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SUMBER ENERGI –
NUTRIEN PAKAN IKAN
Kenapa harus diberi pakan?
No fertilizer with fertilizer
Nutrient inputs
with feed
Jenis pakan
Formulated feeds
Agricultural by-products
brans and meals
Floating pellets
Sinking pellets
Bagaimana memberi pakan ikan?
hand
truck
timed automatic
Berapa banyak?
% body weight per day
5 % 3 %
to satiation
2 %
• Dalam budidaya ikan pakan
merupakan salah satu faktor
penting
• Biaya untuk pakan merupakan
salah komponen terbesar (sktr
50%)
• Biaya efektif dalam budidaya :
nutrisi seimbang, kualitas
terkontrol dan evaluasi scr
biologis
Apakah “nutrisi”?
• Nutrisi adalah ilmu ttg interaksi
antara nutrient dg bebrp bagian
organisme hidup
• Meliputi komposisi pakan, ingestion,
pencernaan, kemampuan mencerna,
pelepasan energy, pertumbuhan dan
reproduksi, dan eliminasi dr kotoran.
Budidaya ikan memerlukan
pengetahuan :
1.Nutrisi ikan;
2.Bahan pakan;
3.Formulasi pakan;
4.Pemberian pakan
•
Nutrisi ikan
level yang paling efisien dlam
pemberian pakan tercapai jk
pemberian nutrien esensial dan
energi tersedia dlam proporsi
yg dibutuhkan ikan dan udang
untuk maintenan dan
pertumbuhan
*Nutrient: bahan kimia yg menyediakan that provides
nourishment to the body
*Energy adlh kemampuan untuk melakukan
kerja. Tak termasuk nutrien.
• Pakan dan bahan pakan
mengandung energi dan nutrien
esensial untuk pertumbuhan,
reproduksi dan kesehatan
hewan air
• Kekurangan atau kelebihan dpt
mengurangi pertumbuhan dan
menyebabkan kematian
Determination of feed utilization
Feed conversion ratio =
kg of feed fed
kg of fish gain
2 kg
=
1 kg gain
=
FCR of
2
2 kg
=
2 kg gain
FCR of
= 1
Tipe pakan
• Karnivora : pemakan daging
: pemakan
• Herbivora
tumbuhan
• Omnivora : pemakan tumbuhan
dan hewan/daging
Kebutuhan pakan
• Energy
• Proteins (amino acids)
• Lipids (essential fatty acids, eg
PUFA)
• Carbohydrates
• Vitamins and Minerals
Penggunaan Energi
pakan
Pakan
dikonsumsi
Sisa pakan
Oksigen
dicerna
dimetabolisme
Pertumbuhan
Ekskresi &
Respirasi
Feses
Growth = In - Out
-sisa pakan
-Feses
-Ekskresi&Res
-Pakan
-Oksigen
C = P + R + U + F
energi pakan yang dimakan ikan (C) sama dengan
produksi daging ikan (P) + energi metabolisme (R) +
energi urine (U) dan energi feses (F)
Fate of Nitrogen and
Phosphorus from Feed
Food
100% N
100% P
Retained
30% N
32% P
Dissolved
87% N
10-40% P
Solids
13% N
60-90% P
Effluent
70% N
68% P
SUMBER
ENERGI
PAKAN
IKAN
PROTEIN
KARBOHIDRAT
LEMAK
• PROTEIN
• KANDUNGAN PROTEIN IKAN SANGAT
TINGGI (50%-70%)
• SUMBER ENERGI UTAMA PADA PAKAN
IKAN (PERTIMBANGAN UTAMA DALAM
FORMULASI PAKAN IKAN)
• ENERGI METABOLISME 4,5 K CAL/G
• EFISIENSI TINGGI (>80%)
• PROTEIN HEWANI LEBIH MUDAH DICERNA
DARIPADA PROTEIN NABATI
• HARGA MAHAL
• KEBUTUHAN PROTEIN IKAN 2-3
KALI KEBUTUHAN HEWAN
DARAT
• DIPENGARUHI OLEH SUHU,
SPESIES/JENIS IKAN
• UDANG TAWAR (30%), NILA
(25%), UDANG LAUT (35-40%),
LELE (25-30%)
• TERDIRI DARI 23 ASAM AMINO, 10
ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL
• PENGHASIL AMONIAK
• AMONIAK DALAM DARAH BERACUN
BAGI IKAN
• DIKELUARKAN MELALUI INSANG,
URIN, DAN KOTORAN (FAECES)
• FUNGSI
:
• SUMBER ENERGI
• SUPLAI ASAM AMINO
• UNTUK MENGGANTI SEL-SEL YANG
RUSAK
• LEMAK/LIPID
• FUNGSI :
• SUMBER ENERGI
• SUPLAI ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL
• PRECURSOR
• ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL: O MEGA 3,
PUFA’S (POLYUNSATURATED FATTY
ACIDS)
• KEBUTUHAN : 5-15%
• KEKURANGAN : LUKA, HATI SAKIT,
PERTUMBUHAN LAMBAT, KEMATIAN YG
TINGGI
• KELEBIHAN LEMAK : TIDAK TERJADI
KESEIMBANGAN PENCERNAAN,
KELEBIHAN LEMAK PADA JARINGAN
• EFISIENSI 84 %
• KARBOHIDRAT
• DIBUTUHKAN DALAM JUMLAH YANG
SEDIKIT (MAKS 12%)
• TIDAK SEPENTING PROTEIN DAN
LEMAK
• SEBAGAI PENGGANTI ENERGI JIKA
KEKURANGAN PROTEIN
• EFISIENSI 40%
• SUKAR DICERNA OLEH IKAN
• KELEBIHAN MENYEBABKAN
PEMBENGKAKAN LIVER
• HARGA MURAH
• VITAMIN
• SENYAWA ORGANIK YANG
BERFUNGSI DALAM R EAKSI
KIMIA DALAM TUBUH
• FUNGSI :
• PERTUMBUHAN
• REPRODUKSI
• KESEHATAN/KEKEBALAN TUBUH
• MINERAL
• IKAN DAPAT MENYERAP MINERAL
DARI AIR
• Ca DAN P = UNTUK
PERTUMBUHAN TULANG
= UNTUK KOFAKTOR
• Mg
ENZIM
• Fe = DARAH
• BINDER
• PEREKAT PADA PAKAN
