Total eight Vavilovian centers of origin for crop plants. This regions includes all cultivated vegetables crops. Domesticated plants differ from their wild progenitors in several morphophysiological traits, most of which are associated with seed retention, dormancy and germination, growth habit, size, colour, and/or edibility of economically important organs. Crop wild relatives includes crop ancestors as well as other species more or less closely related to crops. they may be from different gene pools.They are a critical source of genes for resistance to diseases, pests and stresses such as drought and extreme temperatures

1. Centers of origin, wild relatives,
domestication and history of vegetable
crops research in India
Dr. Palanisamy Muthukumar
ICAR-ARS Scientist
Division of Vegetable Science
IARI, New Delhi

2. Centers of origin of vegetable crops
Mega gene
center
Primary centres of origin and
domestication
Secondary
centres
Chinese-Japanese Eggplant, wax gourd, chinese cabbage, welsh
onion
Water melon
Indo-chinese Sponge gourd, ridge gourd, bittergourd,cucumber
Yam,
Chinese cabbage
amaranth
Hindustani Drumstick, hyacinth bean, Bittergourd, cucumber Watermeoln,bottle
gourd
Central Asia Onion, garlic, spinach, carrot Eggplant, cauliflower
,okra
Near East Leek, beet , onion , garlic okra
Mediterranean White cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, beans,
radish
Sweet pepper, garlic
African Bottlegourd,cowpea, okra, eggplant Lima bean
European Siberian Lettuce Spinach ,carrot
South America Tomato, chilli, pumpkins , squashes, cassava Common bean
Central American
and Mexian region
North America
Sweet potato, amaranth, yam bean and hot
pepper
Melons, lima bean

3. Tomato
Origin : Andes mountain regions and Galapagos island
Cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentm Mill revised to
Solanum lycopersicum
Domestication
Human consumption- 15 th century in Europe
Commercial scale: 17 to 18 century in Italy

4.  Solanum lycopersicum L. (Peralta and Spooner, 2006), 2n=2X=24
 Second most consumed vegetable after potato
 Protective food (rich source of lycopene)
Possible spreading routes of the tomato beginning in the 16th century (Esquinas-Alcázar and Nuez, 1995).
History of tomato domestication in the world

5. Domestication of tomato in world
• Solanum sect. Lycopersicon
• cultivated tomato: Solanum lycopersicum (formerly Lycopersicon
esculentum)
• 13 closely related species or subspecies
• Mexican origin of domestication Jenkins, 1948
• Domesticated tomato and wild or weedy forms of the cherry tomato (S.
cerasiforme) (Peralta et al. 2008)
• Tomato first introduced to Italy 1521
• First description of the tomato in Europe 1544
• Andean region to Europe in the 16th century
• Tomato was probably used for human consumption 17 th century
• Tomato consumption very common by the mid-18th century.
• India introduced in to 18 th century

6. Solanum section Lycopersicon wild species
commercially utilized for tomato breeding
S. lycopersicum var.
cerasiforme
Tolerance to humidity, resistance to fungi
and root rot
S. cheesmaniae Joint less gene, high β-carotene content
S. galapagense Resistance to white fly
S. pimpinellifolium Colour, resistance to early blight, late blight
S. chmielewskii High sugar content , high TSS
S. neorickii Resistance to Grey mold
S. pennellii Resistance to drought
S. habrochaites Tolerance to cold and chilling, resistance to TLCV,
TMV
S. chilense Resistance to TLCV, TYLCV, CMV
S. peruvianum Resistance To TLCV, Nematodes

7. Brinjal Origin and Domestication
• Brinjal (S. melongena) occurs in wild or semi wild form in India.
• Various data indicate, that from the several species that evolved in Africa,
• S. incanum is spread to South-East Asia as the wild ancestor of S.
melongena (Lester 1998).
• India or Indochina are recognized as the entre of the eggplant diversity.
• Brinjal eggplant was described in India in 3rd century B.C. There were at
least 33 sanskrit names for eggplant in ancient Indian literature, the most
common being Varttaka, Bhantaki and Nattingan (Swarup 1995). The
growing of eggplant small fruited characters began in 4th century in China,
and in 9th century in Africa.
• Eggplant appears Mediterranean by the Arabs relatively late, probably in
7th century.

