The document discusses bipolar junction transistors (BJTs). It describes the basic construction of an NPN and PNP transistor including the emitter, base, and collector regions. It explains that the base-emitter junction must be forward biased and the base-collector junction must be reverse biased for the transistor to operate properly. The document also discusses BJT biasing circuits, operating regions including cutoff, saturation, and active modes, and uses of BJTs as switches and amplifiers.
2. Contents
โข Bipolar Junction transistors
โข Construction
โข Circuit diagrams
โข BJT biasing circuits
โข Q-point
โข BJT as a switch
โข BJT as an Amplifier
3. โข Transistor is a combination of two words i.e.
transfer and resistor. It is because a transistor
is basically a resistor that amplifies electrical
impulses as they are transferred through it
from its input to output terminal.
Transistor
4. โข A transistor has three doped regions.
โข The bottom region is called the emitter
โข The middle region is the base
โข And the top region is the collector.
โข In an actual transistor, the base region is much thinner as compared to the
collector and emitter regions.
โข The transistor Shown in figure (b) is an npn device because there is a p region
between two n regions. Recall that the majority carriers are free electrons in n-
type material and holes in p-type material.
โข Transistors shown in figure (c) is an pnp. A pnp transistor has an n region
between two p regions. To avoid confusion between the npn and the pnp
transistors, our early discussions will focus on the npn transistor.
Architecture of a Transistor
5. โข There are two types of BJTs, the npn and pnp.
โข The two junctions are termed the base-emitter junction and
the base-collector junction
โข The term bipolar refers to the use of both holes and electrons
as charge carriers in the transistor structure
โข In order for the transistor to operate properly, the two
junctions must have the correct dc bias voltages
โ the base-emitter (BE) junction is forward biased(>=0.7V
for Si, >=0.3V for Ge)
โ the base-collector (BC) junction is reverse biased
Architecture of a BJTs
6. โข An integrated circuit (IC) consists of
transistors, resistors, diodes and capacitors
combined together in one wafer-thin chip of
silicon. This one wafer-thin chip is called a
microchip. The microchip is only a few
millimeters square with a thickness of 0.5 mm.
IC?
7. Emitter
It is the most heavily doped part of the transistor. Its
major function is to supply the majority charge carriers
to base.
Base
It is the smallest part of the transistor with 10.6mm
area and it is lightly doped.
Collector
It is physically the largest part of the transistor. Its
major function is to collect the charge carriers.
Parts of a Transistor
9. The minus signs represent free electrons.
The heavily doped emitter has the following job:
to emit or inject its free electrons into the base.
The lightly doped base also has a well-defined
purpose: to pass emitter-injected electrons on to
the collector.
The collector is so named because it collects or
gathers most of the electrons from the base.
The left source VBB of forward-biases the emitter
diode, and the right source VCC reverse-biases the
collector Diode.
VBB forward-biases the emitter diode, forcing the
free electrons in the emitter to enter the base.
The thin and lightly doped base gives almost all
these electrons enough time to diffuse into the
collector. These electrons flow through the
collector, through RC, and into the positive
terminal of the VCC voltage source.
Basic Circuit of a BJT
11. โข Recall Kirchhoffโs current law. It says that the sum of all
currents into a point or junction equals the sum of all
currents out of the point or junction. When applied to a
transistor, Kirchhoffโs current law gives us this important
relationship:
IE = IC + IB
IC >> IB
IE = IC
โข alpha (๏กDC)
IC = ๏กDCIE
โข beta (๏ขDC)
IC = ๏ขDCIB
โ ๏ขDC typically has a value between 20 and 200.
DC Analysis of BJTs (Transistor Currents)
14. DC Analysis of a Transistor
As the base-emitter junction is forward bias so,
VBE โ0.7 V
Since the emitter is at ground (0V), by Kirchoffโs Voltage law
VRB=VBB โ VBE
Also by OHMโS law VRB = IBRB
Substituting for VRB yields IBRB = VBB โ VBE
Solving for IB IB = VBB โ VBE
RB
The voltage at the collector with respect to the grounded emitter is
VCE = VCC โ VRC
Since the drop across RC VRC=ICRC
VCE = VCC โ ICRC
Where IC = ๏ขDCIB
The voltage across the reverse-biased collector-base junction is
VCB = VCE - VBE
DC Analysis of BJTs
15. โข DC voltages for the biased transistor:
โข Collector voltage
VC = VCC - ICRC
โข Base voltage
VB = VE + VBE
โ for silicon transistors, VBE = 0.7 V
โ for germanium transistors, VBE = 0.3 V
DC Analysis of BJTs
17. โข The base current, IB, is established by the base bias.
โข The point at which the base current curve intersects the
dc load line is the quiescent or Q-point for the circuit.
Q-Point
18. โข The voltage divider
biasing is widely used
โข Input resistance is:
RIN ๏ ๏ขDCRE
โข The base voltage is
approximately:
VB ๏ VCCR2/(R1+R2)
DC Analysis of BJTs
19. โข When used as an electronic switch, a transistor
normally is operated alternately in cutoff and
saturation.
โ A transistor is in cutoff when the base-emitter junction is
not forward-biased. VCE is approximately equal to VCC
โ When the base-emitter junction is forward-biased and
there is enough base current to produce a maximum
collector current, the transistor is saturated.
BJTs as a Switch
21. BJT Operating Regions
Operation
Region
IB or VCE
Char.
BC and BE
Junctions
Mode
Cutoff IB = Very
small
Reverse &
Reverse
Open
Switch
Saturation VCE = Small Forward &
Forward
Closed
Switch
Active
Linear
VCE =
Moderate
Reverse &
Forward
Linear
Amplifier
Break-
down
VCE =
Large
Beyond
Limits
Overload
22. โขCommon emitter mode
โขLinear Active Region
โขSignificant current Gain
Example:
โขLet Gain, ๏ข = 100
โขAssume to be in active
region -> VBE=0.7V
โขFind if itโs in active region
BJT as Amplifier