• TERUTAMA DIGUNAKAN PADA
PAKAN UDANG
• PEMAKAIAN MAKSIMAL 10%
• TEPUNG KANJI, TEPUNG TERIGU,
DAN SAGU, GELATIN
Feed Management
in shrimp
Case Study
Feed Appearance
• Feeding behavior of
aquatic animals is usually
associated with some
quality of the feed:
• odor, palatability, texture,
appearance, size
• bottom line: a
nutritionally-balanced
feed is of little value if
not consumed
• often, the animal must be
“attracted” to the particle
• example: shrimp feeds
w/attractants
• leached attractants are
detected through
chemoreceptors located
throughout their body
Attractability/Pallatability
• Shrimp, unlike fish, feed by olfaction, not by sight
• fish cue on color, appearance, movement, all vision-related
• attractants: fish meal, fish oils, krill meal, shrimp head meal,
Artemia meal
• feeds with added attractability should bring the target animal
immediately to the pellet
• without binders, attractants leach out in 2 hr
• if not consumed by then, forget it
Attractability/Palatabilit
y
• Common misconception:
if farmer can smell
attractant, the feed is
good
• again, we don’t smell
what they smell
• palatability: is particle
picked-up and then
consumed/ingested?
• Regards texture and
handling ability of pellet
• shrimp need this more
than fish because they
are sloppy eaters!!
Pellet Stability
• In the past, farmers thought
the longer the pellet
stability, the better the feed..
• We now recognize that if a
pellet has lost its
attractability, it will not
likely be eaten
• the key is to provide the right
combination of attraction
and stability
• accomplished via binders,
but expensive
• normal stability: around 4-6
hrs
• determined by: dry matter,
immersion, fractures, etc.
More on Appearance
• Because some aquatics feed
by smell, color is often
irrelevant (REM??)
• however, color can give you
an idea of the nutrient
composition and
manufacturing quality of the
pellet
• pellet color should be
uniform, few large ingredient
particles
• shrimp, unlike fish, can
remove tiny ingredient
particles and discard them
Feed Pellet Size
• What feed pellet size you feed
is determined by age of animal
• size of particle must be the one
most efficient for location and
consumption by animal
• proper nutrient package, right
size, well-distributed
• smaller pellets usually imply
easier distribution
• feed particles range in size
from less than 50 µM to over
1/8 in. diameter
Feed Pellet Size
• larvae: <50, 50-125, 250, 500 µM,
according to larval substage
• postlarvae: flakes, fine crumbles (500 µM)
• juveniles to 2-3 g: medium crumble (1mm)
to coarse crumble (2mm)
• 3-6 g: short pellet (3/32 x 2-4 mm)
• 6-10g: medium pellet (3/32 x 6 mm)
• 10-16 g: long pellet (3/32 x 10 mm)
• over 16 g: 1/8 in. diam, various lengths
• point: one pellet per shrimp per feeding
General Comments
• Now that you have an idea of how feeds
are formulated and produced, we will
discuss feed storage, management and
application
• three important issues: proper-sized
pellet, nutritionally-balanced, right
place/time
• how this is accomplished depends on: 1)
schooling behavior, 2) migratory behavior,
3) nutrient requirements, 4) physiology
Proper Feed Storage
• Because feeds contain ingredients that are
susceptible to degradation, you are
concerned with storage conditions and shelf
life
• What breaks down? Vitamins, lipids, proteins
• fats and oils break down via rancidification
• proteins can become deaminated: do not use
any feed over 3 months old
• big problem for those who import feed
Proper Feed Storage
• Watch out if your are
importing!! = delays
• Delays can turn feed into
high-priced fertilizer or make
it downright toxic!
• Feed typically shipped in 100
lb bags
• sea freight or over-land
trucking
• normal shipment: 450 x 100
lb bags in one 40 ft container
• if mill is nearby: shipment is
a granel or loose-pelleted
• a granel would imply that the
farm has a silo and bagging
system
Proper Feed Storage
• Feed bags are made of
many materials:
• paper on outside, plastic
liner
• continuous plastic (no
weave, no air holes)
• woven polymer
• typically contain labels
stating feed type, pellet
size, proximate analysis,
ingredients, date of
manufacture, etc.
