1. REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
Presented by,
M.Uma Maheshwari
II M.Sc Botany

2. Remote sensing

3.  Science and art of obtaining information about an
area, object or phenomenon through the analysis of
physical data acquired from a distance by a device
that is not in direct contact
Definition

4.  1858 Balloonist G.Tournachon made photographs of
Paris from his balloon.
 Systematic aerial photography developed for military
and reconnaissance purposes beginning in World War
I and reaching a climax during the Cold War .
 Artificial satellites in the latter half of the 20th century
History

5.  Data acquisition
Energy source
Propagation of energy
Air borne/soil borne sensors
Presentation of sensor data in pictoral or digital form
 Data analysis
 Collection of ground data
 Interpretation of pictoral data
 Interpretation of digital data
 Preparation of maps
Basic concepts

6.  Photographic
 Non photographic
Sensors used in RS system

7.  Record the reflected solar energy from earth surface
 Camera mounted on the aircraft
 On development and printing aerial photographs are
produced
Photographic sensors

8.  Also called Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS)
 Record wide spectral range
 Operated from aircrafts and satellites
 Indispensible for satellite borne RS system
 It scans the ground, line by line perpendicular to the
direction of satellite or air craft
 The scanning rate in adjusted
Non photographic sensors

9.  Along lines, MSS view only a small area of the ground
at a particular instant of time
 Called as Instaneous Field Of View (IFOB)
 The area on ground is called Ground Resolution
Element (GRE) or pixel

10.  Terrestrial ecology
 Aquatic ecology
 Animal ecology
 Ecological damage
Application

11.  By using FCC existing forest can be studied
 Study area can be mapped and classified into various
canopy classes
 Any decrease in forest can be easily determined
 Forest map is essential for planning of sampling sites
 Evaluation of remote sensing using aerial photograph
in a scale of 1:15000 provide multi level information
Terrestrial ecology

12.  Prohibitive cost
 Non availability of recent and sequential photographs
 Restricted nature
 Problems related to procurement and scale distortion
Limitations of RS in forest inventories

13.  AP and FCC can be utilized to locate and determine
sites from water samples for planktonic studies
 FCC can be used for
 Determining different natural basins
 Selection of water sampling sites for determining various
chemical quality
 Level of pollution of surface water
Aquatic ecology

14.  Location of an animal for plotting movements and
calculating home range
 To assist in location of an animal for direct
observation
 To record data like EEG, ECG, respiration rate and
internal or surface body temperature
Animal ecology

15.  Environmental impact assessment
 Offshore fishing
 Crop inventory
 Crop yielding forecasting
Other applications in ecology

16.  Monitor ecological threats and long term effects to
the earth’s natural surface and areas relevant to
human activities
 Much damage is imposed on vegetation such as areas
affected by forest fires and grassland burns
 Very easy to see the destruction deposits with
volcanic eruptions and sand storms
 Oil spills – another catastrophe
 Monitoring any changes that threats the lives of
endangered animal or plant life
Ecological damage

17. GIS-Geographic Information
System

18.  GIS is a system for managing spatial data and
associated attributes
 Performs 5 tasks
 Input
 Manipulation
 Management
 Query and analysis
 Visualization
Definition

19.  Relating information from different sources
 Data representation
 Data capture
 Data manipulation
 Projections, coordinate systems and registration
 Spatial analysis
 Graphic display techniques
Techniques used in GIS

20.  Two components
 Graphical data about geographical features
 Tabular data about features in the geography
Working patterns of GIS

21.  Variety of GIS software is available
 Important functional capabilities include
 Data capture
 Data storage
 Data management
 Data retrieval
 Data analysis
 Data display
Selecting a GIS

22.  Must have a spatial component
 All information are geo – referenced
 Geocoding- two methods
 Scanning
 Digitizing
 Involves in identifying the objects, location on earth
surface and their spatial relationships
Data capture

23.  Possible to link or integrate information through
various means
 Agricultural records can indicate how much pesticide
has been applied to a parcel of land
 By locating the parcels and intersecting them with
streams can predict amount nutrient run off
Data integration

24.  Tremendous amount of data into a map
 Decrease in low cost of disks the development of
high-density storage media
 Data sets on common server solves storage problems
accessible to multiple users
Data storage

25.  Projection is a fundamental component of map
making
 Transferring information from earth’s 3 D to 2 D
medium (paper or computer screen)
Projection and registration

26.  GIS convert data from one structure to another
 Satellite image is converted into readable form in
raster format
 Raster files can be easily read by the computer
Data structures
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3

27.  Samples taken in discrete location
 Used to depict 2D, 3D of earth’s surface
 It is easy to locate the different area with pH value of
oil and also soil
Data modeling

28.  Support the retrieval of features or by spatial
characteristics
 Position of a single feature
 Buffering is a action that retrieves within a specified
distance of a line, point or area
Data retrieval

29.  Spreadsheet and database analysis
 Computing new attributes
 Generating summary statistics
 Creating reports
Data analysis

30.  GIS is automated map making technology
 Prolific producer of maps
 GIS user can change scale at a push of a button
 But controlling the content is not so easy
Map making

31.  Environmental studies, geography, geology, planning,
business marketing
 Help to analyze large datasets
 Better understanding of terrestrial process
 Human activities to improve economic vitality and
environmental quality
Application