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Earthquake Epicenter-Follow the Rainbow

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Makati Science High School
Makati Science High School

Location of the Epicenter

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To Find The Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Follow the Rainbow! NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Copyright David Stolarz, January 22, 2010
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave The Completed Process
Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Start Simple – Draw a Line Down From the P-Wave to the Time Scale
Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Judge what time the P-wave starts
Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 08:16 17 18 19 A Quarter after 8 O’Clock! And No Seconds! A zoom-in shows P-wave starting at approximately 08:16:00
Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Put that value in the appropriate box
Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Repeat the same process for the S-wave.
Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 08:21:00 (S-Wave Time) -08:16:00 (P-Wave Time) Calculate the interval between the two wave arrivals at the seisomgraph
Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 08:21:00 (S-Wave Time) -08:16:00 (P-Wave Time) 00:05:00 (Time Difference) ( 0 Hours, 5 Minutes, 0 Seconds ) Enter that time in the appropriate box
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Go to page 11 of your Earth Science Reference Tables for the chart shown above
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Use the P-S Wave time interval to figure out the distance to the epicenter
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Scrap Paper Place Marks at P-S Wave Interval Time and at 0. Create a reference measurement using scrap paper and the P-S Wave value
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Scrap Paper Scrap Paper Slide paper up and over until the reference marks Line up with the P and S Lines. Find the proper place where the reference marks match the P and S Lines.
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Scrap Paper Lightly, make a reference mark in pencil on the reference table at this place on the P line. For convenience, make a light pencil mark on the P line for use in the next step
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Look straight down from the P line pencil mark and judge the epicenter distance. .2 .4 .6 .8
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km B C Lightly, make reference marks in pencil On the reference table at these two places . Enter that value for the epicenter distance with proper units.
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km B C Look across at the y-axis to Judge the time value 00:06:40 00:06:20 TravelTime(minutes)
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C Enter that value for the epicenter distance with proper units.
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C ERASE YOUR MARK! Erase your pencil mark on the P-wave to keep your reference table clean
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C 08:16:00 (P Arrival Time) 00:06:20 (P Travel Time) Calculate what time the earthquake happened using the Arrival and travel times
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C 08:16:00 (P Arrival Time) - 00:06:20 (P Travel Time)MINUS! Obviously, the earthquake happened earlier than when its was felt miles away
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C 08:15:60 (1 min. is 60 sec) 08:16:00 (P Arrival Time) - 00:06:20 (P Travel Time) Convert hours to minutes or minutes to seconds when necessary
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B C 08:15:60 (1 min. is 60 sec) 08:16:00 (P Arrival Time) - 00:06:20 (P Travel Time) 08:09:40 (Time at Origin) Put the calculated time of earthquake in the proper box
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Anything complex is easier when broken into smaller steps
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 C Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Judge what time the P-wave starts and enter it in the box
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 C Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Repeat the same process for the S-wave.
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 C Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Use the P-S Wave time interval to set reference marks for the sliding step
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Create a reference measurement using scrap paper and the P-S Wave value
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Find the proper place where the reference marks match the P and S Lines.
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Look straight down from the P line pencil mark and judge the epicenter distance.
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Look across at the y-axis to Judge the time value
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Put the calculated time of earthquake in the proper box
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Anything complex is easier when broken into smaller steps
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Follow the same overall process for Station C
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Judge what time the P-wave starts and enter it in the box
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Repeat the same process for the S-wave.
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Use the P-S Wave time interval and the y axis of the reference table
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Create a reference measurement using scrap paper and the P-S Wave time value
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Find the proper place where the reference marks match the P and S Lines.
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Enter that value for the epicenter distance with proper units.