• must be unloaded
immediately and placed
in proper storage
Proper Feed Storage
• Feeds should be stored in
a dry, cool and well-
ventilated area
• spoilage will occur
immediately if feeds
become wet:
temperature needs to be
consistent
• bags stored on wooden
pallets, not on floor
• no more than 5 bags high
between pallets
• allows for adequate air
circulation between bags,
constant or similar
moisture, temp
Proper Feed Storage
• Do not store bags directly
on concrete floors or
touching walls of building
• surfaces are often cooler
than the bag: moisture
migration
• feed moisture (around 8-
12%) will migrate to the
cool area, accumulate
• this encourages growth
of molds (REM:
Aspergillus flavius,
aflatoxin??)
• also avoid direct sunlight:
diurnal temperature flux
Proper Feed Storage
• Direct sunlight will adversely
affect the vitamin and lipid
quality of the feed
• do not store feed more than
3 months post manufacture
• feeds should be purchased,
delivered, and utilized on a
monthly basis (2-3 containers
per month for large farms)
• spoiled, wet or old feeds
cannot be used
• economic loss of feeding
deficient feed may be greater
than cost associated with
discarding it
Feeding of Shrimp
• The main issues regarding the
feeding of shrimp are the following:
• 1) growth rate
• 2) feed rate
• 3) pellet size
• 4) feed frequency
• 5) feed management
Growth of Penaeid
Shrimp
• Growth of penaeid shrimp
is quite fast, especially
during the juvenile phase,
right after stocking
• in some cases, it can
exceed 1000% per wk
• growth curves describing
weight gain of shrimp are
developed in terms of
percent weight gain per
day, or over any period of
time
• growth rate varies
throughout life cycle
Growth of Penaeid
Shrimp
• Growth of young shrimp is typically logarithmic or
exponential until 0.5-1.0 g
• afterwards, it normally becomes linear
• REM: just because weight is increasing, does not
mean biomass is increasing
• many times growth will be slow and then increase,
sometimes stop
• must be confirmed by biomass/population sampling
Growth of Penaeid
Shrimp
• When viewing growth
curves, it is important to
note that they seldom
appear as in the classical
representations
• they appear more like
jagged lines reflecting
sudden
increases/decreases in
mean body weight
• attributed to molt status
or sampling error
• in the first two days post-
molt, shrimp can gain 1-
1.5 g in weight
Growth, Pond 14
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Weeks of Culture
Mean
Weight
(g)
General Feeding
Guidelines
• The smaller the shrimp, the higher the
percentage body weight fed as feed/day
• juveniles (less than 0.5 g) are fed up to
50% of their body weight per day
• the percentage decreases with weight of
shrimp
• as stocking density increases, most
farmers increase overall feeding rate for
entire production cycle
Pertemuan 9 dan 10.pptx
• Pemberian pakan harus cukup, tidak
“underfeeding” dan tidak berlebihan (yang
dapat menyebabkan pencemaran air).
UMUR (hari)
1 – 7
8 – 21
22 – 35
FREKUENSI (per
hari)
2 kali
3 kali
4 kali
WAKTU
06.00 ; 17.00
07.00 ; 15.00 ; 22.00
06.00 ; 11.00 ; 19.00
; 23.00
36 – 70 5 kali
71 – PANEN 5 – 6 kali
06.00 ; 10.00 ;
15.00 ; 19.00 ; 23.00
06.00 ; 10.00 ; 14.00
; 17.00 ; 20.00 ;
24.00
HARI
PAKAN
(kg)
No
PAKAN
HARI
PAKAN
(kg)
No
PAKAN
HARI
PAKAN
(kg)
No
PAKAN
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2
SB
SB
SB
SB
SB
01
11
12
13
14
15
16
3
3,3
3,6
3,9
4,2
4,5
01
01
01
01
01
01 / 02
21
22
23
24
25
26
6
6,5
7
7,5
8
8,5
02
02
02
02
02
02
7 2,2 01 17 4,8 01 / 02 27 9 02
8 2,4 01 18 5,1 01 / 02 28 9,5 02
9 2,6 01 19 5,4 01 / 02 29 10 02
10 2,8 01 20 5,7 01 / 02 30 10,5 02
Program Pakan untuk Bulan Pertama
Pemberian pakan didasarkan pada jumlah benur yang ditebar. Pemberian
pakan selama 30 hari pertama
Tabel Pemberian pakan untuk 1 bulan pertama per 100.000 benur
MBW (g) FR (%) MBW (g) FR (%)
