1.
DIPLOMACY and
FOREIGN POLICY
Why diplomacy

2.
A Brief History of Diplomacy
• DIPLOMACY HAS BEEN PRACTICED SINCE THE
FORMATION OF THE FIRST CITY-STATES AND IS
ONE OF THE DEFINING ELEMENTS OF A STATE.
ORIGINALLY DIPLOMATS WERE SENT ONLY FOR
SPECIFIC NEGOTIATIONS, AND WOULD RETURN
IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEIR MISSION CONCLUDED.
DIPLOMATS WERE USUALLY RELATIVES OF THE
RULING FAMILY OR OF VERY HIGH RANK IN ORDER
TO GIVE THEM LEGITIMACY WHEN THEY SOUGHT
TO NEGOTIATE WITH THE OTHER STATE.

3.
A Brief History of Diplomacy
• MODERN DIPLOMACY'S ORIGINS ARE OFTEN
TRACED TO THE STATES OF NORTHERN ITALY IN
THE EARLY RENAISSANCE, WITH THE FIRST
EMBASSIES BEING ESTABLISHED IN THE
THIRTEENTH CENTURY. MILAN PLAYED A LEADING
ROLE, ESPECIALLY UNDER FRANCESCO SFORZA
WHO ESTABLISHED PERMANENT EMBASSIES TO
THE OTHER CITIES STATES OF NORTHERN ITALY.
IT WAS IN ITALY THAT MANY OF THE TRADITIONS
OF MODERN DIPLOMACY BEGAN, SUCH AS THE
PRESENTATION OF AN AMBASSADOR'S
CREDENTIALS TO THE HEAD OF STATE.

4.
FOREIGN POLICY DEFINED
GENERAL OBJECTIVES THAT GUIDE
THE ACTIVITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS
OF ONE STATE IN ITS INTERACTIONS
WITH OTHER STATES. THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN POLICY
IS INFLUENCED BY DOMESTIC
CONSIDERATIONS, THE POLICIES OR
BEHAVIOUR OF OTHER STATES, OR
PLANS TO ADVANCE SPECIFIC
GEOPOLITICAL DESIGNS.

5.
von Ranke
LEOPOLD VON RANKE EMPHASIZED
THE PRIMACY OF GEOGRAPHY AND
EXTERNAL THREATS IN SHAPING
FOREIGN POLICY, BUT LATER
WRITERS EMPHASIZED DOMESTIC
FACTORS. DIPLOMACY IS THE TOOL
OF FOREIGN POLICY, AND WAR,
ALLIANCES, AND INTERNATIONAL
TRADE MAY ALL BE
MANIFESTATIONS OF IT.

6.
FP
• FP in simplicity is….A POLICY
GOVERNING
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS AMONG
STATES IN THE
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
AND INTERNATIONAL
POLITIC

7.
Definition of Diplomacy
• THE ART AND PRACTICE OF CONDUCTING
NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN NATIONS
(PARTICULARLY IN SECURING TREATIES),
INCLUDING THE METHODS AND FORMS
USUALLY EMPLOYED.
DEXTERITY OR SKILL IN SECURING
ADVANTAGES; TACT. THE BODY OF
MINISTERS OR ENVOYS RESIDENT AT A
COURT; THE DIPLOMATIC BODY.

8.
Diplomacy Quotes
• DIPLOMACY: THE ART OF RESTRAINING POWER.
HENRY A. KISSINGER
• THERE ARE FEW IRONCLAD RULES OF
DIPLOMACY BUT TO ONE THERE IS NO
EXCEPTION. WHEN AN OFFICIAL REPORTS THAT
TALKS WERE USEFUL, IT CAN SAFELY BE
CONCLUDED THAT NOTHING WAS
ACCOMPLISHED.
• JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH

9.
Diplomacy Quotes
• All diplomacy is a continuation of war
by other means. Zhou Enlai
• We always have hoped that American
diplomacy deploys itself in dialogue
and persuasion rather than by
ultimatums. That is the path we want in
international relations.
Mahmoud Abbas

10.
Diplomacy simplified
• Diplomacy is basically a term that is
widely important for International
relations between various nations.
Diplomacy is the art of negotiations
between various countries.
• In international relations it forms the
basis for peace making, economics,
culture, trade wars etc.

