HDMI Troubleshooting & System Design

EST056: HDMI Troubleshooting
(plus HDMI System Design)
Mark Stockfisch
CEDIA Room B405/406a & B304
September 23 & 24, 2010
Atlanta, GA
Electronic Systems Technician

Administrative Details
Please turn off cell phones
Please complete course evaluations at
the end of the class
The code for this course is EST056
© 2010, Quantum Data Inc. All rights reserved. All text, images and graphics
are subject to the copyrights and other intellectual property rights of Quantum
Data Inc. These materials may not be copied or modified for commercial use or
distribution.

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HDMI Troubleshooting Agenda
Introductions Objectives of the course
HDMI Device & Cable Types Video & Audio Formats
HDMI Anatomy The Handshake
Known Problems Troubleshooting Techniques
Eliminating Problems Troubleshooting Summary

HDMI Design Agenda (after the break)
The A/V Interface Ecosystem Best Practices
Transmission Lines & Intrapair Skew Product Testing & Selection
Design Summary

Instructor Introduction
Mark Stockfisch, Vice President & CTO
Quantum Data Incorporated
http://www.quantumdata.com/lightningrod
Experience (34 years)
5-years Motorola the Quasar TV to Computer Displays transition
20-years QDI component analog video test equipment
9-years QDI digital video test equipment (DVI, HDMI, DP, …)
Co-chair CEA R4.8 WG7 and R4 WG16 standards workgroups
Member HDMI LLC Interoperability Workgroup
Official at CEA HDMI/HDCP plug-fests (semiannually)

Analog Component – The final chapter
Model 822S
Video Signal
Generator
(1997-1998)
Color Component
RGB/YPbPr
Analog Video
9 to 700MHz
pixels/sec
36-bits/pixel

822S Analog Waveforms
500pS
Rise/Fall

822S Analog Waveforms (continued)
500MHz
(3.3x 1080p60)

Super Bowl Sunday HDMI Nightmare
…as reported in CE Pro
by Eric Lee (Integrated
Control Experts)
Sources: www.cepro.com/article/a_super_bowl_sunday_hdmi_nightmare

CEDIA / CEA Technology & Standards
CEA R10
Residential Systems Committee
CEA R4
Video Systems Committee

Learning Objectives (Troubleshooting)
The purpose of this course is to teach participants the basics of
HDMI, the constituent parts of the interface and what they do, how
HDMI typically fails - by product type, how to troubleshoot HDMI
problems - with & without test equipment, and how to eliminate HDMI
problems once they are found. At the conclusion of this course,
participants should be able to:
Understand Identify Anticipate & Avoid Understand
• HDMI jargon,
basic capabilities,
numbers, margins
• HDMI’s
constituent parts
and what they do
• common HDMI &
HDCP failures by
product type
• how to diagnose &
eliminate HDMI
problems

Learning Objectives (Design)
The purpose of this course is to teach participants how to design
A/V systems using HDMI interfaces. We start with an overview of
HDMI, how it fits into the larger A/V signal interface ecosystem,
and its capabilities, strengths & weaknesses relative to other
interfaces. Next, look at best practices – including product test
and selection methods. At the conclusion of this course,
participants should be able to:
Understand Identify Understand Know how to
• HDMI’s place in
an evolving
digitally-interfaced
A/V system market
• HDMI’s
constituent parts
and what they do
• best practices • test and select
HDMI products

✔Introductions ✔Objectives of the course
HDMI Device & Cable Types Video & Audio Formats
Eliminating Problems Troubleshooting Summary (break)

HDMI Device Types
Source
Sink
Repeater

HDMI Repeater Types & Topology
Switch
Splitter
Matrix
TERMS: upstream/downstream, devices, cascade
Converter Cable

Unofficial cable terms (can be confusing)
when a “balun” isn’t a transformer
when a “repeater” is an active or passive cable appliance

HDMI Cable Types (defined in HDMI v1.4)
Converter Cable (a.k.a. “balun”)
CAT
Fiber
Wireless
Pre-terminated Cables
Wire
Passive Wire
Active Wire

✔HDMI Device & Cable Types Video & Audio Formats

Formats – Video Color Representation
Colorimetry
Component sets: RGB vs. YCC (a.k.a. “YUV”)
Signals: RGB or YCbCr
Color Spaces: ITU601, ITU709, xvYCC, sRGB, Adobe
Color Sub-sampling (YCC only)
4:4:4 vs. 4:2:2
Depth (number of bits/component – 8, 10, 12, 16-bits)
Range (component code range – e.g. 16-235)