1,0 – 1,9 8 – 11 11,0 – 11,9 3,5 – 3,25
2,0 – 2,9 8 – 7 12,0 – 12,9 3,25 – 3,0
3,0 – 3,9 7 – 6 13,0 – 13,9 3,0 – 2,75
4,0 – 4,9 6 – 5,5 14,0 – 14,9 2,75 – 2,5
5,0 -5,9 5,5 – 5,0 15,0 – 15,9 2,5 – 2,3
6,0 –6,9 5,0 – 4 ,5 16,0 – 16,9 2,3 – 2,1
7,0 – 7,9 4,5 – 4,25 17,0 – 17,9 2,1 – 2,0
8,0 – 8,9 4,25 – 4,0 18,0 – 18,9 2,0 – 1,9
9,0 – 9,9 4,0 – 3,75 19,0 – 19,9 1,9 – 1,8
10,0 – 10,9 3,75 – 3,5 20,0 – 20,9 1,8 – 1,7
Pemberian Pakan Setelah 1 Bulan
Pada umumnya, udang sudah mau makan di anco sejak umur 3
minggu, tetapi pakan di anco dapat habis saat umur udang di
tambak 30 hari. Setelah 30 hari, penambahan pakan harus
didasarkan pada hasil kontrol pakan di anco. Jumlah kebutuhan
pakan harian tergantung pada biomassa udang dan berat rata-rata
udang (MBW/ABW)
Tabel Persentase kebutuhan pakan udang per berat badan (Feeding Rate) untuk berbagai MBW
Petak
Sisa pakan di anco
Hasil
Keputus
an
1 2 3 4
A 0 0 0 0 4/4
Tambah
5 – 10%
B 0 0 0 + 3/4 Cukup
C + 0 + 0 2/4
Kurangi
5 %
D + + 0 + 1/4
Kurangi
10 – 15%
E + + + + 0/4
Kurangi
20 – 30%
Kontrol Pakan
Alat yang digunakan untuk memonitor pakan adalah anco. Kontrol
pakan bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan pakan oleh udang.
Tabel Hasil monitor anco dan keputusan penambahan/pengurangan pakan
Pertemuan 9 dan 10.pptx
Feeding of Penaeid
Shrimp
• The actual feeding guideline assumes a
specific growth rate according to season,
species of shrimp
• L. vannamei: dry season 0.5 g/wk, wet
season 1.5 g/wk
• L. stylirostris: dry season 1.5 g/wk, wet
season 1.5 g/wk (poor survival)
• has a targeted weight of shrimp to be
harvested based on experience,
investment requirements and market price
• must play around with it
• Can it be followed? Not usually.
Feed Management
• It is very difficult and often impractical to
follow a feeding guideline
• often not advisable
• only used as a general range for weight
• fine tuning/management comes from
estimation of feed consumption/biometry
• this is undertaken through use of feeding
trays and population sampling
Pond Biomass Sampling
• Determines overall population
of shrimp in ponds
• uses cast nets (no other
method available)
• cast net size: 8-10 ft
diameter (3 m)
• mesh size: 1/8 in. (0-5 g), 1/4
in. (5+g)
• pond matrix developed,
sampled as an “X”
• sampled at night (even
distribution), new moon
• at least 20 casts (can be
determined by CV)
• population = (count/cast net
area/spread coefficient) x
total pond area
Feeding Trays
• Developed back in the
80’s as a spin-off of
the intensification of
shrimp farming in
Taiwan
• overfeeding was
causing problems with
pond water quality
• originally placed a
portion of feed on tray
and estimated
“appetite”/consumption
by refused portion after
a period of time
• now-a-days used to
feed entire pond
Feeding Trays
• Method 1: if you are just
evaluating consumption, use
a small number of trays,
evenly distributed throughout
the pond
• semi-intensive: 2/ha,
intensive: 6/ha
• trays are 60-75 cm diameter,
ring weighted, use about 2
mm mesh on bottom
• add 150 g feed, read refused
portion after 2 hrs
• estimate as a percentage of
total, record as a simple
number (0,1,2,3) and
compare to a chart
recommending modifications
Feeding Tray Guideline
• No residual feed = 0 = 50% increase
• 0-10% residual = 1 = 25% increase
• 10-25% residual = 2 = 10% increase
• 25-50% residual = 3 = no change
• 50-75% residual = 4 = decrease 25%
• 75-100% residual = 5 = no feed
• issue: workers must be trained to
observe residual, must correlate
dry feed weight to wet feed volume
in samplers
Peruvian-style Feeding
Trays
• By this method, all feed
applied to trays
• trays are large, 3m x 3m,
10 trays/ha
• advantage: very accurate
consumption information
• advantage: all waste
accumulates near tray
• advantage: FCR will drop
25-35%
• disadvantage: 100
trays/10 ha pond; 3,000
trays per farm, 100
trays/worker/day
• issue: Is this cost
effective?
