PROGRAMMING FOR ENGINEERS
By: MUBAREK KURT

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND
PROGRAMMING
Chapter 1:

WHAT IS PROGRAMMING?
• A set of instruction given to computer for
executing certain tasks
• Using computer language such as C++,
Fortran,Cobol etc
• Language comes with rules
• A commercial program is called a software

BASIC STRUCTURE OF A
PROGRAM
• 3 main stages: input of data, Processing of data
and producing results.
Data input
Data
processing
Producing
result
Arithmatic
Solution
Logical
Operation

WHY PROGRAMMING IS
IMPORTANT?
• We give difficult or easy tasks to computer to be
executed.
• Problem solving in shorter time.
• Software may not be available.
• It’s money saving if you developed your own
software.
• To increase your copetency as an engineer.

WHY C++?
• Old language such as C do have its specialty but also
contain weaknesses.
• Its specialty is as the pioneer language, many
softwares are written using this language.
• Its weakness is it uses structural programming.
• C++ is an object oriented programming (OOP).
• Thus C++ has been the main computer language in
the world.

COMPUTER
COMPONENTS
• HARDWARE
• SOFTWARE

COMPUTER
LANGUAGES
1. Machine language
2. Assembly language
3. High level language

MACHINE LANGUAGE
• Machine language is a combination of binary
digit 1 and 0.
• Every number, letter and symbols can be
translated to binary code.
• In computer programming, number, letter
and symbols is called character.
• Main standard of conversion is theAmerican
Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII).
• In ASCII, there are 128 character, numbeed
between 0 to 127 and this number is
converted to binary number.

MACHINE LANGUAGE
Positions Character Binary number in
ASCII
Binary number in
Machine language
0 Null 0000000 00000000
1 SOTT 0000001 00000001
65 A 1000001 01000001
136 { 1111011 01111011
127 DEL 1111111 01111111

ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
• Assembly language is also called low level language
• Contain pneumonic codes that have special
meaning . For example, addition of 2 numbers to
become the third number is
ADD N1, N2, N3
• The meaning of codes is machine dependent.

HIGHER LEVEL
LANGUAGE
• Machine language that hss been standardly coded
• The language is like spoken language such as in english,
japan and france.
• There are more than 100 higher level language. Eg:
1. FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslation
2. C
3. C++ - Object oriented programming
4. BASIC - Beginning All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code
5. COBOL - Common Business Oriented Language
6. Java- Internet based language developed by
SunMicrosystem
7. C#. Similar to Java, developed by Microsoft Inc.

HIGHER LEVEL
LANGUAGE
• Command to computer is easily given.
• For example, in C++, to add 2 numbers and
keeping the answer,
hasilTambah = no1 + no2;
• However computer will not understand this
language. It needs a compiler to translate the
language to machine language.

APPLICATION PROCESS IN
C++
Source codes
Preprocessor
Modified source-code
Compiler
No error
Object codes
Linker
Executable codes
Library

DEVELOPING A
PROGRAM
Analyzing
the problem
Program Design
using
Algorithm
Conversion to
Program
Flow-chart Pseudo-code

ANALYZING THE
PROBLEM
• At this stage, think about the required:
1. Input
2. Output
3. Process
• Example: To develop a program to calculate
a circumference of a circle, give the radius
• Problem analyzing stage:
1. Input: Media – Keyboard
Data – a radius
2. Output: Media – Screen
Data – Circumference
3. Process: Circ = 2 x PAI x Radius

ALGORITHM
• Algorithm is a step by step procedure of
solving a problem.
– In the design stage.
– No algorithm No program  No
solution.
– Independent of computer language
(use your own language)

ALGORITHM
• What is needed in an algorithm
– input
– output
– Correct sequence: first comes first
– Simple/easy/non-confusing
– In general form-understood by any
readers
– Accurate in solving problem
– Finite – has an end
– Efficient
• Types: Pseudocodes, flow-chart etc

ALGORITHM
• 3 forms of algorithm:
1. Sequential
2. Control: decision making
3. Control : repeated solution

ALGORITHM
1. Sequential algorithm
Start
Step 1
:
Step n
End
2. Controlled algorithm: making decision
if condition then
true part
else
false part
endif

ALGORITHM
• 3. Controlled algotithm: Repeated solution
• While condition do
• Repeated part
• or
• Repeat n times
• Repeated part

ALGORITHM-
PSEUDOCODES
• Sequential steps written in own
language
• Each line is numbered.
• Each line represent 1 step, to be
executed only one time.
• It can be:
– In own language form totally
– In a mixed of own language and
programming language

ALGORITHM-
PSEUDOCODES
• Example: Sequential algorithm
• Pseudocode in own language
1. Start
2. Read (input) the radius
3. Circumference=2xxradius
4. Write the circumference
5. End
• Notice: The pseudocodes is numbered
and in sequence.

ALGORITHM-
PSEUDOCODES
• Pseudocode in mixed language
1. Start
2. cin the radius
3. Circumference=2xxradius
4. cout the circumference
5. End

DECISION MAKING
ALGORITHM
• Pseudocodes : making decision
1. Start
2. Read (input) the radius
3. if radius < 0 then
3a. Write circumference cannot be calculated
3b. Stop
4. Else
4a. Circumference=2xPAIxradius
4b. Write circumference
5. Endif
6. End

DECISION MAKING
ALGORITHM
• Pseudocodes : repeated solution-to
repeat radius input
1. Start
2. Read (input) the radius
3. Circumference=2xPAIxradius
4. Read yes or no to repeat
5. While yes to repeat
do 5a. Go to 2
5. End

FLOW-CHART
• Flow-chart contains boxes/symbols that
represent required operations and
arrows to show the sequence.
• Symbols:
– terminal (start, end)
– process (assign value, arithmatic
operation, etc)
– Input/ output

FLOW-CHART
– Document printing
– Decision making
– Loop (FOR)
– To continue on the same page
– To continue on different page
– Subrutine/ function

FLOW-CHART
Sequential flow-chart
Start
Read radius
Calculate
Circumference=2xpaixradius
Write circumference
End

FLOW-CHART
Decision
making flow-
chart
Calculate
Circumference=2xpaixradius
false
Start
Read radius
End
true
Radius<0
Write circumference

Flow-chart
for
repeated
solution
Start
Calculate
Circumference=2xpaixradius
Write circumference
Continue?
no
END
yes
Read radius
Read intention
to repeat

QUIZ
The second step before developing a program is
.

ASSIGNMENT 1
What is a flow-chart?