DVI Basic 2D Video Timing Chronology
Video Timing(s)
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
DVI Silicon
Generation
Released
640x480@60 “VGA” 25.175
1st DVI v1.0
(no HDCP)
Q2 1999
480p60, 576p50 27.000
720p50/60, 1080i25/30 74.250
1080p50/60 148.500
1600x1200@60 [162.000 MHz]
1920x1200@60 [154.000 MHz]
165.000
All of the above 165.000 2nd HDCP v1.0 Q3 2002
2560x1600@60 [270.000 MHz] 330.000 3rd Dual-link w/HDCP Q4 2004

HDMI Basic 2D Video Timing Chronology
Video Timing(s)
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
HDMI Silicon
Generation
Silicon
Released
640x480@60 “VGA” 25.175
Q3 2003480p60, 576p50 27.000 1st HDMI v1.0
720p50/60, 1080i25/30 74.250
1080p50/60 148.500 2nd HDMI v1.1 Q3 2004
1600x1200@60 [162.000 MHz]
1920x1200@60 [154.000 MHz]
165.000 3nd HDMI v1.2 Q4 2005
1080p50/60 10/12-bit Deep Color 165.000 4th HDMI v1.3 Q2 2006
2160p24/25/30 297.000 6th HDMI v1.4 2011?
3420p24, 4320p24 990.000? ? 2021?

HDMI 3D Video Timings
V1.4a *Mandatory Video Timing Each Eye
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
HDMI Silicon
Generation
Silicon
Released
720p50/60 (frame compatible; T & B) 74.250
1st HDMI v1.0 Q3 20031080p24 (frame compatible; T & B) 74.250
1080i25/30 (frame compatible; S-by-S) 74.250
720p50/60 (full res; frame packing) 148.500
2nd HDMI v1.1 Q3 2004
1080p24 (full res; frame packing) 148.500
Future Video Timing Each Eye?
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
HDMI Silicon
Generation
Silicon
Released
1080p50/60 (full res; frame packing) 297.000 6th HDMI v1.4 2011?
* Sinks must support all timings, sources must support at least one timing, and repeaters must be able to pass-through all timings.

TMDS Character Clock Rate
HDMI passes video data using 30-bit TMDS characters
Normally, the TMDS rate equal to the pixel rate (i.e.
when using 8-bits/component a.k.a. “24-bits/pixel”)
TMDS rate is N/8 times faster than the pixel rate when in
deep color mode (N=10, 12, or 16-bits/component)
Video Timing
Depth
(bits/component)
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
TMDS Rate
(MHz)
1080p50/60 12 148.500 222.750 (a.k.a.“225”)
2560x1600@60 10 270.000 337.500 (a.k.a.“340”)
2160p24/25/30 12 297.000 445.500

Pair or Combined Data Rate (Gbits/sec)
Rates are sometimes expressed in gigabits per second
Gigabit rates may be given for one pair or all three pairs
Multiply the pixel rate first by depth/8 and then by 10 or
30-bits, respectively
Video Timing Depth
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
TMDS Rate
(MHz)
Per-Pair
(Gbits/sec)
All Pairs
(Gbits/sec)
1600x1280@60 8 162.000 162.000 (a.k.a. “165”) “1.65” “4.95”
1080p50/60 12 148.500 222.750 (a.k.a. “225”) “2.25” “6.75”
2560x1600@60 10 270.000 337.500 (a.k.a. “340”) “3.40” “10.2”
2160p24/25/30 12 297.000 445.500 4.455 13.365

Rate Summary at 8-bits Depth
Video Timing
Cable
Grade
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
TMDS Rate
(MHz)
Per-Pair
(Gbits/sec)
All Pairs
(Gbits/sec)
480p60, 576p50 (2D) Standard 27.000 27.000 0.2700 0.8100
720p50/60 (2D) Standard 74.250 74.250 0.7425 2.2275
1080i25/30 (2D) Standard 74.250 74.250 0.7425 2.2275
1080p50/60 (2D) High 148.500 148.500 1.4850 4.4550
2160p24/25/30 (2D “4K”) High 297.000 297.000 2.9700 8.9100
720p50/60 (3D frame compatible; T & B) Standard 74.250 74.250 0.7425 2.2275
1080p24 (3D frame compatible; T & B) Standard 74.250 74.250 0.7425 2.2275
1080i25/30 (3D frame compatible; S-by-S) Standard 74.250 74.250 0.7425 2.2275
720p50/60 (3D full res; frame packing) High 148.500 148.500 1.4850 4.4550
1080p24 (3D full res; frame packing) High 148.500 148.500 1.4850 4.4550