Feeding Schedule
• Shrimp are most active and well-
distributed at night
• daytime = poor distribution, less
activity
• feeding times: 05:00 (25%), 19:00
(25%), 0:00 (50%)
• pay very close attention to where
shrimp are at these times and
whether molting
• feeding times often have to be
adjusted to allow for only one group
of feeders
Feeding Frequency
• Most farms feed only twice per day
until 4-5 g, three times per day
afterwards
• nutrition available in feed is
enhanced by more frequent feedings
• translates into better weight gain
• also implies more cost in effort, not
practical for most farms
• also causes problems in terms
of pellet distribution
Feed Distribution
• Distribution of feed to shrimp is just
as important as nutrition and amount
• poor distribution means poor growth,
wasted energy on part of the shrimp,
economic loss to farm
• must understand migratory behavior
and physiological response
• must feed where the shrimp are
• each pond different
• time of day, entrance of water into
pond, turbidity, etc. are all important
Feed Distribution
• In other words, study the
pond
• know where to put the feed
• usually broadcast by hand
from boats in a zig-zag
pattern
• also distributed by blowers
on trailer, if ponds small
enough, wind OK
• blowers: 4,000 lb capacity,
45 ft throw
• equipped with balances for
proper dosage,
programmable hoppers
w/scales
Other Means of Feed
Distribution
Other Means of Feed
Distribution

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Pertemuan 9 dan 10.pptx

  • 2. Kenapa harus diberi pakan? No fertilizer with fertilizer Nutrient inputs with feed
  • 3. Jenis pakan Formulated feeds Agricultural by-products brans and meals Floating pellets Sinking pellets
  • 4. Bagaimana memberi pakan ikan? hand truck timed automatic
  • 5. Berapa banyak? % body weight per day 5 % 3 % to satiation 2 %
  • 6. • Dalam budidaya ikan pakan merupakan salah satu faktor penting • Biaya untuk pakan merupakan salah komponen terbesar (sktr 50%) • Biaya efektif dalam budidaya : nutrisi seimbang, kualitas terkontrol dan evaluasi scr biologis
  • 7. Apakah “nutrisi”? • Nutrisi adalah ilmu ttg interaksi antara nutrient dg bebrp bagian organisme hidup • Meliputi komposisi pakan, ingestion, pencernaan, kemampuan mencerna, pelepasan energy, pertumbuhan dan reproduksi, dan eliminasi dr kotoran.
  • 8. Budidaya ikan memerlukan pengetahuan : 1.Nutrisi ikan; 2.Bahan pakan; 3.Formulasi pakan; 4.Pemberian pakan •
  • 9. Nutrisi ikan level yang paling efisien dlam pemberian pakan tercapai jk pemberian nutrien esensial dan energi tersedia dlam proporsi yg dibutuhkan ikan dan udang untuk maintenan dan pertumbuhan *Nutrient: bahan kimia yg menyediakan that provides nourishment to the body *Energy adlh kemampuan untuk melakukan kerja. Tak termasuk nutrien.
  • 10. • Pakan dan bahan pakan mengandung energi dan nutrien esensial untuk pertumbuhan, reproduksi dan kesehatan hewan air • Kekurangan atau kelebihan dpt mengurangi pertumbuhan dan menyebabkan kematian
  • 11. Determination of feed utilization Feed conversion ratio = kg of feed fed kg of fish gain 2 kg = 1 kg gain = FCR of 2 2 kg = 2 kg gain FCR of = 1
  • 12. Tipe pakan • Karnivora : pemakan daging : pemakan • Herbivora tumbuhan • Omnivora : pemakan tumbuhan dan hewan/daging
  • 13. Kebutuhan pakan • Energy • Proteins (amino acids) • Lipids (essential fatty acids, eg PUFA) • Carbohydrates • Vitamins and Minerals
  • 14. Penggunaan Energi pakan Pakan dikonsumsi Sisa pakan Oksigen dicerna dimetabolisme Pertumbuhan Ekskresi & Respirasi Feses Growth = In - Out -sisa pakan -Feses -Ekskresi&Res -Pakan -Oksigen C = P + R + U + F energi pakan yang dimakan ikan (C) sama dengan produksi daging ikan (P) + energi metabolisme (R) + energi urine (U) dan energi feses (F)
  • 15. Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Feed Food 100% N 100% P Retained 30% N 32% P Dissolved 87% N 10-40% P Solids 13% N 60-90% P Effluent 70% N 68% P
  • 17. • PROTEIN • KANDUNGAN PROTEIN IKAN SANGAT TINGGI (50%-70%) • SUMBER ENERGI UTAMA PADA PAKAN IKAN (PERTIMBANGAN UTAMA DALAM FORMULASI PAKAN IKAN) • ENERGI METABOLISME 4,5 K CAL/G • EFISIENSI TINGGI (>80%) • PROTEIN HEWANI LEBIH MUDAH DICERNA DARIPADA PROTEIN NABATI
  • 18. • HARGA MAHAL • KEBUTUHAN PROTEIN IKAN 2-3 KALI KEBUTUHAN HEWAN DARAT • DIPENGARUHI OLEH SUHU, SPESIES/JENIS IKAN • UDANG TAWAR (30%), NILA (25%), UDANG LAUT (35-40%), LELE (25-30%) • TERDIRI DARI 23 ASAM AMINO, 10 ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL • PENGHASIL AMONIAK
  • 19. • AMONIAK DALAM DARAH BERACUN BAGI IKAN • DIKELUARKAN MELALUI INSANG, URIN, DAN KOTORAN (FAECES) • FUNGSI : • SUMBER ENERGI • SUPLAI ASAM AMINO • UNTUK MENGGANTI SEL-SEL YANG RUSAK
