Anatomy of Computers

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Fundamentals of Computers

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Objective
On completion of this period, you would be able
to learn
 Organization of a Digital Computer
 Components of a computer

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Prerequisites
What is a computer?
Computer is an electronic data processing
machine

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Computer ? (Cont..)
 An electronic device
 which accepts input, processes it, and gives the
result as output

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Operations of a Computer ?
Accepts the input data
 Processes the data
Produces the information as output

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COMPUTER SYSTEM
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A Complete Computer System consists of:
Hardware - Physical components of a
computer.
Software - Set of programs.
Data - Information.
User - A person who works on a
computer.

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HARDWARE

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Software (C – Program):
1 /* Gioe.c
2 Class average program with
3 counter-controlled repetition */
4 #include <stdio.h>
5
6 int main()
7 {
8 int counter, grade, total, average;
9
10 /* initialization phase */
11 total = 0;
12 counter = 1;
13
14 /* processing phase */
15 while ( counter <= 10 ) {
16 printf( "Enter grade: " );
17 scanf( "%d", &grade );
18 total = total + grade;
19 counter = counter + 1;
20 }
21
22 /* termination phase */
23 average = total / 10;
24 printf( "Class average is %dn", average );
25
26 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
27 }

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Components of computer system
 Input unit
 Memory unit
 ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit)
 Control unit
 Output unit

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Block diagram of aBlock diagram of a digital computer
SECONDARYSECONDARY MEMORY
((BACKING STORAGE))
SECONDARYSECONDARY MEMORY
((BACKING STORAGE))
INPUT UNITINPUT UNIT
OUTPUT UNITUNITOUTPUT UNITUNIT
CPUCPU
CONTROLCONTROL UNITCONTROLCONTROL UNIT
MEMORY UNITMEMORY UNIT
ALUALU

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COMPONENTS (Cont..)
INPUT UNIT
Device, which accepts the program & data
from user
OUTPUT UNIT
Device, which shows results in desired form.

13. Input/ Output Unit
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14. Input/ Output Unit
• Input unit sends things (data) to the
computer and output unit presents things
(information).
• Input unit: keyboard, mouse, flash drive,
etc.
• Output unit: monitor, printer, speaker, etc.
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15. MEMORY UNIT
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16. MEMORY UNIT
• The memory unit is what allows a
computer to remember data and
information. Similar to human memory,
there is short term memory (RAM) and
long term memory (Hard Disk Drive
(HDD), Solid-State Drive (SSD) or
Compact Disk Drive (CDD)).
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17. MEMORY UNIT
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 MEMORY UNIT

19. MEMORY UNIT
• The amount of data that can be stored in
the storage unit.
• That in which storage capacity is
expressed in terms of Bytes.
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20. Memory Unit
Stores programs (Apps), Data (input,
output) and intermediate results
temporarily.
• Each memory location has an address.
• In general, program commands are stored
in consecutive memory locations.
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21. RAM AND CPU
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22. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
ALU (ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL UNIT)
CU (CONTROL UNIT)
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CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 CPU is the heart and brain of the computer.
 Combination of ALU & CU.

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ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
It performs two types of operations
 Arithmetic Operations
 Logical Operations

25. ALU
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26. ALU / RAM Performance
• The data to be processed arrives from
RAM and is held in registers
• a register is one of a small set of data
holding places that are part of a computer
processor . A register may hold a
computer instruction , a storage address,
or any kind of data (such as a bit
sequence or individual characters). Some
instructions specify registers as part of
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27. ALU / RAM Performance
• A signal from the Control Unit indicates
which arithmetic or logical operation to
perform.
• The ALU performs the operation and
places the result in the accumulator
• An accumulator is a register for short-term, intermediate storage of
arithmetic and logic data in a computer's CPU
• The results are usually sent to RAM so
that they can be output or stored on disk.
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Control Unit
 Responsible for coordination and cooperation
of various parts of a computer system
 Provides timing & control signals

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Summary
What is a computer?
Organization of a computer
Components of a computer

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Questions
1. What is a Computer?
2. Explain the block diagram of a digital
Computer with a neat diagram?
3. List the different components of a computer &
explain?

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Quiz
1. A Computer is called as ?
a) Electronic Machine
b) Mechanical Machine
c) Electromechanical Machine
d) Electrical Machine
Answer: a

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Quiz (Contd..)
2. Brain of computer.
a. Input Unit
b. Control Unit
c. CPU
d. Output Unit
Answer: c

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3. The meaningful form of data is called
a. instruction
b. data
c. information
d. all the above
Answer: c

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Assignment
With the help of your lecturer, try to identity
different parts of a computer system and try to
understand the working of the system

35. Prepared By
• Rajendra
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