Video Timing
Cable
Grade
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
TMDS Rate
(MHz)
Per-Pair
(Gbits/sec)
All Pairs
(Gbits/sec)
480p60, 576p50 (2D) Standard 27.000 33.750 0.3375 1.0125
720p50/60 (2D) High 74.250 92.8125 0.928125 2.784375
1080i25/30 (2D) High 74.250 92.8125 0.928125 2.784375
1080p50/60 (2D) High 148.500 185.625 1.85625 5.56875
2160p24/25/30 (2D “4K”) - 297.000 371.250 3.7125 11.1375
720p50/60 (3D frame compatible; T & B) High 74.250 92.8125 0.928125 2.784375
1080p24 (3D frame compatible; T & B) High 74.250 92.8125 0.928125 2.784375
1080i25/30 (3D frame compatible; S-by-S) High 74.250 92.8125 0.928125 2.784375

Video Timing
Cable
Grade
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
TMDS Rate
(MHz)
Per-Pair
(Gbits/sec)
All Pairs
(Gbits/sec)
480p60, 576p50 (2D) Standard 27.000 40.500 0.4050 1.2150
720p50/60 (2D) High 74.250 111.375 1.11375 3.34125
1080i25/30 (2D) High 74.250 111.375 1.11375 3.34125
1080p50/60 (2D) High 148.500 222.750 2.2275 6.6825
2160p24/25/30 (2D “4K”) - 297.000 445.500 4.455 13.365

Video Timing
Cable
Grade
Pixel Rate
(MHz)
TMDS Rate
(MHz)
Per-Pair
(Gbits/sec)
All Pairs
(Gbits/sec)
480p60, 576p50 (2D) Standard 27.000 54.000 0.5400 1.6200
720p50/60 (2D) High 74.250 148.500 1.48500 4.4550
1080i25/30 (2D) High 74.250 148.500 1.48500 4.4550
1080p50/60 (2D) High 148.500 297.000 2.9700 8.9100
2160p24/25/30 (2D “4K”) - 297.000 594.000 5.9400 17.820

Progressive Video Timing Naming Issue
Dropping the frame rate suffix causes confusion
Spec Possible Timings Pixel Rate (MHz)
“1080p”
1080p24/25/30 74.250
1080p50/60 (most likely) 148.500
1080p100/120 297.000
“720p”
720p24 59.400
720p25/30/50/60 (most likely) 74.250
720p120 148.500

Interlace Video Timing Naming Issue
Is suffix the frame rate or field rate? Is it Australian?
Spec Pixel Rate (MHz)
“1080i25”
(could be Australian) 72.000
(most likely) 74.250
“1080i30” (definitely) 74.250
“1080i50”
(could be Australian) 72.000
“1080i60”
148.500
“1080i120” (definitely) 148.500

HDMI Audio Format Chronology
Audio Format (improvements) HDMI Silicon Released
LPCM, basic 2-channel 48kHz max (mandatory)
1st HDMI v1.0 Q3 2003
AC-3 (Dolby 5.1), DTS
LPCM 2-channel 192kHz max, 24-bit
2nd HDMI v1.1 Q3 2004LPCM 8-channel, 96 kHz max, 24-bit
DVD-Audio (audio content protection packet)
DSD (“one-bit audio” SuperAudio CD) 3nd HDMI v1.2 Q4 2005
MLP (“high bit-rate” TrueHD), DTS-HD
5th HDMI v1.3 Q3 2007
E-AC-3, DST (DSD 6-channel)

Audio limitations with SD video timings
Video Timing LPCM 8-channel
Max Sampling Rate (kHz)
DSD
Max # of Channels
640x480@60 48 2
480i 88.2 2
480p 48 2
576i 88.2 2
576p 48 2

✔HDMI Device & Cable Types ✔Video & Audio Formats

HDMI Blocks
+5V Power
HPD
RxSense
EDID
Auxiliary Channels
DDC, CEC, ARC, & HEC
TMDS
HDCP

CEC Physical and Logical Addressing
Source: www.quantumdata.com/pdf/CEC_White_Paper.pdf
CEC uses
a party line

