager,+Aw+CVT+journal+No27-2-4.pdf
tapanee2500,+Journal+manager,+Aw+CVT+journal+No27-2-4.pdftapanee2500,+Journal+manager,+Aw+CVT+journal+No27-2-4.pdf
tapanee2500,+Journal+manager,+Aw+CVT+journal+No27-2-4.pdf
60941
 
Epidemiology of NCD
Epidemiology of NCDEpidemiology of NCD
Epidemiology of NCD
Ultraman Taro
 
6 āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ
6 āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ6 āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ
6 āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ
Gawewat Dechaapinun
 

Similar to Prognosis (Evidence-Based Medicine for Year 5 Ramathibodi Medical Students) (October 2019) (20)

Palliatve session on the Palliative care.pdf
Palliatve session on the Palliative care.pdfPalliatve session on the Palliative care.pdf
Palliatve session on the Palliative care.pdf
 
CPG āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ‚āļēāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ
CPG āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ‚āļēāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļCPG āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ‚āļēāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ
CPG āļĄāļ°āđ€āļĢāđ‡āļ‡āđ€āļĄāđ‡āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ‚āļēāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĄāļ™āđ‰āļģāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ
 
02 Inthanut.pdf
02 Inthanut.pdf02 Inthanut.pdf
02 Inthanut.pdf
 
author_pue,+Journal+manager,+13_Warissara152-165 (1).pdf
author_pue,+Journal+manager,+13_Warissara152-165 (1).pdfauthor_pue,+Journal+manager,+13_Warissara152-165 (1).pdf
author_pue,+Journal+manager,+13_Warissara152-165 (1).pdf
 
Introduction and Role of Epidemiology
Introduction and Role of EpidemiologyIntroduction and Role of Epidemiology
Introduction and Role of Epidemiology
 
tapanee2500,+Journal+manager,+Aw+CVT+journal+No27-2-4.pdf
tapanee2500,+Journal+manager,+Aw+CVT+journal+No27-2-4.pdftapanee2500,+Journal+manager,+Aw+CVT+journal+No27-2-4.pdf
tapanee2500,+Journal+manager,+Aw+CVT+journal+No27-2-4.pdf
 
Letov2.5 āļˆāļļāļŽāļē300958
Letov2.5 āļˆāļļāļŽāļē300958Letov2.5 āļˆāļļāļŽāļē300958
Letov2.5 āļˆāļļāļŽāļē300958
 
Epidemiology of NCD
Epidemiology of NCDEpidemiology of NCD
Epidemiology of NCD
 
Patient safety goals SIMPLE
Patient safety goals  SIMPLEPatient safety goals  SIMPLE
Patient safety goals SIMPLE
 
(16 āļĄāļī.āļĒ. 56) service profile update
(16 āļĄāļī.āļĒ. 56) service profile update(16 āļĄāļī.āļĒ. 56) service profile update
(16 āļĄāļī.āļĒ. 56) service profile update
 
A Preliminary Analysis Of Master S Theses In Pediatric Nursing
A Preliminary Analysis Of Master S Theses In Pediatric NursingA Preliminary Analysis Of Master S Theses In Pediatric Nursing
A Preliminary Analysis Of Master S Theses In Pediatric Nursing
 
Respiratory dzmnt
Respiratory dzmntRespiratory dzmnt
Respiratory dzmnt
 
Thai guidelines on the treatment of hypertension update 2015
Thai guidelines on the treatment of hypertension update 2015Thai guidelines on the treatment of hypertension update 2015
Thai guidelines on the treatment of hypertension update 2015
 
Rama Nurse Public Policy
Rama Nurse Public PolicyRama Nurse Public Policy
Rama Nurse Public Policy
 
Aids medical-and-preventive-treatment-powerpoint-templates-standard
Aids medical-and-preventive-treatment-powerpoint-templates-standardAids medical-and-preventive-treatment-powerpoint-templates-standard
Aids medical-and-preventive-treatment-powerpoint-templates-standard
 
Antihormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer
Antihormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer Antihormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer
Antihormonal Therapy in Breast Cancer
 
01 recent advance 2
01 recent advance 201 recent advance 2
01 recent advance 2
 
Epidemiology
EpidemiologyEpidemiology
Epidemiology
 
The Incidence of Critical Risks of Anesthesia Related Complication in Srinaga...
The Incidence of Critical Risks of Anesthesia Related Complication in Srinaga...The Incidence of Critical Risks of Anesthesia Related Complication in Srinaga...
The Incidence of Critical Risks of Anesthesia Related Complication in Srinaga...
 