8. Source novel traits from brinjal wild
species
Specific traits Wild species
Resistant to shoot and fruit
borer
S. incanum, Solanum viarum
Fusarium wilt S. indicum
Verticillium wilt S. torvum
Phomopsis blight S. gilo, S. integrifolium
Bacterial wilts S. integrifolium, S. torvum

9. Chilli origin and domestication
• Capsicum will exceed 40 species.
• 5 species commercially domesticated and cultivated in the world
• C. annuum
• C. chinense
• C. frutescens
• C. baccatum
• C. Pubescens
• Capsicum was domesticated about 7000 BC (Andrews 1984).
• C. annuum is the most important and widely grown around the world
Species Source of novel traits
C. baccatum Resistance to anthracnose
C. chinense Resistance to anthracnose, viruses
C. chacoense Resistance to bacterial spot disease

10. Region of domesticated capsicum species in
South america

11. Centre of origin and domestication of 5 cultivated capsicum species
Chilli was first introduce in India during the 17th century period
Capsicum species introduced in to Europe 14-15 th century
Chilli

12. Cultivated vegetable brassicas and their
variations in edible parts
Botanical name 2n Common name Usage
B. oleracea
var. botrytis 18 Cauliflower Vegetable (inflorescence)
var. capitata 18 Cabbage Vegetable (head)
var. gemmifera 18 Brussels sprouts Vegetable (head)
var. gongylodes 18 Kohlrabi Vegetable, fodder (stem)
var. italica 18 Broccoli Vegetable (inflorescence)
var. acephala 18 Kale Vegetable, fodder (leaves)
var. alboglabra 18 Chinese kale Vegetable (stem, leaves)
B. oleracea is a highly polymorphic species with extensive variation in leaf, stem,
and inflorescence morphology.
It represents a classical example of structural evolution in plants

13. Vegetable brassicas origin
Centers of origin
• Italy - cauliflower and broccoli
• Belgium - Brussels sprouts
• Central Europe – Kohlrabi
• Europe - Cabbage

14. Geographic distribution and probable places of origin of different Brassica
species.
(Source: Dixon 2007).
Vegetable Brassicas
Vegetable brassicas are unique as various plant parts have been modified during
domestication for use—for example, roots, leaves, stems, and inflorescences.

15. Source of traits Species
High Glucoraphanin Brassica villosa
Resistant to Cabbage aphid B. incana
B. villosa
Resistant to Cabbage white fly B. cretica
B. incana
Resistant to black rot B. carinata
Resistant to Sclerotinia B. incana
Wild species commercially exploited for
breeding

16. History of Indian cauliflower
• Cauliflower was introduced to India in 1822 by Dr. Jemson, a botanist
from Kew, took charge of the Company Bagh (United Provinces,
Saharanpur in the northern plains) to carry out some horticultural
experiments during the period of the East India Company
• The Royal Agri-Horticultural Society, Calcutta (West Bengal), also
introduced seeds of English vegetables including cauliflower, in 1824
from South Africa
• During the days of the East India Company, the seeds of vegetable crops
• were brought to India from England in small sailing boats.
• The seeds were distributed to different parts of the country and
performance reports obtained from them. For about a century (1822 to
1929), cauliflower underwent selection by local growers.
• Selection made for early maturity and for adaptability to hot humid
weather

17. • The first four Indian varieties listed by Sutton
and Sons, India, in 1929
• Early and Main Crop Patna, and Early and
Main Crop Benaras
Indian cauliflower types

18. Origin and evolution of Indian cauliflower
• Cauliflower is harvested from late August or early September to late
February or early March in the north Indian plains
• Hills: March to November
• Indian plains can be broadly classed into four maturity groups depending
upon time of curd availability:
Maturity group I : September to October
Maturity group II : Early November to mid-November
Maturity group III : Early December to mid-December
Maturity group IV : Mid-January; and, mid-January to early March
Most of the cauliflower varieties in India carrying the IARI cauliflower blood.

19.  Cucumis sativus is native to the Indian
subcontinent
 Cucumbers were carried eastward and grown in
China by 2000 years ago.
 Until recently, cucumbers were thought to have
diffused westward at a very early time, being
familiar to the ancient Egyptians, Greeks,
Romans and Jews
Cucumber

20. Musk Melon
 Melon (Cucumis melo L.; 2n=2x=24) is a tropical
Old World species
 Africa as the region of domestication of melon
 Melon may have been first domesticated as a food
source in Egypt and Iran during the second and third
millennia BCE.
 India is the center of domestication, with the earliest
remains date to between 2300 and 1600 BCE at the
Indus Valley site of Harappa

21. Representative fruits of nondessert melon landraces of India
1. var. acidulus, 2. var. flexiosus, 3. var. chate, 4. var. memordica, 6. semi
domesticated wild melons

22. Water melon
Origin of different Citullus species in Africa
Origin : Africa
The crop was grown in India by at least 800 AD, and in China by 1100 AD.
The spread of watermelon into late in the 16th century.