✔HDMI Anatomy The Handshake

The Handshake
Source outputs +5V power
Source waits for HPD (AND RxSense) to go high
Source reads capabilities & CEC address from sink’s EDID
Source chooses mode and outputs video, audio, & metadata
Source performs HDCP authentication
Source monitors connection every 2-seconds
Source re-authenticates if mismatched Ri’, HPD, or CDC
Sink uses metadata to get the picture and sound right
Note: The source does all of the work, so is most prone to failure

Handshaking Terms
Capabilities (of the sink – i.e. display or repeater input)
EDID (data structure that encodes sink capabilities)
Preferred vs. Native (pattern of physical light emitters)
VSDB (vendor-specific data block in EDID)
Metadata (sent by source - about signal, content, state)
InfoFrame (metadata packaging)
VSI (vendor-specific InfoFrame)
“Auxiliary Data” (handshaking information plus metadata)

Sink’s Capabilities read from EDID
VESA / CEA-861 Info
product identification
product name
manufacturer ID
physical size of screen and/or aspect ratio
standard video timing support
custom video timings w/parameters
native video timing
video timing priorities (list)
color characteristics (XYZ of primaries)
colorimetry YCbCr 4:4:4 and 4:2:2 support
wide gamut color
selectable quantization range
selectable overscan/underscan (by video
timing type)
audio format support - each w/parameters
speaker allocation
HDMI Vendor-Specific Data Block (VSDB) Info
max TMDS rate
dual link support
HDMI video timing support
3D support
3D video timing support
3D structures supported
separate 2D/3D video timing priorities (list)
deep color support
support for content types (graphics, photo,
cinema, game)
video latency
audio latency
DVD-Audio information support (ACP, ISRC)
CEC physical address

Source Metadata
CEA-861 AVI InfoFrame
(HDMI) video timing
color space
content type (graphics, photo, cinema, game)
aspect ratio
Active Format Description (AFD)
bar information
anamorphism
special colorimetry
xvYCC and gamut boundary description (GBD)
GBD transmission profile
(YCC) quantization range
CEA-861 Audio InfoFrame
channel count
audio sample size
sampling rate
sample rate accuracy
HDMI Packets
null
general control (AVMUTE, depth w/phasing)
audio clock recovery (N & CTS)
audio content protection (ACP)
ISRC1 & ISRC2
HDMI Vendor-Specific InfoFrame (HDMI VSI)
3D video timing
3D structure
3D metadata
CEA-861 Source Product Description InfoFrame
vendor name
product description
Other InfoFrames (as required by sink)
Media Director Vendor-specific InfoFrames
NTSC VBI InfoFrame

More Handshaking Terms
Active/Inactive Sink
Inactive (deselected, standby, AC unplugged, detached)
IA2 or IA3 (inactive sink states, HPD high EDID readable)
RxSense (helps sources detect sink inactive/active state
transitions, while the cable remains attached)
Empty Repeater (AVR routing source to inactive sink)
“Hot-Plugging” means disconnect and re-connect a cable
AVMUTE (mute video/audio and freeze HDCP)

HDCP
HDCP protects high-value content
Image Constraint Token (ICT flag
Approved interfaces
Keys

HDCP Terms
Hot-Plug
Authentication
Pre-Authentication (e.g. InstaPort, Xpressview, InstaGate)
KSV, AKSV, BKSV
R0’ and Ri’

✔HDMI Anatomy ✔The Handshake

Broken Handshaking / The “Cliff Effect”

HDMI Spec Changes & Optional Features
Versions 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.2a, 1.3, 1.3a, 1.4, 1.4a
Optional features
HDCP
DVD-Audio
Super Audio CD (DSD)
Deep Color, xvYCC, Auto lip-sync, Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD Master
CEC updated commands
3D, HEC, ARC, 4K
The answer is…
Ignore the version numbers! Verify features one-by-one by name

Reliable HDMI systems exist, but …

Symptoms
no audio blank screen
noisy audio sparkles
audio dropout bad-looking desktop graphics
bad lipsync VBI artifacts
audio level too loud or soft menu cropping
snow pinkish-purple screen
blinking screen stretched or squished
flashing pictures pops and flashes (when switching)
random re-authentication advertized features missing
playback reset or no good reason loss of CEC control
long switching/re-authentication time awkward control
blue screen with the error message “Device does not support HDCP”

Historical, Present, & Future Dangers
Many devices shipped without any HDCP testing until 2006
Problems are subsiding now
HDMI is constantly adding new features, which have a high
propensity for failure as they are not mandated