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Calculate what time the earthquake happened using the Arrival and travel times
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Calculate and place the time of earthquake in the proper box
$Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave 3600 km All three arcs must pass through the earthquake epicenter, in this case, the San Andreas fault in California, USA. Using scrap paper. Use the Station info to locate the epicenter of the earthquake on a map
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km On the Station Map, Find Station A
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km Find Station B
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km Find Station C
$Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Distance to the Epicenter 3.6 x103 km 5.0 x103 km 7.6 x103 km Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Station A B C Use the Distance to Epicenter for each station
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Distance to the Epicenter 3.6 x103 km 5.0 x103 km 7.6 x103 km Distance to the Epicenter 3,600 km 5,000 km 7,600 km or Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Station A B C $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km Convert scientific notation for the distance to the epicenter for each station
NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km Using the scale bar below as the reference, scribe a circle around the three points using a compass, string, or scrap paper. 3600 km Distance to the Epicenter 3,600 km 5,000 km 7,600 km Station A B C Scribe the arc for Station A using the map scale distance
$Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave The two circles cross at two points. A third circle is needed to confirm the earthquake epicenter. 5000 km Distance to the Epicenter 3,600 km 5,000 km 7,600 km Station A B C Scribe the arc for Station B using the map scale distance
$Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave 3600 km All three arcs must pass through the earthquake epicenter, in this case, the San Andreas fault in California, USA. Using scrap paper. Distance to the Epicenter 3,600 km 5,000 km 7,600 km Station A B C If the distance is longer than the scale, use scrap paper to extend the scale.
$Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave 3600 km All three arcs must pass through the earthquake epicenter, in this case, the San Andreas fault in California, USA. Using scrap paper. Where the three arcs cross is the epicenter – Circle it!

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  • 1. To Find The Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Follow the Rainbow! NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Copyright David Stolarz, January 22, 2010
  • 2. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave The Completed Process
  • 3. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Start Simple – Draw a Line Down From the P-Wave to the Time Scale
  • 4. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Judge what time the P-wave starts
  • 5. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 08:16 17 18 19 A Quarter after 8 O’Clock! And No Seconds! A zoom-in shows P-wave starting at approximately 08:16:00
  • 6. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Put that value in the appropriate box
  • 7. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Repeat the same process for the S-wave.
  • 8. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 08:21:00 (S-Wave Time) -08:16:00 (P-Wave Time) Calculate the interval between the two wave arrivals at the seisomgraph
  • 9. Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Fill out the chart below using the three seismograms and the chart on Page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 08:21:00 (S-Wave Time) -08:16:00 (P-Wave Time) 00:05:00 (Time Difference) ( 0 Hours, 5 Minutes, 0 Seconds ) Enter that time in the appropriate box
  • 10. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Go to page 11 of your Earth Science Reference Tables for the chart shown above
  • 11. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Use the P-S Wave time interval to figure out the distance to the epicenter
  • 12. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Scrap Paper Place Marks at P-S Wave Interval Time and at 0. Create a reference measurement using scrap paper and the P-S Wave value
  • 13. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Scrap Paper Scrap Paper Slide paper up and over until the reference marks Line up with the P and S Lines. Find the proper place where the reference marks match the P and S Lines.
  • 14. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Scrap Paper Lightly, make a reference mark in pencil on the reference table at this place on the P line. For convenience, make a light pencil mark on the P line for use in the next step
  • 15. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 B C Look straight down from the P line pencil mark and judge the epicenter distance. .2 .4 .6 .8
  • 16. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km B C Lightly, make reference marks in pencil On the reference table at these two places . Enter that value for the epicenter distance with proper units.
  • 17. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km B C Look across at the y-axis to Judge the time value 00:06:40 00:06:20 TravelTime(minutes)
  • 18. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C Enter that value for the epicenter distance with proper units.
  • 19. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C ERASE YOUR MARK! Erase your pencil mark on the P-wave to keep your reference table clean
  • 20. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C 08:16:00 (P Arrival Time) 00:06:20 (P Travel Time) Calculate what time the earthquake happened using the Arrival and travel times
  • 21. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C 08:16:00 (P Arrival Time) - 00:06:20 (P Travel Time)MINUS! Obviously, the earthquake happened earlier than when its was felt miles away
  • 22. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 B C 08:15:60 (1 min. is 60 sec) 08:16:00 (P Arrival Time) - 00:06:20 (P Travel Time) Convert hours to minutes or minutes to seconds when necessary
  • 23. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B C 08:15:60 (1 min. is 60 sec) 08:16:00 (P Arrival Time) - 00:06:20 (P Travel Time) 08:09:40 (Time at Origin) Put the calculated time of earthquake in the proper box
  • 24. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Anything complex is easier when broken into smaller steps
  • 25. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 C Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Judge what time the P-wave starts and enter it in the box
  • 26. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 C Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Repeat the same process for the S-wave.