  • 20. • LEMAK/LIPID • FUNGSI : • SUMBER ENERGI • SUPLAI ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL • PRECURSOR • ASAM LEMAK ESENSIAL: O MEGA 3, PUFA’S (POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS) • KEBUTUHAN : 5-15% • KEKURANGAN : LUKA, HATI SAKIT, PERTUMBUHAN LAMBAT, KEMATIAN YG TINGGI • KELEBIHAN LEMAK : TIDAK TERJADI KESEIMBANGAN PENCERNAAN, KELEBIHAN LEMAK PADA JARINGAN • EFISIENSI 84 %
  • 21. • KARBOHIDRAT • DIBUTUHKAN DALAM JUMLAH YANG SEDIKIT (MAKS 12%) • TIDAK SEPENTING PROTEIN DAN LEMAK • SEBAGAI PENGGANTI ENERGI JIKA KEKURANGAN PROTEIN • EFISIENSI 40% • SUKAR DICERNA OLEH IKAN • KELEBIHAN MENYEBABKAN PEMBENGKAKAN LIVER • HARGA MURAH
  • 22. • VITAMIN • SENYAWA ORGANIK YANG BERFUNGSI DALAM R EAKSI KIMIA DALAM TUBUH • FUNGSI : • PERTUMBUHAN • REPRODUKSI • KESEHATAN/KEKEBALAN TUBUH
  • 23. • MINERAL • IKAN DAPAT MENYERAP MINERAL DARI AIR • Ca DAN P = UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN TULANG = UNTUK KOFAKTOR • Mg ENZIM • Fe = DARAH
  • 24. • BINDER • PEREKAT PADA PAKAN • TERUTAMA DIGUNAKAN PADA PAKAN UDANG • PEMAKAIAN MAKSIMAL 10% • TEPUNG KANJI, TEPUNG TERIGU, DAN SAGU, GELATIN
  • 26. Feed Appearance • Feeding behavior of aquatic animals is usually associated with some quality of the feed: • odor, palatability, texture, appearance, size • bottom line: a nutritionally-balanced feed is of little value if not consumed • often, the animal must be “attracted” to the particle • example: shrimp feeds w/attractants • leached attractants are detected through chemoreceptors located throughout their body
  • 27. Attractability/Pallatability • Shrimp, unlike fish, feed by olfaction, not by sight • fish cue on color, appearance, movement, all vision-related • attractants: fish meal, fish oils, krill meal, shrimp head meal, Artemia meal • feeds with added attractability should bring the target animal immediately to the pellet • without binders, attractants leach out in 2 hr • if not consumed by then, forget it
  • 28. Attractability/Palatabilit y • Common misconception: if farmer can smell attractant, the feed is good • again, we don’t smell what they smell • palatability: is particle picked-up and then consumed/ingested? • Regards texture and handling ability of pellet • shrimp need this more than fish because they are sloppy eaters!!
  • 29. Pellet Stability • In the past, farmers thought the longer the pellet stability, the better the feed.. • We now recognize that if a pellet has lost its attractability, it will not likely be eaten • the key is to provide the right combination of attraction and stability • accomplished via binders, but expensive • normal stability: around 4-6 hrs • determined by: dry matter, immersion, fractures, etc.
  • 30. More on Appearance • Because some aquatics feed by smell, color is often irrelevant (REM??) • however, color can give you an idea of the nutrient composition and manufacturing quality of the pellet • pellet color should be uniform, few large ingredient particles • shrimp, unlike fish, can remove tiny ingredient particles and discard them
  • 31. Feed Pellet Size • What feed pellet size you feed is determined by age of animal • size of particle must be the one most efficient for location and consumption by animal • proper nutrient package, right size, well-distributed • smaller pellets usually imply easier distribution • feed particles range in size from less than 50 µM to over 1/8 in. diameter
  • 32. Feed Pellet Size • larvae: <50, 50-125, 250, 500 µM, according to larval substage • postlarvae: flakes, fine crumbles (500 µM) • juveniles to 2-3 g: medium crumble (1mm) to coarse crumble (2mm) • 3-6 g: short pellet (3/32 x 2-4 mm) • 6-10g: medium pellet (3/32 x 6 mm) • 10-16 g: long pellet (3/32 x 10 mm) • over 16 g: 1/8 in. diam, various lengths • point: one pellet per shrimp per feeding
  • 33. General Comments • Now that you have an idea of how feeds are formulated and produced, we will discuss feed storage, management and application • three important issues: proper-sized pellet, nutritionally-balanced, right place/time • how this is accomplished depends on: 1) schooling behavior, 2) migratory behavior, 3) nutrient requirements, 4) physiology
  • 34. Proper Feed Storage • Because feeds contain ingredients that are susceptible to degradation, you are concerned with storage conditions and shelf life • What breaks down? Vitamins, lipids, proteins • fats and oils break down via rancidification • proteins can become deaminated: do not use any feed over 3 months old • big problem for those who import feed
  • 35. Proper Feed Storage • Watch out if your are importing!! = delays • Delays can turn feed into high-priced fertilizer or make it downright toxic! • Feed typically shipped in 100 lb bags • sea freight or over-land trucking • normal shipment: 450 x 100 lb bags in one 40 ft container • if mill is nearby: shipment is a granel or loose-pelleted • a granel would imply that the farm has a silo and bagging system
