6. • Dalam budidaya ikan pakan
merupakan salah satu faktor
penting
• Biaya untuk pakan merupakan
salah komponen terbesar (sktr
50%)
• Biaya efektif dalam budidaya :
nutrisi seimbang, kualitas
terkontrol dan evaluasi scr
biologis
7. Apakah “nutrisi”?
• Nutrisi adalah ilmu ttg interaksi
antara nutrient dg bebrp bagian
organisme hidup
• Meliputi komposisi pakan, ingestion,
pencernaan, kemampuan mencerna,
pelepasan energy, pertumbuhan dan
reproduksi, dan eliminasi dr kotoran.
9. Nutrisi ikan
level yang paling efisien dlam
pemberian pakan tercapai jk
pemberian nutrien esensial dan
energi tersedia dlam proporsi
yg dibutuhkan ikan dan udang
untuk maintenan dan
pertumbuhan
*Nutrient: bahan kimia yg menyediakan that provides
nourishment to the body
*Energy adlh kemampuan untuk melakukan
kerja. Tak termasuk nutrien.
10. • Pakan dan bahan pakan
mengandung energi dan nutrien
esensial untuk pertumbuhan,
reproduksi dan kesehatan
hewan air
• Kekurangan atau kelebihan dpt
mengurangi pertumbuhan dan
menyebabkan kematian
11. Determination of feed utilization
Feed conversion ratio =
kg of feed fed
kg of fish gain
2 kg
=
1 kg gain
=
FCR of
2
2 kg
=
2 kg gain
FCR of
= 1
12. Tipe pakan
• Karnivora : pemakan daging
: pemakan
• Herbivora
tumbuhan
• Omnivora : pemakan tumbuhan
dan hewan/daging
15. Fate of Nitrogen and
Phosphorus from Feed
Food
100% N
100% P
Retained
30% N
32% P
Dissolved
87% N
10-40% P
Solids
13% N
60-90% P
Effluent
70% N
68% P
17. • PROTEIN
• KANDUNGAN PROTEIN IKAN SANGAT
TINGGI (50%-70%)
• SUMBER ENERGI UTAMA PADA PAKAN
IKAN (PERTIMBANGAN UTAMA DALAM
FORMULASI PAKAN IKAN)
• ENERGI METABOLISME 4,5 K CAL/G
• EFISIENSI TINGGI (>80%)
• PROTEIN HEWANI LEBIH MUDAH DICERNA
DARIPADA PROTEIN NABATI
18. • HARGA MAHAL
• KEBUTUHAN PROTEIN IKAN 2-3
KALI KEBUTUHAN HEWAN
DARAT
• DIPENGARUHI OLEH SUHU,
SPESIES/JENIS IKAN
• UDANG TAWAR (30%), NILA
(25%), UDANG LAUT (35-40%),
LELE (25-30%)
• TERDIRI DARI 23 ASAM AMINO, 10
ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL
• PENGHASIL AMONIAK
19. • AMONIAK DALAM DARAH BERACUN
BAGI IKAN
• DIKELUARKAN MELALUI INSANG,
URIN, DAN KOTORAN (FAECES)
• FUNGSI
:
• SUMBER ENERGI
• SUPLAI ASAM AMINO
• UNTUK MENGGANTI SEL-SEL YANG
RUSAK
20. • LEMAK/LIPID
• FUNGSI :
• SUMBER ENERGI
• SUPLAI ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL
• PRECURSOR
• ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL: O MEGA 3,
PUFA’S (POLYUNSATURATED FATTY
ACIDS)
• KEBUTUHAN : 5-15%
• KEKURANGAN : LUKA, HATI SAKIT,
PERTUMBUHAN LAMBAT, KEMATIAN YG
TINGGI
• KELEBIHAN LEMAK : TIDAK TERJADI
KESEIMBANGAN PENCERNAAN,
KELEBIHAN LEMAK PADA JARINGAN
• EFISIENSI 84 %
21. • KARBOHIDRAT
• DIBUTUHKAN DALAM JUMLAH YANG
SEDIKIT (MAKS 12%)
• TIDAK SEPENTING PROTEIN DAN
LEMAK
• SEBAGAI PENGGANTI ENERGI JIKA
KEKURANGAN PROTEIN
• EFISIENSI 40%
• SUKAR DICERNA OLEH IKAN
• KELEBIHAN MENYEBABKAN
PEMBENGKAKAN LIVER
• HARGA MURAH
22. • VITAMIN
• SENYAWA ORGANIK YANG
BERFUNGSI DALAM R EAKSI
KIMIA DALAM TUBUH
• FUNGSI :
• PERTUMBUHAN
• REPRODUKSI
• KESEHATAN/KEKEBALAN TUBUH
23. • MINERAL
• IKAN DAPAT MENYERAP MINERAL
DARI AIR
• Ca DAN P = UNTUK
PERTUMBUHAN TULANG
= UNTUK KOFAKTOR
• Mg
ENZIM
• Fe = DARAH
24. • BINDER
• PEREKAT PADA PAKAN
• TERUTAMA DIGUNAKAN PADA
PAKAN UDANG
• PEMAKAIAN MAKSIMAL 10%
• TEPUNG KANJI, TEPUNG TERIGU,
DAN SAGU, GELATIN
26. Feed Appearance
• Feeding behavior of
aquatic animals is usually
associated with some
quality of the feed:
• odor, palatability, texture,
appearance, size
• bottom line: a
nutritionally-balanced
feed is of little value if
not consumed
• often, the animal must be
“attracted” to the particle
• example: shrimp feeds
w/attractants
• leached attractants are
detected through
chemoreceptors located