  • 27. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 C Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Use the P-S Wave time interval to set reference marks for the sliding step
  • 28. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Create a reference measurement using scrap paper and the P-S Wave value
  • 29. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Find the proper place where the reference marks match the P and S Lines.
  • 30. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Look straight down from the P line pencil mark and judge the epicenter distance.
  • 31. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Look across at the y-axis to Judge the time value
  • 32. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Put the calculated time of earthquake in the proper box
  • 33. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Anything complex is easier when broken into smaller steps
  • 34. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Follow the same overall process for Station C
  • 35. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Judge what time the P-wave starts and enter it in the box
  • 36. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Repeat the same process for the S-wave.
  • 37. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Use the P-S Wave time interval and the y axis of the reference table
  • 38. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Create a reference measurement using scrap paper and the P-S Wave time value
  • 39. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Find the proper place where the reference marks match the P and S Lines.
  • 40. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Enter that value for the epicenter distance with proper units.
  • 41. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Calculate what time the earthquake happened using the Arrival and travel times
  • 42. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 UsingScrapPaper Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Calculate and place the time of earthquake in the proper box
  • 43. $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave 3600 km All three arcs must pass through the earthquake epicenter, in this case, the San Andreas fault in California, USA. Using scrap paper. Use the Station info to locate the epicenter of the earthquake on a map
  • 44. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km On the Station Map, Find Station A
  • 45. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km Find Station B
  • 46. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km Find Station C
  • 47. $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Distance to the Epicenter 3.6 x103 km 5.0 x103 km 7.6 x103 km Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Station A B C Use the Distance to Epicenter for each station
  • 48. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Station Arrival Time of P-Wave Arrival Time of the S-Wave P-S Wave Interval Distance to the Epicenter P-Wave Travel Time Origin Time of Earthquake A 08:16:00 08:21:00 00:05:00 3.6 x103 km 00:06:20 08:09:40 B 08:19:00 08:26:00 00:07:00 5.0 x103 km 00:08:20 08:10:40 C 08:21:00 08:30:00 00:09:00 7.6 x103 km 00:10:20 08:11:40 Distance to the Epicenter 3.6 x103 km 5.0 x103 km 7.6 x103 km Distance to the Epicenter 3,600 km 5,000 km 7,600 km or Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave Station A B C $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km Convert scientific notation for the distance to the epicenter for each station
  • 49. NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km Using the scale bar below as the reference, scribe a circle around the three points using a compass, string, or scrap paper. 3600 km Distance to the Epicenter 3,600 km 5,000 km 7,600 km Station A B C Scribe the arc for Station A using the map scale distance
  • 50. $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave The two circles cross at two points. A third circle is needed to confirm the earthquake epicenter. 5000 km Distance to the Epicenter 3,600 km 5,000 km 7,600 km Station A B C Scribe the arc for Station B using the map scale distance
  • 51. $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave 3600 km All three arcs must pass through the earthquake epicenter, in this case, the San Andreas fault in California, USA. Using scrap paper. Distance to the Epicenter 3,600 km 5,000 km 7,600 km Station A B C If the distance is longer than the scale, use scrap paper to extend the scale.
  • 52. $Z $Z $Z A C B 0 5000 km NSF Funded CUNY GK-12 Science NOW Project Finding the Epicenter of an Earthquake Using the Difference in Time Between the P and the S Wave 3600 km All three arcs must pass through the earthquake epicenter, in this case, the San Andreas fault in California, USA. Using scrap paper. Where the three arcs cross is the epicenter – Circle it!