  • 36. Proper Feed Storage • Feed bags are made of many materials: • paper on outside, plastic liner • continuous plastic (no weave, no air holes) • woven polymer • typically contain labels stating feed type, pellet size, proximate analysis, ingredients, date of manufacture, etc. • must be unloaded immediately and placed in proper storage
  • 37. Proper Feed Storage • Feeds should be stored in a dry, cool and well- ventilated area • spoilage will occur immediately if feeds become wet: temperature needs to be consistent • bags stored on wooden pallets, not on floor • no more than 5 bags high between pallets • allows for adequate air circulation between bags, constant or similar moisture, temp
  • 38. Proper Feed Storage • Do not store bags directly on concrete floors or touching walls of building • surfaces are often cooler than the bag: moisture migration • feed moisture (around 8- 12%) will migrate to the cool area, accumulate • this encourages growth of molds (REM: Aspergillus flavius, aflatoxin??) • also avoid direct sunlight: diurnal temperature flux
  • 39. Proper Feed Storage • Direct sunlight will adversely affect the vitamin and lipid quality of the feed • do not store feed more than 3 months post manufacture • feeds should be purchased, delivered, and utilized on a monthly basis (2-3 containers per month for large farms) • spoiled, wet or old feeds cannot be used • economic loss of feeding deficient feed may be greater than cost associated with discarding it
  • 40. Feeding of Shrimp • The main issues regarding the feeding of shrimp are the following: • 1) growth rate • 2) feed rate • 3) pellet size • 4) feed frequency • 5) feed management
  • 41. Growth of Penaeid Shrimp • Growth of penaeid shrimp is quite fast, especially during the juvenile phase, right after stocking • in some cases, it can exceed 1000% per wk • growth curves describing weight gain of shrimp are developed in terms of percent weight gain per day, or over any period of time • growth rate varies throughout life cycle
  • 42. Growth of Penaeid Shrimp • Growth of young shrimp is typically logarithmic or exponential until 0.5-1.0 g • afterwards, it normally becomes linear • REM: just because weight is increasing, does not mean biomass is increasing • many times growth will be slow and then increase, sometimes stop • must be confirmed by biomass/population sampling
  • 43. Growth of Penaeid Shrimp • When viewing growth curves, it is important to note that they seldom appear as in the classical representations • they appear more like jagged lines reflecting sudden increases/decreases in mean body weight • attributed to molt status or sampling error • in the first two days post- molt, shrimp can gain 1- 1.5 g in weight Growth, Pond 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Weeks of Culture Mean Weight (g)
  • 44. General Feeding Guidelines • The smaller the shrimp, the higher the percentage body weight fed as feed/day • juveniles (less than 0.5 g) are fed up to 50% of their body weight per day • the percentage decreases with weight of shrimp • as stocking density increases, most farmers increase overall feeding rate for entire production cycle
  • 46. • Pemberian pakan harus cukup, tidak “underfeeding” dan tidak berlebihan (yang dapat menyebabkan pencemaran air). UMUR (hari) 1 – 7 8 – 21 22 – 35 FREKUENSI (per hari) 2 kali 3 kali 4 kali WAKTU 06.00 ; 17.00 07.00 ; 15.00 ; 22.00 06.00 ; 11.00 ; 19.00 ; 23.00 36 – 70 5 kali 71 – PANEN 5 – 6 kali 06.00 ; 10.00 ; 15.00 ; 19.00 ; 23.00 06.00 ; 10.00 ; 14.00 ; 17.00 ; 20.00 ; 24.00
  • 47. HARI PAKAN (kg) No PAKAN HARI PAKAN (kg) No PAKAN HARI PAKAN (kg) No PAKAN 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2 SB SB SB SB SB 01 11 12 13 14 15 16 3 3,3 3,6 3,9 4,2 4,5 01 01 01 01 01 01 / 02 21 22 23 24 25 26 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 02 02 02 02 02 02 7 2,2 01 17 4,8 01 / 02 27 9 02 8 2,4 01 18 5,1 01 / 02 28 9,5 02 9 2,6 01 19 5,4 01 / 02 29 10 02 10 2,8 01 20 5,7 01 / 02 30 10,5 02 Program Pakan untuk Bulan Pertama Pemberian pakan didasarkan pada jumlah benur yang ditebar. Pemberian pakan selama 30 hari pertama Tabel Pemberian pakan untuk 1 bulan pertama per 100.000 benur
  • 48. MBW (g) FR (%) MBW (g) FR (%) 1,0 – 1,9 8 – 11 11,0 – 11,9 3,5 – 3,25 2,0 – 2,9 8 – 7 12,0 – 12,9 3,25 – 3,0 3,0 – 3,9 7 – 6 13,0 – 13,9 3,0 – 2,75 4,0 – 4,9 6 – 5,5 14,0 – 14,9 2,75 – 2,5 5,0 -5,9 5,5 – 5,0 15,0 – 15,9 2,5 – 2,3 6,0 –6,9 5,0 – 4 ,5 16,0 – 16,9 2,3 – 2,1 7,0 – 7,9 4,5 – 4,25 17,0 – 17,9 2,1 – 2,0 8,0 – 8,9 4,25 – 4,0 18,0 – 18,9 2,0 – 1,9 9,0 – 9,9 4,0 – 3,75 19,0 – 19,9 1,9 – 1,8 10,0 – 10,9 3,75 – 3,5 20,0 – 20,9 1,8 – 1,7 Pemberian Pakan Setelah 1 Bulan Pada umumnya, udang sudah mau makan di anco sejak umur 3 minggu, tetapi pakan di anco dapat habis saat umur udang di tambak 30 hari. Setelah 30 hari, penambahan pakan harus didasarkan pada hasil kontrol pakan di anco. Jumlah kebutuhan pakan harian tergantung pada biomassa udang dan berat rata-rata udang (MBW/ABW) Tabel Persentase kebutuhan pakan udang per berat badan (Feeding Rate) untuk berbagai MBW