23. Singh and Rana, 2014
Potato is originally a native of South American .
Lake Titicaca in Andes Mountains on the border of Peru and Bolivia
Potato origin and Domestication

24. Potato introduction in india
• Potato was introduced in India by the Portuguese during
early 17th century
• British took potato to hills in Northern Indian and Sri Lanka
• Potato cultivation was introduced in the Shimla hills in 1828
and Nilgiri hills in 1830
• By late 18th or early 19th century, the potato was an
important established vegetable crop in the hills and plains
of India

25.  Dr. S. Ramanujam (First Director ). The institute was
established in August 1949 at Patna and started functioning
from an old single-storey, barrack-type building provided by
the Government of Bihar.
 Three small units under the IARI looking after potato, namely
Potato Breeding Station at Shimla, Seed Certification Station
at Kufri, and Potato Multiplication Station at Bhowali were
merged with the newly created CPRI.
 The headquarter of the institute was shifted to Shimla,
Himachal Pradesh in 1956 in order to facilitate hybridization
work and better maintenance of seed health.

26.  Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) was drawn up in 1945
 Under the guidance of Sir Herbort Stewart, the then Agricultural
Advisor to the Government of India and CPRI was established in
1949 at Patna.
 Headquarters of CPRI was shifted to Shimla in 1956
 CPRI and AICRP account for more than 95% potato related
research in this country
 During 1956 to 1983, several regional research stations were
established in different potato growing zones of the country to
address local problems of potato cultivation

27. Seven regional research stations
1. Kufri, Himachal Pradesh
2. Jalandhar, Punjab
3. Patna, Bihar
4. Shillong, Meghalaya
5.Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh
6. Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh
7. Ooty, Tamil Nadu
All India Coordinated Research Project on Potato (AICRP-Potato) was
initiated 1971, with headquarters at CPRI.

28. Seed plot technique (SPT)
 Till mid-1960’s, potato seed production was restricted to high hills. This had
restricted the expansion of potato in India as the seed from spring crop in plains
was fully exposed to aphids and the seeds were degenerated within one season
and thus required to be replaced every year by the growers in the plains at very
high cost
 Seed Plot Technique first initiated at Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar
 Main aim: Quality seed production in NW plains under aphid free/low aphid
conditions.
 Result : Major centre of disease free seed production shifted from the hills to the
plains
 Main advantage: seed produced through seed plot technique in the plains not
only gave 30-40% higher yields but also was free from many soil and tuber borne
diseases and pests

29. True potato seed (TPS)
• An alternate technology for crop production through botanical seed
called True Potato Seed (TPS) has been developed by the CPRI.
• TPS suitable for regions where quality seed tubers cannot be
produced
• The TPS technology offers low cost on seed, case in storage and
transportation, and lower incidence of diseases and insect-pests
• Three TPS hybrids namely, TPS C-3, HPS I/13 and 92 PT-27 have
been recommended for commercial cultivation

30. Popular varieties released at CPRI
Till date, 50 potato varieties released
Specific purposes Varieties
First potato processing
variety
Kufri Himsona
Processing industry Kufri Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-2,
Heat tolerant variety Kufri Surya
Dual purpose (fresh and
processing)
Kufri Chandramuki, Kufri Jeevan, Kufri
Lauvkar
Suitable for intensive
cropping system
Kufri Jawahar
Wider adaptability Kufri Jyoti
Leading potato variety Kufri Sadabahar
Late blight resistant for
plains
K. Sutlej,
K. Jawahar, K. Anand,
Late blight resistant for
plains for hills
K. Megha, K. Giriraj, K. Swarna and K.
Girdhari

31. Central Tuber Crop Research Institute
(CTCRI)
• Dr A. Abraham, Prof. of Botany, in the Travancore-Cochin University
• served as Special Supervisory Officer of the Tuber Crops Research Schemes
in Kerala (Abraham et al. 1976)
• Main Tuber Crops Research Station was established in July 1963 by the
Government of India for intensification of research on the improvement of
tuber crops (other then potato) at Sreekariyam, near Trivandrum
• The Institute established in 1963 at Thiruvananthapuram
• The station was redesignated as Central Tuber Crops Research Institute
(CTCRI) with effect from 29th August 1964
• The All India Coordinated Research Project for Tuber Crops (AICRPTC) was
started by the ICAR in 1968