Product/Interface Mix-Related Issues
Mixing products with different feature sets
Signaling associated with optional features may upset
products that do not support those options
Using less-capable interfaces (e.g. S/PDIF) on the side
may impede the flow of important metadata (e.g. Media
Director)
Can’t output 3D using analog component (TI’s DLP Sync
is an exception – typically used in the IT space)

✔Known Problems Troubleshooting Techniques

Troubleshooting Tips
Make sure that all converter cables are externally
powered
Hot-Plug
Power-cycle
Power-on products in downstream-to-upstream order
Reduce the number of downstream sink devices (e.g. by
turning-OFF all but one display)
Reduce the number of cascaded repeaters

Troubleshooting Tips (cont.)
Manually disable all advanced features (AUTO, CEC)
Manually program fixed audio and video formats
Start with basic 2-channel 48 kHz audio
Make sure that audio & video signals output by the
source are within the sink’s capabilities (according to
EDID)
If matrix switch present, set all sources for same timing

Troubleshooting Tips
Substitute 2M “known good” cables to isolate bad cables
Find the cliff’s edge by varying video timing (TMDS rate)
Check margins by temporarily substituting longer cables

Electrical Testing
Wire Continuity
Wire Parametrics (DDC Capacitance, Intra-pair Skew)
+5V Power
HPD levels
DDC levels and rise/fall times
TMDS Termination Voltage (AVcc=+3.3V 10%)
CEC Leakage & Pull-up Strength

New ESD/EST Test Equipment Strategy
Test products (or cascades of products) in isolation with
source and/or sink emulating test equipment
Compile a comprehensive list of faults by product type
from multiple industry sources (FaultsToTestsMap Doc)
Develop test procedures for detecting these faults
Automate testing to simply discover product weaknesses

New Strategy – Four Use Cases
Source Test Equipment
SinkTest Equipment
Repeater
Test Equipment
Source Sink
Test Equipment
1. Source Test
2. Sink Test
3. Repeater Test
4. Link Test

Four cases on the test equipment UI

Source Test – Using Emulated Sink
Present test EDIDs
Measure video timing, audio, and test image content
Analyze metadata
Capture sink EDIDs and sub reference sink with same
Authenticate with reference sink
HDCP compliance test [not part of ESD/EST strategy]
Test +5V with an active load
Monitor HPD, DDC, CEC auxiliary channel communication
CEC compliance test [not part of ESD/EST strategy]

Sink Test – Using Emulated Source
Capture sink EDIDs for emulation with source
EDID compliance test
Inject video timings, audio types, and test images
Test without HDCP authentication
Authenticate with reference source
Monitor +5V, HPD, DDC, CEC aux channel communication

Repeater Test w/Emulated Source & Sink
Present test or captured EDIDs
EDID modification test
Inject and analyze pseudo-noise
Inject video timings, audio types, & test images
Try to pass pseudo-noise
Test without HDCP authentication
Authenticate with reference source and sink
Monitor +5V, HPD, DDC, CEC aux channel communication

Link Test w/Emulated Source & Sink
Replace connection with emulated source and sink
– analyzing previously connected source and sink
for quality and compatibility

✔Known Problems ✔Troubleshooting Techniques

Manual Settings
Manually disable all advanced features (AUTO, CEC)
Manually program fixed audio and video formats
If matrix switch present, set all sources for same timing

Power Sequencing
Turn all devices OFF – then turn-on equipment one-at-a-
time, starting with the most downstream sink, letting each
stabilize before turning on the next device upstream
Turn-on repeaters only after all downstream devices
have been turned-ON and are stable – after the repeater
is stable, make sure that it is selecting an active sink –
before powering-ON upstream devices

Replace or Update bad components
Upgrade firmware in the problem component
Upgrading source firmware usually has the biggest
effect, because the source does most of the handshaking
work

Was working – stopped working later
Cable, Satellite, and IPTV service providers update the
software in their set-top-boxes – without warning
Sometimes these updates break working systems

Use shorter cables with re-clockers
National Semiconductor’s DS22EV5110 for example

Non-standard Cable Locks
Gefen “Mono LOK”, Lindy Connector Lock, Blue Echo
Solutions “hd EZ lock”

Standard Strain Relieved Cable
High-Rentention HDMI Cables
Accell AVGrip
Ottovonmo
PerefectPath (PPC)
PolarCreative
Torrent SureConnect
Source: http://www.audioholics.com/education/cables/locking-hdmi-cables-connectors