throughout their body
27. Attractability/Pallatability
• Shrimp, unlike fish, feed by olfaction, not by sight
• fish cue on color, appearance, movement, all vision-related
• attractants: fish meal, fish oils, krill meal, shrimp head meal,
Artemia meal
• feeds with added attractability should bring the target animal
immediately to the pellet
• without binders, attractants leach out in 2 hr
• if not consumed by then, forget it
28. Attractability/Palatabilit
y
• Common misconception:
if farmer can smell
attractant, the feed is
good
• again, we don’t smell
what they smell
• palatability: is particle
picked-up and then
consumed/ingested?
• Regards texture and
handling ability of pellet
• shrimp need this more
than fish because they
are sloppy eaters!!
29. Pellet Stability
• In the past, farmers thought
the longer the pellet
stability, the better the feed..
• We now recognize that if a
pellet has lost its
attractability, it will not
likely be eaten
• the key is to provide the right
combination of attraction
and stability
• accomplished via binders,
but expensive
• normal stability: around 4-6
hrs
• determined by: dry matter,
immersion, fractures, etc.
30. More on Appearance
• Because some aquatics feed
by smell, color is often
irrelevant (REM??)
• however, color can give you
an idea of the nutrient
composition and
manufacturing quality of the
pellet
• pellet color should be
uniform, few large ingredient
particles
• shrimp, unlike fish, can
remove tiny ingredient
particles and discard them
31. Feed Pellet Size
• What feed pellet size you feed
is determined by age of animal
• size of particle must be the one
most efficient for location and
consumption by animal
• proper nutrient package, right
size, well-distributed
• smaller pellets usually imply
easier distribution
• feed particles range in size
from less than 50 µM to over
1/8 in. diameter
32. Feed Pellet Size
• larvae: <50, 50-125, 250, 500 µM,
according to larval substage
• postlarvae: flakes, fine crumbles (500 µM)
• juveniles to 2-3 g: medium crumble (1mm)
to coarse crumble (2mm)
• 3-6 g: short pellet (3/32 x 2-4 mm)
• 6-10g: medium pellet (3/32 x 6 mm)
• 10-16 g: long pellet (3/32 x 10 mm)
• over 16 g: 1/8 in. diam, various lengths
• point: one pellet per shrimp per feeding
33. General Comments
• Now that you have an idea of how feeds
are formulated and produced, we will
discuss feed storage, management and
application
• three important issues: proper-sized
pellet, nutritionally-balanced, right
place/time
• how this is accomplished depends on: 1)
schooling behavior, 2) migratory behavior,
3) nutrient requirements, 4) physiology
34. Proper Feed Storage
• Because feeds contain ingredients that are
susceptible to degradation, you are
concerned with storage conditions and shelf
life
• What breaks down? Vitamins, lipids, proteins
• fats and oils break down via rancidification
• proteins can become deaminated: do not use
any feed over 3 months old
• big problem for those who import feed
35. Proper Feed Storage
• Watch out if your are
importing!! = delays
• Delays can turn feed into
high-priced fertilizer or make
it downright toxic!
• Feed typically shipped in 100
lb bags
• sea freight or over-land
trucking
• normal shipment: 450 x 100
lb bags in one 40 ft container
• if mill is nearby: shipment is
a granel or loose-pelleted
• a granel would imply that the
farm has a silo and bagging
system
36. Proper Feed Storage
• Feed bags are made of
many materials:
• paper on outside, plastic
liner
• continuous plastic (no
weave, no air holes)
• woven polymer
• typically contain labels
stating feed type, pellet
size, proximate analysis,
ingredients, date of
manufacture, etc.