11.
Types of Diplomacy
• Following are some types of Diplomacy:
- Informal Diplomacy
- Para diplomacy
- Cultural Diplomacy
- Economic Diplomacy
- Gunboat Diplomacy
- Ping Pong Diplomacy
- Preventive Diplomacy
- Public Diplomacy
- Shuttle Diplomacy
- Transformational Diplomacy

12.
Traditional Diplomacy
• TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY WAS MORE FORMAL
AND PROTOCOLS WERE EXTENDED TO SHOW THE
GOODWILL GESTURES. IT WAS BECAUSE OF THE
LESS EXPOSURE BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS
THAT IT WAS CONDUCTED MORE PRECISELY ON A
COMMON AGENDA OR THE REQUEST FOR THE
PERMISSION TO DISCUSS THE MATTER WAS PUT
TO THE OTHER SIDE FOR FORMAL GAIN OF
PERMISSION ON THE MATTER. THE TWO PARTIES
ALWAYS REPRESENTED SEPARATE TERRITORIES
AND LAWS AND THEY COULD NOT CHALLENGE
THOSE EXCEPT THROUGH WAR OR AGGRESSION.

13.
Traditional Diplomacy
• THE TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY DIRECTLY
REPRESENTS NATION STATES AND WILL
REMAIN VIABLE BUT WILL EVOLVE MORE
IN A MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENT AND
THE NATIONS WILL GROUP AND FORM
COLLITIONS FOR A COMMON PURPOSE
BUT ON A GLOBAL AGENDA WHICH WILL
BE SET ON THE FORUMS AND FLOORS OF
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.

14.
Traditional Diplomacy
• TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY BASICALLY RELATES
WITH TERRITORY. IT IS BASED ON THE
ASSUMPTION THAT COMMUNITIES ARE
ORGANIZED IN THE SOVEREIGN NATION-STATES
AND THE BORDERS AND LIMITS ARE CLEARLY
DEFINED. IT IS KNOWN AS TRADITIONAL
DIPLOMACY BECAUSE IT IS MORE COMFORTABLE
WITH GEOGRAPHY AND TERRITORY IS THE
CURRENCY OF DIPLOMACY. THE WORLD WHERE
TERRITORY IS NO MORE A DEFINING PRINCIPLE
DOES NOT NEED THE IMPLICATIONS OF
TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY.

15.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• DIPLOMACY HAS EXISTED SINCE THE
BEGINNING OF THE HUMAN RACE. THE ACT
OF CONDUCTING NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN
TWO PERSONS, OR TWO NATIONS AT A
LARGE SCOPE IS ESSENTIAL TO THE
UPKEEP OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS.
AMONG THE MANY FUNCTIONS OF
DIPLOMACY, SOME INCLUDE PREVENTING
WAR AND VIOLENCE, AND FORTIFYING
RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO NATIONS.

16.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• DIPLOMACY IS MOST IMPORTANTLY USED
TO COMPLETE A SPECIFIC AGENDA.
THEREFORE WITHOUT DIPLOMACY, MUCH
OF THE WORLD’S AFFAIRS WOULD BE
ABOLISHED,INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS WOULD NOT EXIST, AND
ABOVE ALL THE WORLD WOULD BE AT A
CONSTANT STATE OF WAR. IT IS FOR
DIPLOMACY THAT CERTAIN COUNTRIES
CAN EXIST IN HARMONY.

17.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• BACK TO THE 5TH CENTURY WHERE
DIPLOMACY AROSE IN CERTAIN
NATIONS. DATING BACK TO 432 B.C,
THE CONGRESS OF SPARTA WAS AN
“ILLUSTRATION OF DIPLOMACY AS
ORGANIZED BY THE GREEK CITY
STATES” (NICOLSON 1).

18.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD
“DIPLOMA” COMES FROM DIFFERENT
SIDES OF THE EARTH. IN GREECE
DIPLOMA MEANT “FOLDED IN TWO”,
WHILE IN ANCIENT ROME THE WORD
WAS USED TO DESCRIBE TRAVEL
DOCUMENTS. OFTEN TIMES THE
WORD DIPLOMACY IS GIVEN MANY
MEANINGS

19.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• MANY TIMES WILL THE WORDS “POLICY”
AND THE WORD “NEGOTIATION” BE SEEN
AS SYNONYMS; HENCE THE WORD
“DIPLOMACY” AND “FOREIGN DIPLOMACY”
ARE DEEMED TO BE SIMILAR (NICOLSON
3). THESE “SYNONYMS” OF DIPLOMACY
ARE ALL FAULTY. WHILE THEY MAY BE
VERY SIMILAR IN SOME CASES, THEY ARE
NOT THE EXACTLY THE SAME

20.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• SIR HAROLD NICOLSON WHO WAS AN
ENGLISH DIPLOMAT BORN IN TEHRAN,
PERSIA, STATES THAT: "DIPLOMACY IS
NEITHER THE INVENTION NOR THE
PASTIME OF SOME PARTICULAR POLITICAL
SYSTEM, BUT IS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT
IN ANY REASONABLE RELATION BETWEEN
MAN AND MAN AND BETWEEN NATION AND
NATION” (NICOLSON 4).