Repeater Split A/V Path Lipsync Fault

Repeater Split A/V Path Auto Lipsync Fix

Troubleshooting Summary
Familiarize yourself with the major components of HDMI
Sink declares, source drives & signals, HDCP protects
Know how each product type can break this handshake
Isolate problems using test equipment
Eliminate problems via setup, power sequencing,
updating, replacing, and by applying “Fixers”

Let us know
We can channel your
comments to people who
can do something
positive with them
www.quantumdata.com/
lightningrod

HDMI Design Agenda
The A/V Interface Ecosystem Best Practices
Summary

Digital vs. Analog – Digital Wins 6/3
+/- Analog Digital
+ Separate Cables One Cable or Wireless
+ Short Haul Long Distance Transmission (the irony)
+ Noisy Resample Lossless Regeneration/Reformatting
+/- Vertical Blanking Info Metadata, Handshaking, Control
+/- Unprotected Secure (master quality, but protected)
+ Proprietary 3D Standardized 3D
- Graceful degradation “Cliff” Effect

Interfacing Today
What’s going to
happen here when
analog sunsets?

Digital A/V Interface Overview

Digital A/V Interface Common Features
Picture Data Channel
Auxiliary Data Channels
Audio
Control (Remote UI)
Handshake
Metadata
Business Features
Content Protection (e.g. Link Protection)
Conditional Access
Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Digital A/V Interface Formats
Stream
Real-time Compressed
Download
Non-real-time Compressed File
Video
Real-time Uncompressed (highest picture quality)

Digital Interfaces (HDMI is not alone)
QAM

Three Digital A/V Interface Types
QAM

Digital A/V Interface Layers
Host – protocol
Media – cable/modulation
Host Layer
Media Layer

Tuner Interface Technologies
Host Layer
Underlying standards decided by government & cable providers
No STB needed for pay TV when conditional access system in
display
CI+ (Europe)
CableCard (United States)
Media Layer
Modulated signal over coaxial cable
Content Protection & DRM

Network Interface Host Layer Choices
UPnP
Web4CE (CEA-2014)
DLNA
RVU
Baseband-over-IP (e.g. HDMI-over-IP)

UPnP Host
Base architecture for standard/custom service layers
Automatic Discovery
Zero Configuration
Browser-based UI & Programmatic Control
Product OS & Language Independent

DLNA Host (builds on top of UPnP)
Sources: www.dlna.org & www.pioneerelectronics.com

HDMI-over-IP Host (video→stream→video)
Source: www.justaddpower.com/Home-Theater-HDMI-Matrix/View-all-products.html

Home Network Splitting Traditional STB
Gateway (fat server) Digital Media Adapter (thin client)
Home Network
Tuner
DVR
Renderer
Decompressor
UI
(e.g. DLNA)
Baseband
(e.g. HDMI)
(e.g. Modulated-to-DLNA)
Broadband & Baseband
inputs are also possible

Network Ready Television
Gateway (fat server) Integrated Digital Media Adapter (thin client)
Home Network
Tuner
DVR
Renderer
Decompressor
UI
(e.g. DLNA)

Add RVU and Web4CE (CEA-2014)
Home Network
UI
(e.g. DLNA)
(e.g. RVU)
Web4CE (CEA-2014) is like RUV, but for UPnP home networks.

Add Internet for Placeshifting and OTT
Home Network
(e.g. UPnP)
(e.g. Web4CE)
Internet UI

Home Network Media Layer Choices
No-New-Wires
IT infrastructure
IP-over-baseband channel

“No new wires” Gigabit Home Network
Sources: www.homegridforum.org & www.mocalliance.org & www.homeplug.org & www.homepna.org & www.itu.int/ITU-T/jca/hn/index.phtml

Network over Baseband Interface

Network Content Protection & DRM
HDCP 2.x or DTCP-IP link protection for streams
MS-DRM content protection for downloads (may not
always work)

Baseband Interface Technologies
Host Layer
DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, MHL
DiiVA, HDbaseT
WirelessHD, WHDI
Media Layer
Pre-terminated cable (Wire, Passive, Active)
Converter “baluns” (Fiber, Wireless, field-terminated CAT)
Wireless Direct
Content Protection
HDCP 1.x or 2.0 link protection

The first digital baseband interfaces
Introduced 1999 Introduced 2003

DisplayPort – HDMI’s IT Counterpart
Mainly IT
Applications
Introduced 2006

WirelessHD (WiHD) – Lossless 60GHz
No wires
In-room Only
Introduced 2008
Theoretical
throughput of 28G
bps