• must be unloaded
immediately and placed
in proper storage
37. Proper Feed Storage
• Feeds should be stored in
a dry, cool and well-
ventilated area
• spoilage will occur
immediately if feeds
become wet:
temperature needs to be
consistent
• bags stored on wooden
pallets, not on floor
• no more than 5 bags high
between pallets
• allows for adequate air
circulation between bags,
constant or similar
moisture, temp
38. Proper Feed Storage
• Do not store bags directly
on concrete floors or
touching walls of building
• surfaces are often cooler
than the bag: moisture
migration
• feed moisture (around 8-
12%) will migrate to the
cool area, accumulate
• this encourages growth
of molds (REM:
Aspergillus flavius,
aflatoxin??)
• also avoid direct sunlight:
diurnal temperature flux
39. Proper Feed Storage
• Direct sunlight will adversely
affect the vitamin and lipid
quality of the feed
• do not store feed more than
3 months post manufacture
• feeds should be purchased,
delivered, and utilized on a
monthly basis (2-3 containers
per month for large farms)
• spoiled, wet or old feeds
cannot be used
• economic loss of feeding
deficient feed may be greater
than cost associated with
discarding it
40. Feeding of Shrimp
• The main issues regarding the
feeding of shrimp are the following:
• 1) growth rate
• 2) feed rate
• 3) pellet size
• 4) feed frequency
• 5) feed management
41. Growth of Penaeid
Shrimp
• Growth of penaeid shrimp
is quite fast, especially
during the juvenile phase,
right after stocking
• in some cases, it can
exceed 1000% per wk
• growth curves describing
weight gain of shrimp are
developed in terms of
percent weight gain per
day, or over any period of
time
• growth rate varies
throughout life cycle
42. Growth of Penaeid
Shrimp
• Growth of young shrimp is typically logarithmic or
exponential until 0.5-1.0 g
• afterwards, it normally becomes linear
• REM: just because weight is increasing, does not
mean biomass is increasing
• many times growth will be slow and then increase,
sometimes stop
• must be confirmed by biomass/population sampling
43. Growth of Penaeid
Shrimp
• When viewing growth
curves, it is important to
note that they seldom
appear as in the classical
representations
• they appear more like
jagged lines reflecting
sudden
increases/decreases in
mean body weight
• attributed to molt status
or sampling error
• in the first two days post-
molt, shrimp can gain 1-
1.5 g in weight
Growth, Pond 14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Weeks of Culture
Mean
Weight
(g)
44. General Feeding
Guidelines
• The smaller the shrimp, the higher the
percentage body weight fed as feed/day
• juveniles (less than 0.5 g) are fed up to
50% of their body weight per day
• the percentage decreases with weight of
shrimp
• as stocking density increases, most
farmers increase overall feeding rate for
entire production cycle
46. • Pemberian pakan harus cukup, tidak
“underfeeding” dan tidak berlebihan (yang
dapat menyebabkan pencemaran air).
UMUR (hari)
1 – 7
8 – 21
22 – 35
FREKUENSI (per
hari)
2 kali
3 kali
4 kali
WAKTU
06.00 ; 17.00
07.00 ; 15.00 ; 22.00
06.00 ; 11.00 ; 19.00
; 23.00
36 – 70 5 kali
71 – PANEN 5 – 6 kali
06.00 ; 10.00 ;
15.00 ; 19.00 ; 23.00
06.00 ; 10.00 ; 14.00
; 17.00 ; 20.00 ;
24.00
48. MBW (g) FR (%) MBW (g) FR (%)
1,0 – 1,9 8 – 11 11,0 – 11,9 3,5 – 3,25
2,0 – 2,9 8 – 7 12,0 – 12,9 3,25 – 3,0
3,0 – 3,9 7 – 6 13,0 – 13,9 3,0 – 2,75
4,0 – 4,9 6 – 5,5 14,0 – 14,9 2,75 – 2,5
5,0 -5,9 5,5 – 5,0 15,0 – 15,9 2,5 – 2,3
6,0 –6,9 5,0 – 4 ,5 16,0 – 16,9 2,3 – 2,1
7,0 – 7,9 4,5 – 4,25 17,0 – 17,9 2,1 – 2,0
8,0 – 8,9 4,25 – 4,0 18,0 – 18,9 2,0 – 1,9
9,0 – 9,9 4,0 – 3,75 19,0 – 19,9 1,9 – 1,8
10,0 – 10,9 3,75 – 3,5 20,0 – 20,9 1,8 – 1,7
Pemberian Pakan Setelah 1 Bulan
Pada umumnya, udang sudah mau makan di anco sejak umur 3
minggu, tetapi pakan di anco dapat habis saat umur udang di
tambak 30 hari. Setelah 30 hari, penambahan pakan harus
didasarkan pada hasil kontrol pakan di anco. Jumlah kebutuhan
pakan harian tergantung pada biomassa udang dan berat rata-rata
udang (MBW/ABW)
Tabel Persentase kebutuhan pakan udang per berat badan (Feeding Rate) untuk berbagai MBW
49. Petak
Sisa pakan di anco
Hasil
Keputus
an
1 2 3 4
A 0 0 0 0 4/4
Tambah
5 – 10%
B 0 0 0 + 3/4 Cukup
C + 0 + 0 2/4
Kurangi
5 %
D + + 0 + 1/4
Kurangi
10 – 15%
E + + + + 0/4
Kurangi
20 – 30%
Kontrol Pakan
Alat yang digunakan untuk memonitor pakan adalah anco. Kontrol
pakan bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan pakan oleh udang.