6 āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ
6 āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ6 āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ
6 āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļ—āļēāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒ
 

More from Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt

āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (February 8, 2022)
āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (February 8, 2022)āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (February 8, 2022)
āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (February 8, 2022)
Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt
 
āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļž.āļĻ. 2562 (PDPA) (January 21, 2022)
āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļž.āļĻ. 2562 (PDPA) (January 21, 2022)āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļž.āļĻ. 2562 (PDPA) (January 21, 2022)
āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļž.āļĻ. 2562 (PDPA) (January 21, 2022)
Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt
 

More from Nawanan Theera-Ampornpunt (20)

Health Informatics for Health Service Systems (March 11, 2024)
Health Informatics for Health Service Systems (March 11, 2024)Health Informatics for Health Service Systems (March 11, 2024)
Health Informatics for Health Service Systems (March 11, 2024)
 
Personal Data Protection Act and the Four Subordinate Laws (February 29, 2024)
Personal Data Protection Act and the Four Subordinate Laws (February 29, 2024)Personal Data Protection Act and the Four Subordinate Laws (February 29, 2024)
Personal Data Protection Act and the Four Subordinate Laws (February 29, 2024)
 
Privacy & PDPA Awareness Training for Ramathibodi Residents (October 5, 2023)
Privacy & PDPA Awareness Training for Ramathibodi Residents (October 5, 2023)Privacy & PDPA Awareness Training for Ramathibodi Residents (October 5, 2023)
Privacy & PDPA Awareness Training for Ramathibodi Residents (October 5, 2023)
 
Case Study PDPA Workshop (September 15, 2023)
Case Study PDPA Workshop (September 15, 2023)Case Study PDPA Workshop (September 15, 2023)
Case Study PDPA Workshop (September 15, 2023)
 
Case Studies on Overview of PDPA and its Subordinate Laws (September 15, 2023)
Case Studies on Overview of PDPA and its Subordinate Laws (September 15, 2023)Case Studies on Overview of PDPA and its Subordinate Laws (September 15, 2023)
Case Studies on Overview of PDPA and its Subordinate Laws (September 15, 2023)
 
Ramathibodi Security & Privacy Awareness Training (Fiscal Year 2023)
Ramathibodi Security & Privacy Awareness Training (Fiscal Year 2023)Ramathibodi Security & Privacy Awareness Training (Fiscal Year 2023)
Ramathibodi Security & Privacy Awareness Training (Fiscal Year 2023)
 
Relationship Between Thailand's Official Information Act and Personal Data Pr...
Relationship Between Thailand's Official Information Act and Personal Data Pr...Relationship Between Thailand's Official Information Act and Personal Data Pr...
Relationship Between Thailand's Official Information Act and Personal Data Pr...
 
Social Media - PDPA: Is There A Way Out? (October 19, 2022)
Social Media - PDPA: Is There A Way Out? (October 19, 2022)Social Media - PDPA: Is There A Way Out? (October 19, 2022)
Social Media - PDPA: Is There A Way Out? (October 19, 2022)
 
Do's and Don'ts on PDPA for Doctors (May 31, 2022)
Do's and Don'ts on PDPA for Doctors (May 31, 2022)Do's and Don'ts on PDPA for Doctors (May 31, 2022)
Do's and Don'ts on PDPA for Doctors (May 31, 2022)
 
Telemedicine: A Health Informatician's Point of View
Telemedicine: A Health Informatician's Point of ViewTelemedicine: A Health Informatician's Point of View
Telemedicine: A Health Informatician's Point of View
 
Meeting Management (March 2, 2022)
Meeting Management (March 2, 2022)Meeting Management (March 2, 2022)
Meeting Management (March 2, 2022)
 
āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ°āļŊ (February 9, 2022)
āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ°āļŊ (February 9, 2022)āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ°āļŊ (February 9, 2022)
āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ„āļ“āļ°āļŊ (February 9, 2022)
 
āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (February 8, 2022)
āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (February 8, 2022)āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (February 8, 2022)
āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (February 8, 2022)
 
āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļž.āļĻ. 2562 (PDPA) (January 21, 2022)
āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļž.āļĻ. 2562 (PDPA) (January 21, 2022)āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļž.āļĻ. 2562 (PDPA) (January 21, 2022)
āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļšāļąāļāļāļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļž.āļĻ. 2562 (PDPA) (January 21, 2022)
 
Digital Health Transformation for Health Executives (January 18, 2022)
Digital Health Transformation for Health Executives (January 18, 2022)Digital Health Transformation for Health Executives (January 18, 2022)
Digital Health Transformation for Health Executives (January 18, 2022)
 
Updates on Privacy & Security Laws (November 26, 2021)
Updates on Privacy & Security Laws (November 26, 2021)Updates on Privacy & Security Laws (November 26, 2021)
Updates on Privacy & Security Laws (November 26, 2021)
 
Hospital Informatics (November 26, 2021)
Hospital Informatics (November 26, 2021)Hospital Informatics (November 26, 2021)
Hospital Informatics (November 26, 2021)
 
Health Informatics for Clinical Research (November 25, 2021)
Health Informatics for Clinical Research (November 25, 2021)Health Informatics for Clinical Research (November 25, 2021)
Health Informatics for Clinical Research (November 25, 2021)
 
Research Ethics and Ethics for Health Informaticians (November 15, 2021)
Research Ethics and Ethics for Health Informaticians (November 15, 2021)Research Ethics and Ethics for Health Informaticians (November 15, 2021)
Research Ethics and Ethics for Health Informaticians (November 15, 2021)
 
Consumer Health Informatics, Mobile Health, and Social Media for Health: Part...
Consumer Health Informatics, Mobile Health, and Social Media for Health: Part...Consumer Health Informatics, Mobile Health, and Social Media for Health: Part...
Consumer Health Informatics, Mobile Health, and Social Media for Health: Part...
 

Prognosis (Evidence-Based Medicine for Year 5 Ramathibodi Medical Students) (October 2019)