  • 49. Petak Sisa pakan di anco Hasil Keputus an 1 2 3 4 A 0 0 0 0 4/4 Tambah 5 – 10% B 0 0 0 + 3/4 Cukup C + 0 + 0 2/4 Kurangi 5 % D + + 0 + 1/4 Kurangi 10 – 15% E + + + + 0/4 Kurangi 20 – 30% Kontrol Pakan Alat yang digunakan untuk memonitor pakan adalah anco. Kontrol pakan bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan pakan oleh udang. Tabel Hasil monitor anco dan keputusan penambahan/pengurangan pakan
  • 51. Feeding of Penaeid Shrimp • The actual feeding guideline assumes a specific growth rate according to season, species of shrimp • L. vannamei: dry season 0.5 g/wk, wet season 1.5 g/wk • L. stylirostris: dry season 1.5 g/wk, wet season 1.5 g/wk (poor survival) • has a targeted weight of shrimp to be harvested based on experience, investment requirements and market price • must play around with it • Can it be followed? Not usually.
  • 52. Feed Management • It is very difficult and often impractical to follow a feeding guideline • often not advisable • only used as a general range for weight • fine tuning/management comes from estimation of feed consumption/biometry • this is undertaken through use of feeding trays and population sampling
  • 53. Pond Biomass Sampling • Determines overall population of shrimp in ponds • uses cast nets (no other method available) • cast net size: 8-10 ft diameter (3 m) • mesh size: 1/8 in. (0-5 g), 1/4 in. (5+g) • pond matrix developed, sampled as an “X” • sampled at night (even distribution), new moon • at least 20 casts (can be determined by CV) • population = (count/cast net area/spread coefficient) x total pond area
  • 54. Feeding Trays • Developed back in the 80’s as a spin-off of the intensification of shrimp farming in Taiwan • overfeeding was causing problems with pond water quality • originally placed a portion of feed on tray and estimated “appetite”/consumption by refused portion after a period of time • now-a-days used to feed entire pond
  • 55. Feeding Trays • Method 1: if you are just evaluating consumption, use a small number of trays, evenly distributed throughout the pond • semi-intensive: 2/ha, intensive: 6/ha • trays are 60-75 cm diameter, ring weighted, use about 2 mm mesh on bottom • add 150 g feed, read refused portion after 2 hrs • estimate as a percentage of total, record as a simple number (0,1,2,3) and compare to a chart recommending modifications
  • 56. Feeding Tray Guideline • No residual feed = 0 = 50% increase • 0-10% residual = 1 = 25% increase • 10-25% residual = 2 = 10% increase • 25-50% residual = 3 = no change • 50-75% residual = 4 = decrease 25% • 75-100% residual = 5 = no feed • issue: workers must be trained to observe residual, must correlate dry feed weight to wet feed volume in samplers
  • 57. Peruvian-style Feeding Trays • By this method, all feed applied to trays • trays are large, 3m x 3m, 10 trays/ha • advantage: very accurate consumption information • advantage: all waste accumulates near tray • advantage: FCR will drop 25-35% • disadvantage: 100 trays/10 ha pond; 3,000 trays per farm, 100 trays/worker/day • issue: Is this cost effective?
  • 58. Feeding Schedule • Shrimp are most active and well- distributed at night • daytime = poor distribution, less activity • feeding times: 05:00 (25%), 19:00 (25%), 0:00 (50%) • pay very close attention to where shrimp are at these times and whether molting • feeding times often have to be adjusted to allow for only one group of feeders
  • 59. Feeding Frequency • Most farms feed only twice per day until 4-5 g, three times per day afterwards • nutrition available in feed is enhanced by more frequent feedings • translates into better weight gain • also implies more cost in effort, not practical for most farms • also causes problems in terms of pellet distribution
  • 60. Feed Distribution • Distribution of feed to shrimp is just as important as nutrition and amount • poor distribution means poor growth, wasted energy on part of the shrimp, economic loss to farm • must understand migratory behavior and physiological response • must feed where the shrimp are • each pond different • time of day, entrance of water into pond, turbidity, etc. are all important
  • 61. Feed Distribution • In other words, study the pond • know where to put the feed • usually broadcast by hand from boats in a zig-zag pattern • also distributed by blowers on trailer, if ponds small enough, wind OK • blowers: 4,000 lb capacity, 45 ft throw • equipped with balances for proper dosage, programmable hoppers w/scales
  • 62. Other Means of Feed Distribution
  • 63. Other Means of Feed Distribution