32. Achievements of CTCRI in tropical Tuber crops
Crops Specific purpose Varieties/hybrids
Cassava Short duration cassava varieties Sree Jaya and Sree Vijaya
High starch variety (Industry
purpose)
Sree Harsha
Sweet potato High yielding varieties Gouri and Sankar
Orange fleshed variety Sree Kanaka
White yam Dwarf variety Sree Dhanya
Greater yam First hybrid Sree Shilpa
Taro First hybrid Sree Kiran
Elephant foot
yam
First improved variety Sree Athira

33. Indian Institute of Horticultural
Research (IIHR)
• IIHR is established 1968 at Bangalore
• Arka Anamika (okra), Arka Manik (watermelon),
Arka Komal (French bean), Arka Kalyan (onion)
and Arka Vikas (Tomato) contributed immensely
to the horticultural GDP during the past three
decades

34. IIHR-Perspective
Crops Specific purpose Varieties/hybrids
Tomato Resistant to bacterial wilt F1
hybrids
Arka Abhijit, Arka Shreshta
Resistant to root knot nematodes Arka Vardan (F1 hybrid),
Resistant to TLCV Arka Ananya, Arka Rakshak,
Arka Samrat
Brinjal Resistant to bacterial wilt Arka Nidhi, Arka Keshav,
Arka Neelkanth,
Chilli First CGMS based F1 hybrids Arka Sweta, Arka Harita,
Arka Meghana
Okra Revolutionized YVMV resistant
variety
Arka Anamika
Pumpkin Small fruited type Arka Suryamukhi

35. Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research,
Rajgurunagar, Pune
National Research Centre for Onion and Garlic in VIII Plan with its
headquarter at Nasik in 1994
Onion Systematic breeding programme was started as early as 1960 at
Pimpalgaon, Baswant, Nashik and later at IARI, New Delhi.
Bhima Super, Bhima Red and Bhima Raj have the potential to grow in all three
seasons, viz., kharif, late kharif and rabi season in Maharashtra
Bhima Shubra, Bhima Shweta white onion varieties for dehydration industry
Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple garlic varieties for kharif season

36. Division of Horticulture at IARI
Genesis and Growth
Improvement work on vegetable crops began at IARI with
the establishment of a small section of vegetable crops in
the erstwhile Division of Botany during 1940.
 In 1956, a separate Division of Horticulture was established
with the objectives to conduct research in all major
horticultural crops including vegetables and impart
postgraduate teaching.
 It was further strengthened with creation of the Division of
Vegetable Crops and Floriculture in 1970.
In 1982, it gained independent identity as a Division of
Vegetable Crops. Its name was rechristened and known as
Division of Vegetable Science since Ist April, 2004.

37. SAUs
GBPUAT PANTNAGAR
The department of Vegetable Science was established
on January 31, 1995 after the bifurcation of the existing
department of Horticulture.
The major vegetables under the research programme
are Cauliflower, French bean, brinjal , pea, tomato,
okra, chilli, cucurbits, spices and potato.
The department has been able to develop and get
relased 34 vegetable varieties including four hybrids.

38. VIVEKANANDA PARVATIYA KRISHI
ANUSANDHAN SANSTHAN
•First open pollinated synthetic onion variety VL Piaz 3 for Uttarakhand.
 The institute was established at Kolkata
(then known as Calcutta) by Padma Bhushan
late Prof. Boshi Sen on July 4, 1924 and
named it as Vivekananda Laboratory.
 The Laboratory was permanently shifted to
Almora in 1936 and was being run on
donations and grants till it was handed over
to Uttar Pradesh Government in 1959.
 On October 1, 1974, ICAR took it over and
rechristened it as Vivekananda Parvatiya
Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan.
 Engaged in hill agricultural research for
North-Western Himalayan region of India . It
is a multi-crop and multi-disciplinary
institute

39. CCS HARYANA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,
HISAR
• Dr G Kalloo identified a TLCV resistance
source from S.habrochaites
• Identified ty-2 gene on chromosome number
11
• Hisar Anmol is the first TLCV resistant variety
in India

40. PAU Ludhiana
The Department of Vegetable Crops, Landscaping and
Floriculture was established in 1974. It was renamed as the
Department of Vegetable Crops in 1995 and then as the
Department of Vegetable Science in 2012.
Till date, the department has evolved 155 improved
cultivars of vegetable crops. Of these, 33 cultivars
have been identified at the national level.
Developing and commercially exploiting male
sterility in chilli and muskmelon.