  • 1. Evidence-Based Medicine II: Prognosis āļ­. āļ™āļž.āļ™āļ§āļ™āļĢāļĢāļ™ āļ˜āļĩāļĢāļ°āļ­āļąāļĄāļžāļĢāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļļāđŒ āļĢāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļŠāļē RAID 515 āļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ§āļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļŠāđ„āļĨāļ”āđŒāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ”āļąāļ”āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ“āļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļĒāđŒāļ āļēāļ„āļ§āļīāļŠāļēāđ€āļ§āļŠāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ„āļ“āļ°āđāļžāļ—āļĒāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĢāļēāļĄāļēāļ˜āļīāļšāļ”āļĩ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ
  • 3. EBM Keywords for Prognosis  Survival analysis (time-to-event analysis)  5-year survival, median survival & relative survival  Censoring  Kaplan-Meier curve (survival curve)  Log rank test  Cox regression (Cox’s proportional hazard model)  Hazard ratio
  • 4. Survival & Censoring  5-year survival rate: āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ (āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĒ) āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ 5 āļ›āļĩāļ™āļąāļšāđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē  Median survival: āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļēāļ™āļ§āļ™āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 50 āļĒāļąāļ‡ āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ (āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ•āļēāļĒ)  Relative survival: āļ­āļąāļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 5-year survival rates āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļĒāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™  Censoring: āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ (āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĒ) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļļāļ” āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ lost follow-up āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē
  • 5. Survival Analysis Introductory Paper Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
  • 6. Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
  • 7. Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
  • 9. Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
  • 10. Log Rank Test  āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļš Kaplan-Meier curves āļ§āđˆāļē āđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļžāļĻāļŠāļēāļĒāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļžāļĻāļŦāļāļīāļ‡  Null hypothesis: āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ survival curves āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 2 populations (i.e. probability āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļāļīāļ” āđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđƒāļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļ™āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ° āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļāļĢ)
  • 11. Log Rank Test Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
  • 12. Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
  • 13. Log Rank Test Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)
  • 14. Cox Regression  Log rank test āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ survival times āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ 2 āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ„āļĄāđˆ āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ„āļēāļ™āļķāļ‡āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāļœāļĨ āļ•āđˆāļ­ survival times  Cox regression āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļēāļĒ multiple regression āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļēāļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļĄāļē adjust āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡ survival times āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡ adjust āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđ† āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§  āļ•āļąāļ§āđāļ›āļĢāļ•āļēāļĄ (dependent variable) āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē “hazard” āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ probability āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāļīāļ” event āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ survive āļˆāļ™āļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāđƒāļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ„āļ·āļ­ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ risk for death at that moment
  • 20. Cox Regression Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)  The P values indicate that the difference between treatments was bordering on statistical significance, whereas there was strong evidence that age was associated with length of survival.  The coefficient for treatment, –1.887, is the logarithm of the hazard ratio for a patient given treatment 1 compared with a patient given treatment 2 of the same age. The exponential (antilog) of this value is 0.152, indicating that a person receiving treatment 1 is 0.152 times as likely to die at any time as a patient receiving treatment 2  That is, the risk associated with treatment 1 appears to be much lower.  However, the confidence interval contains 1, indicating that there may be no difference in risk associated with the two treatments.
  • 21. Cox Regression Bewick, Cheek & Ball (2004)  Using the Kaplan–Meier (log rank) test, the P value for the difference between treatments was 0.032, whereas using Cox’s regression, and including age as an explanatory variable, the corresponding P value was 0.052.  This is not a substantial change and still suggests that a difference between treatments is likely. In this case age is clearly an important explanatory variable and should be included in the analysis.  The exponential of the coefficient for age, 1.247, indicates that a patient 1 year older than another patient, both being given the same treatment, has an increased risk for dying, by a factor of 1.247. Note that, in this case, the confidence interval does not contain 1, indicating the statistical significance of age.
  • 22. Assumptions for Cox Regression 1. Censoring is unrelated to prognosis 2. Proportional hazards model: hazard at time t for a patient in one group is proportional to the hazard at time t for a patient in the second group
  • 23. Prognosis Checklist for Validity  Was a defined, representative sample of patients assembled at a common (usually early) point in the course of their disease?  Was patient follow-up sufficiently long and complete?  Were outcome criteria objective and unbiased (e.g. applied in a ‘blind’ fashion)?  If subgroups with different prognoses are identified, did adjustment for important prognostic factors take place?
  • 24. Prognosis Checklist for Results  What are the results?  How likely are the outcome events over time?  Survival curves (Kaplan-Meier)  Prognostic factors  HR  How precise are the prognostic estimates?  Confidence intervals
  • 25. Prognosis Checklist for Applicability  Can I apply this valid, important evidence about prognosis to my patient?  Is my patient so different to those in the study that the results cannot apply?  Will results lead directly to selecting or avoiding a treatment?  Will this evidence make a clinically important impact on my conclusions about what to offer to tell my patients
  • 27. Prognosis Example āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļŠāļēāļĒāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ­āļēāļĒāļļ 60 āļ›āļĩ admit āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ GI bleeding āļĄāļĩ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‰āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļđāļšāļšāļļāļŦāļĢāļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļ§āđˆāļē 30 āļ›āļĩ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒ āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ liver cirrhosis āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ–āļēāļĄāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‚āļēāļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļēāļ§āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāđƒāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļĢ āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ„āļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļĒāļ·āļ™āļĒāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”
  • 28. Prognosis Example P: In elderly men with liver cirrhosis, I: does smoking cessation and alcohol abstinence C: compared to do nothing O: improve survival (live longer)?
  • 29. Prognosis Example āļžāļīāļĄāļžāđŒ search terms āđƒāļ™ PubMed Clinical Queries āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ 5-year survival cirrhosis alcohol smoking āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ Category: Prognosis āļžāļš 5 āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Pessione et al: Five-year survival predictive factors in patients with excessive alcohol intake and cirrhosis. Effect of alcoholic hepatitis, smoking and abstinence. Liver Int. 2003 Feb;23(1):45-53.