Tabel Hasil monitor anco dan keputusan penambahan/pengurangan pakan
51. Feeding of Penaeid
Shrimp
• The actual feeding guideline assumes a
specific growth rate according to season,
species of shrimp
• L. vannamei: dry season 0.5 g/wk, wet
season 1.5 g/wk
• L. stylirostris: dry season 1.5 g/wk, wet
season 1.5 g/wk (poor survival)
• has a targeted weight of shrimp to be
harvested based on experience,
investment requirements and market price
• must play around with it
• Can it be followed? Not usually.
52. Feed Management
• It is very difficult and often impractical to
follow a feeding guideline
• often not advisable
• only used as a general range for weight
• fine tuning/management comes from
estimation of feed consumption/biometry
• this is undertaken through use of feeding
trays and population sampling
53. Pond Biomass Sampling
• Determines overall population
of shrimp in ponds
• uses cast nets (no other
method available)
• cast net size: 8-10 ft
diameter (3 m)
• mesh size: 1/8 in. (0-5 g), 1/4
in. (5+g)
• pond matrix developed,
sampled as an “X”
• sampled at night (even
distribution), new moon
• at least 20 casts (can be
determined by CV)
• population = (count/cast net
area/spread coefficient) x
total pond area
54. Feeding Trays
• Developed back in the
80’s as a spin-off of
the intensification of
shrimp farming in
Taiwan
• overfeeding was
causing problems with
pond water quality
• originally placed a
portion of feed on tray
and estimated
“appetite”/consumption
by refused portion after
a period of time
• now-a-days used to
feed entire pond
55. Feeding Trays
• Method 1: if you are just
evaluating consumption, use
a small number of trays,
evenly distributed throughout
the pond
• semi-intensive: 2/ha,
intensive: 6/ha
• trays are 60-75 cm diameter,
ring weighted, use about 2
mm mesh on bottom
• add 150 g feed, read refused
portion after 2 hrs
• estimate as a percentage of
total, record as a simple
number (0,1,2,3) and
compare to a chart
recommending modifications
56. Feeding Tray Guideline
• No residual feed = 0 = 50% increase
• 0-10% residual = 1 = 25% increase
• 10-25% residual = 2 = 10% increase
• 25-50% residual = 3 = no change
• 50-75% residual = 4 = decrease 25%
• 75-100% residual = 5 = no feed
• issue: workers must be trained to
observe residual, must correlate
dry feed weight to wet feed volume
in samplers
57. Peruvian-style Feeding
Trays
• By this method, all feed
applied to trays
• trays are large, 3m x 3m,
10 trays/ha
• advantage: very accurate
consumption information
• advantage: all waste
accumulates near tray
• advantage: FCR will drop
25-35%
• disadvantage: 100
trays/10 ha pond; 3,000
trays per farm, 100
trays/worker/day
• issue: Is this cost
effective?
58. Feeding Schedule
• Shrimp are most active and well-
distributed at night
• daytime = poor distribution, less
activity
• feeding times: 05:00 (25%), 19:00
(25%), 0:00 (50%)
• pay very close attention to where
shrimp are at these times and
whether molting
• feeding times often have to be
adjusted to allow for only one group
of feeders
59. Feeding Frequency
• Most farms feed only twice per day
until 4-5 g, three times per day
afterwards
• nutrition available in feed is
enhanced by more frequent feedings
• translates into better weight gain
• also implies more cost in effort, not
practical for most farms
• also causes problems in terms
of pellet distribution
60. Feed Distribution
• Distribution of feed to shrimp is just
as important as nutrition and amount
• poor distribution means poor growth,
wasted energy on part of the shrimp,
economic loss to farm
• must understand migratory behavior
and physiological response
• must feed where the shrimp are
• each pond different
• time of day, entrance of water into
pond, turbidity, etc. are all important
61. Feed Distribution
• In other words, study the
pond
• know where to put the feed
• usually broadcast by hand
from boats in a zig-zag
pattern
• also distributed by blowers
on trailer, if ponds small
enough, wind OK
• blowers: 4,000 lb capacity,
45 ft throw
• equipped with balances for
proper dosage,
programmable hoppers
w/scales