41. • First GMS based F1 hybrid development in
chilli
• CH-1, CH-2 two hybrids revolution of F1
hybrids popularity in chilli
• First GMS based Punjab hybrid F1 hybrid
development in musk melon
Achievements of PAU in vegetable
breeding

42. YSPUHF Solan
The department of Vegetable Science was carved out of the
erstwhile Department of Horticulture in the year 1976.
The Centre of Advanced Studies in Horticulture (Vegetables) was
also sanctioned by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research
during VIII th plan to this department and is still continuing.
 Technology for growing of high value capsicum varieties in the polyhouse
 Technology for year round production of tomatoes in the poly house
 Technology on Organic production practices for vegetable crops

43. History of Vegetable Research in India
1940 : Seed production of temperate vegetable crops at Queta (now in pakistan)
1949: Established of a Vegetable breeding station at Katrain in Kullu Valley (H.P.)
Significant Achievements
First F1 hybrid of cabbage ‘Pusa Cabbage
Hybrid - 1’ from the public sector
A CMS based F1 hybrid of temperate carrot
‘Pusa Nayanjyoti’
A knol-khol variety ‘Pusa Virat’ was released by
the HP State Seed Sub Committee during 2012.

44. History of vegetable research in India
• The research on vegetable crops in India was initiated in
1947-48 by the ICAR with the sanctioning of a nucleus “Plant
Introduction Scheme” at IARI New Delhi.
• More systematic research on vegetables was, however,
organized with the creation of the Division of Horticulture at
the IARI, New Delhi in 1956-57
• Boost with the establishment of the Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research (IIHR) with a full-fledged Division of
Vegetable Crops at Bangalore in 1968
• All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on vegetables
• was started in July 1971

45. History of vegetable breeding in india
• Choudhury and Singh in 1971 first developed
the breeding of the F1 hybrid in India.
• 1971 to 1980 bottle gourd, brinjal, chilli
• 1980s tomato, brinjal, muskmelon,
watermelon, sponge gourd
• 1990s cauliflower, cabbage, summer squash,
chilli, bittergourd, capsicum, cucumber, carrot

46. • It was elevated to the status of a Project Directorate
of Vegetable Research (PDVR ) in 1986.
• During 1992, the head quarter Varanasi from IARI
New Delhi.
• PDVR was further upgraded to the level of national
institute under ICAR system during 1999 and named
as a Indian Institute of Vegetable Research.
• The AICRP on vegetables consists of 8 main centres,
18 sub-centres and more than 30 voluntary centres,
situated across the country in ICAR institutions, SAUs
and private organizations.

47. Hybrid vegetables in India
• Heterosis breeding in vegetables was initiated as early as
1908'in tomato followed by tomato 1916
• Commercial F1 Hybrids available Japan 1925
• In India, though the first report of heterosis in chilli came
in 1933 IARI, New Delhi
• first commercial F1 Pusa Meghdoot of bottle gourd
developed at IARI, Regional Research station Katrain and
released in 1971
• F1 hgbrids
• summer squash Pusa Alankar and cucumber hybrid seed
Cucumber Pusa Sanjog in 1973.

48. Hybrid vegetables
• First tomato hybrid ‘Karnataka’ and first Capsicum
hybrid 'Bharath' in 1973.
• Realizing the potentiality of vegetable
• hybrid technology in India, several projects have
been initiated by the I.C.A.R.
• This project was executed during 1995-96 in nine
vegetables tomato, Brinjal, chilli, capsicum, okra,
onion, cabbage cucumber and bitter gourd

49. AICRP Centres
Initially during 1971, the project was started with seven main centres and ten sub-centres
making a total of seventeen centres
In the V plan three, VI plan two,
VII plan two, VIII plan three and
XI Plan two new centres have
been added while in the VII plan
one centre namely Kovilpatti has
been deleted. NSP (Veg) has
been merged with AICRP(VC) in
XI Five year plan.
29 Approved centres
25 Voluntary centres

50. IARI Vegetable Varieties/F1 Hybrids Developed and Notified from Delhi AICRP
Centre
S.No crop No. of varieties/hybrids
1 Tomato 16
2 Brinjal 14
3 Cauliflower 18
4 Cabbage 04
5 Pea 02
6 Indian bean 02
7 Carrot 06
8 Radish 04
9 Bottle gourd 07
10 Onion 05
11 Bitter gourd 04
12 Amaranth 03

51. Thank you