WiGig – Lossless 60GHz
No wires
Short distance
Introduced 2009
7 gbs data rate

WHDI – Lossy 5GHz
No wires
Works through
walls
Introduced 2009

HDbaseT CAT-based Hybrid
Merges
5 Interfaces
on
1 CAT cable
(up to 100M)
Introduced 2009

Chinese DiiVA CAT-based Hybrid
Also merges
5 Interfaces
on
1 CAT cable
(25M, 50M
phantom-
powered
w/repeater)
Introduced 2009

Digital Interface Quality Hierarchy
1. DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, WirelessHD, DiiVA, HDbaseT, MHL
2. WHDI
3. HDMI-over-IP
4. (Gigabit) Ethernet, *DiiVA, *WirelessHD
5. MoCA, G.hn, HomePNA, HomePlug, *HDbaseT, *HDMI
6. Tuner
7. Wi-Fi
* Using embedded (Ethernet) IP channel

HDMI Design Agenda
✔The A/V Interface Ecosystem Best Practices
Summary

Best Practices
Make sure products support HDCP
Select repeaters that support HDCP pre-authentication
Make sure all products support desired features by name
(e.g. “3D”) – not HDMI specification revision number (i.e.
v1.4a)

Best Practices (cont.)
Consider strain-reliefs on cabling
Use the right speed grade of pre-terminated cable
Break-up on long runs with converter cables and re-
clocking repeaters
CAT cables should have minimal intra-pair skew
Do not use…
stranded CAT cable
"skew-free" CAT cable optimized for analog video "baluns”
punch-down blocks or CAT patch panels

Make sure repeaters and converter cables are powered
by reliable AC source
Don’t accidentally swap “wall warts”
Turn off AUTO and manually program formats

Select sources that support…
manual format selection
repeaters
“empty” repeaters
the required devices/cascade
Select sinks that use CEC-friendly inactive states
Make sure AVRs are updated to pass VSIs if using 3D

Don’t assume that the most expensive product is best
Pre-screen products using test equipment
Refer to FaultsToTestsMap Doc for more ideas

HDMI Design Agenda
✔The A/V Interface Ecosystem ✔Best Practices
Summary

Analog Transmission Line
Source (transmitter)
Sink (receiver)
One Analog Pixel Component
One Analog Coax
Pixel
Length
Velocity
Velocity ~ Impedance ~ Electro-Mechanical Characteristics
Speed of Light = C = 300 million M per second, Vp = 82%,
Fp = 74.25MHz (720p or 1080i), Cable Length 33M
Pixel Length = (C * Vp) / Fp = 3.31 meters
Standing Pixels = Cable Length / Pixel Length = 33 / 3.31 = 10
Cable Length
Illustration: www.shirt4brains.com//fire/301a.html
Bucket Brigade Analogy

The differences between analog & digital
R (pixel component)
G (pixel component)
B (pixel component)
R (bit of pixel component)
G (bit of pixel component)
B (bit of pixel component)
TMDS CLOCK (every 10 bits)
27 to 148.5MHz
270 to 1485 MHz
337.5 to 1856.25 MHz (10-bit/component)
405 to 2227.5 MHz (12-bit/component)
540 to 2970 MHz (16-bit/component)
480p60 to 1080p60
ANALOG
DIGITAL
Inter-component vs. Intra-pair skew

Digital Transmission Line
Source (transmitter)
One Digital Bit +PhaseOne Digital Pair
Bit
Length
Velocity One Digital Bit -Phase
One Digital Pair
These
must
line-up
Sink (receiver)
Cable Length

Perfect Digital Cable (10 bits)
One Digital Pair
In a perfect
world, cabling
wouldn’t
affect the
eye…

Real Digital Cable (10 bits)
One Digital Pair
… but we live in
the real world
where wires
aren’t perfect
To keep the eye
open, limit wire
cable length to
≈10 standing bits
Note: active
wires exist that
can correct skew
(e.g. Redmere)

PHY Cause of Velocity/Length Error
Source: www.redmere.com/download.php?file=81
Intra-pair skew
caused by
asymmetric
twists, which in
this case makes
the red wire longer