21.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• For the upkeep of the
International System,
diplomacy is used in every
corner of the world. Without it
many nations would not be able
to conduct successful
negotiations.

22.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• MODERN DIPLOMACY HAS BECOME
MUCH MORE ADVANCED AND MANY
ASPECTS HAVE CHANGED OVER THE
YEARS. THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
IN 1648 CREATED THE FIRST MODERN
DIPLOMATIC CONGRESS IN ADDITION
TO CREATING A NEW WORLD ORDER
IN CENTRAL EUROPE BASED ON
STATE SOVEREIGNTY.

23.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• MUCH OF EUROPE BEGAN TO CHANGE
AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF MODERN
DIPLOMACY. FOR EXAMPLE, “FRANCE
UNDER CARDINAL RICHELIEU INTRODUCED
THE MODERN APPROACH TO
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, BASED ON
THE NATION-STATE AND MOTIVATED BY
NATIONAL INTEREST AS ITS ULTIMATE
PURPOSE” (KISSINGER 17).

24.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• THERE ARE IN FACT MANY FUNCTIONS OF
DIPLOMACY THAT MAKE DIPLOMACY AN
ESSENTIAL INGREDIENT FOR ANY
PEACEFUL AND EFFICIENT CHANGE. THE
REASON TO NEGOTIATE WITH OTHER
PERSONS HAS ALWAYS BEEN THE SAME,
TO HAVE BETTER RELATIONS. OVER THE
COURSE OF DIPLOMACY BEING IN
EXISTENCE, THE STRUCTURE OF
DIPLOMATIC POSTS HAS CHANGED FROM A
LOOSE ONE TO AN ORGANIZED
INSTITUTION MADE FOR A SPECIFIC
PURPOSE.

25.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• WHILE THE STRUCTURE OF
DIPLOMATIC POSTS HAS CHANGED,
THE FUNCTIONS ALWAYS REMAINED
THE SAME. THERE ARE FOUR
FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMACY.

26.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• THE FIRST FUNCTION INVOLVES
“REPRESENTING A STATE’S
INTERESTS AND CONDUCTING
NEGOTIATIONS OR DISCUSSIONS
DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY COMMON
INTERESTS AS WELL AS AREAS OF
DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN THE
PARTIES, FOR THE PURPOSE OF
ACHIEVING THE STATE’S GOALS AND
AVOIDING CONFLICT” (AMERI 1).

27.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• REPRESENTATIONS OF A STATE AS WELL
AS NEGOTIATION ARE THE MOST
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMACY.
NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN TWO
REPRESENTATIVES ARE A KEY
COMPONENT IN DIPLOMACY, BECAUSE IN
DOING SO THE REPRESENTATIVES FIND A
COMMON INTEREST. FINDING A COMMON
INTEREST IS VITAL IN CONDUCTING
NEGOTIATIONS BECAUSE WITH A COMMON
INTEREST REPRESENTATIVES ARE ABLE TO
DEVISE A SOLUTION THAT IS IN THE
INTEREST OF BOTH SIDES.

28.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• THE SECOND FUNCTION OF DIPLOMACY
INVOLVES “THE GATHERING OF
INFORMATION AND SUBSEQUENT
IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF THE
RECEIVING STATE’S FOREIGN POLICY
GOALS” (AMERI 1). DIPLOMATIC POSTS ARE
CONCERNED WITH GATHERING
INFORMATION; HOWEVER WHEN THE
INFORMATION IS SENT BACK TO THEIR
NATIVE COUNTRY A FOREIGN MINISTRY
ANALYZES THE DATA AND DETERMINES
WHAT FOREIGN POLICY SHOULD BE
ENACTED.

29.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• THE THIRD MAJOR FUNCTION OF
DIPLOMACY IS EXPANSION OF
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND
CULTURAL TIES BETWEEN TWO
COUNTRIES (AMERI 2). FOR EXAMPLE,
AFTER WWII COUNTRIES SUCH AS
THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN
AIMED THEIR FOREIGN POLICY AT
THE EXTERMINATION OF
COMMUNISM.

30.
The Functions of Diplomacy
• FINALLY, THE FOURTH FUNCTION OF
DIPLOMACY IS THAT “DIPLOMACY IS
THE FACILITATING OR ENFORCING
VEHICLE FOR THE OBSERVATION OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW” (AMERI 2). IT IS
THE DIPLOMAT’S JOB TO PROMOTE
THE COUNTRY’S NATIONAL
INTERESTS AND KEEP TIES WITH
OTHER COUNTRIES OPEN.