Video Timing to Cable Lengths at 10 bits
Pixel
Rate
(MHz)
Depth
(bits/component)
TMDS
Rate
(MHz)
Velocity
(% of C)
Cable
Length
(meters)
Bit
Length
(meters)
Standing
Bits
27.00 8 27.00 70 80 7.77 10.3
74.25 8 74.25 70 30 2.83 10.6
74.25 12 111.38 70 20 1.88 10.6
148.50 8 148.50 70 15 1.41 10.6
148.50 10 185.63 70 12 1.13 10.6
148.50 12 222.75 70 10 0.94 10.6
297.00 8 297.00 70 5 0.71 7.1
297.00 10 371.25 70 5 0.57 8.8
297.00 12 445.50 70 5 0.47 10.6

HDMI Cable Intra-pair Skew <1.6%
10meter
limit

Noise Threshold - 35M example
"BAD" CABLE (line noise @ 1080p60) "GOOD" CABLE (no noise @ 1080p60)
Attenuation(Insertion Loss) summary result Attenuation(Insertion Loss) summary result
Start(MHz) Result Max(dB)
Average(dB
) Start(MHz) Result Max(dB)
Average(dB
)
1-825 Fail -8 -24.2575 1-825 Fail -8 -24.6475
825-2475 Fail -21 -46.82 825-2475 Fail -21 -47.1
2475-4125 Fail -30 -64.755 2475-4125 Fail -30 -66.2175
Inter Pair Skew summary result Inter Pair Skew summary result
Pair Num Result Max(ps) Value(ps) Pair Num Result Max(ps) Value(ps)
All Fail 2420 3358.06 All Fail 2420 3238.59
Intra Pair Skew summary result Intra Pair Skew summary result
Pair Num Result Max(ps) Value(ps) Pair Num Result Max(ps) Value(ps)
CLK Fail 151 -179.55 CLK Pass 151 2.12
D0 Fail 151 1071.13 D0 Fail 151 339.4
D1 Fail 151 -2030.71 D1 Fail 151 -1409.47
D2 Fail 151 -586.26 D2 Pass 151 -55.23
Random black line noise as seen on an store-bought HDTV driven with an store-bought Blu-ray player

Keep your eyes open with active cables
Deskew and/or
equalize
Regenerate/
maintain the
‘1’s & ‘0’s
Allows longer
cables

HDMI Design Agenda
✔The A/V Interface Ecosystem ✔Best Practices
✔Transmission Lines & Intrapair
Skew
Product Testing & Selection
Summary

Pre-installation component screening
Research
HDMI authorized test center certificate and/or data
Eye-pattern data from the manufacturer
Independent test cert/data (e.g. THX, DPL Labs, SimPlayHD)
Does the manufacturer regularly attend CEA-861 Plug Fests?
Does the user interface include fixed manual overrides?
Check for credible negative chatter on the Internet (watch dates)
Ignore pricing, packaging, HDMI version numbers
Using your own test equipment
Cable Test (wiring, DDC buss C, intra-pair skew, loss at 2.7GHz)
Signal Generator/Analyzer Isolated Interoperability Testing

Product Testing – what’s important
Connector strain relief (fixes discussed earlier)
Long-haul cabling quality, lengths, and margins
Handshaking behavior

Wire Tests
Grade (Standard or High-Speed)
Continuity
CAT Termination
Aux Bus Capacitance
Wire Intra-pair skew

Source Tests
+5V HPD DDC EDID HDCP Features Other
Tolerance Response Clock Rate Read Protection Manual
Setup
DVI Support
Short
Circuit
Protection
Pull-up Processing Function Empty
Repeater
Audio Level
Rise/Fall
Time
Standby Image AVMUTE InfoFrames
Clock Stretch Depth/Cascade
Support
Audio
Format
Support
Metadata
Function Sparkle
Video
Format
Support

Sink Tests
+5V HPD DDC EDID HDCP Features Other
Current
Draw
Levels Function Complexity Function Glitch
Suppression
Audio
Latency Skew
Inactive
State
Signaling
Compliance Depth/Cascade Audio
Format
Support
Audio Level
DVI Support Encryption Flag Video
Latency
Lipsync
Metadata
Interpretation
Video Format
Support

Repeater Tests
HPD DDC CEC EDID HDCP Features Other
Generat
ion/For
warding
Transparency Transparency Processing Protection Pre-
authentication
Equalization
Topology Function Scaling A/V Latency
Skew
Color
Correction
InfoFrame
Processing
Audio Format
Support
Video
Format
Support
A/V Latency
Skew
Compensation

Pre-Authentication == Fast Switching

Design Summary
Analog interfaces are going the way of the buggy whip
HDMI is not alone in the modern digital ecosystem
Watch your margins – make sure you have enough
Avoid problems by screening with research and testing

HDMI Troubleshooting & System Design

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