2. a group of related words that does not
include a subject and verb

3. A noun phrase
 comprisesa noun (obviously) and
any associated modifiers:
Examples:
The long and winding road
A noun phrase
any associated modifiers

4. A prepositional phrase
 consistsof a preposition, a noun
or pronoun that serves as the
object of the
preposition, and, more often than
not, an adjective or two that
modifies the object.

5. List down the prepositional
phrases you can find in this
paragraph:
The hills across the valley of the Ebro
were long and white. On this side there was
no shade and no trees and the station was
between two lines of rails in the sun. Close
against the side of the station there was the
warm shadow of the building and a curtain,
made of strings of bamboo beads, hung
across the open door into the bar, to keep
out flies.

6. List down the prepositional
phrases you can find in this
paragraph:
The American and the girl with him
sat at a table in the shade, outside
the building. It was very hot and
the express from Barcelona would
come in forty minutes. It stopped at
this junction for two minutes and
went on to Madrid.

7. List down the prepositional
phrases you can find in this
paragraph:
The hills across the valley of the Ebro
were long and white. On this side there
was no shade and no trees and the station
was between two lines of rails in the sun.
Close against the side of the station there
was the warm shadow of the building and a
curtain, made of strings of bamboo beads,
hung across the open door into the bar, to
keep out flies.

8. List down the prepositional
phrases you can find in this
paragraph:
The American and the girl with him
sat at a table in the shade, outside
the building. It was very hot and
the express from Barcelona would
come in forty minutes. It stopped at
this junction for two minutes and
went on to Madrid.

9. An appositive phrase
 is
a re-naming or amplification of a
word that immediately precedes it.
My favorite teacher, a fine chess
player in
her own right, has won several state-
level
tournaments.[Noun phrase as
appositive]

10. An Absolute Phrase
 is a group of words consisting of a noun
or pronoun and a participle as well as
any related modifiers.
Their reputation as winners secured by
victory, the New York Liberty charged into
the semifinals.

11. The best exercise, walking briskly, is also
the
least expensive. [Gerund phrase as
appositive]
Tashonda's goal in life, to become an
occupational therapist, is within her grasp
this
year, at last. [Infinitive phrase as appositive]

12. Other examples of Absolute
phrases
 The old firefighter stood over the
smoking ruins, his senses alert to any
sign of another flare-up.
 His subordinates, their faces sweat-
streaked and smudged with ash,
leaned heavily against the firetruck.
 They knew all too well how all their hard
work could be undone — in an instant.

13. An infinitive phrase
 consists of an infinitive — the
root of the verb preceded by
to — and any modifiers or
complements associated with
it. Infinitive phrases can act
as adjectives, adverbs, and
nouns.

14. Examples of infinitive
phrases
• Her plan to subsidize child care won
wide acceptance among urban
politicians. [modifies plan, functions
as an adjective]
• She wanted to raise taxes. [noun-
object of the sentence]
• To watch Uncle Billy tell this story
is an eye-opening experience. [noun-
subject of the sentence]

15. Examples of infinitive
phrases
• To know her is to love her.
[noun, predicate
nominative]
• Juan went to college to
study veterinary
medicine. [tells us why he
went, so it's an adverb]

16. Gerund phrases
 areverbals that end in -ing and
that act as nouns, frequently are
associated with modifiers and
complements in a gerund phrase.

17. Examples of gerund
phrases
 Cramming for tests is not a good
study strategy. [gerund phrase as
subject]
 John enjoyed swimming in the lake
after dark. [gerund phrase as object]
 I'm really not interested in studying
biochemistry for the rest of my life.
[gerund phrase as object of the
preposition in ]

18. Participial phrases
• present participles, verbals
ending in -ing, and past
participles
• verbals that end in -ed (for
regular verbs) or other forms
(for irregular verbs), are
combined with complements
and modifiers

19. Participial phrases
 act as adjectives. When they
begin a sentence
 set off by a comma (as an
introductory modifier
 set off by commas if they are
parenthetical elements.

20. Examples of Participial phrases
 The stone steps, having been worn
down by generations of students,
needed to be replaced. [modifies
"steps"]
 Working around the clock, the
firefighters finally put out the last of
the California brush fires. [modifies
"firefighters"]
 The pond, frozen over since early
December, is now safe for ice-
skating. [modifies "pond"]

21. What kind of phrase is it?
ASHAMED OF HIS ROLE IN THE
ESCAPADE,
Dr. Chuck avoided reporters for the next
six
months.
participial phrase

22. What kind of phrase is it?
SCREECHING HER TIRES AND
BLASTING HER HORN, Esmerelda
took off in a cloud of dust and smoke.
participial phrase

23. What kind of phrase is it?
Charlie spent time WITH HIS
DAUGHTERS yesterday.
prepositional phrase

24. What kind of phrase is it?
We never accepted the principle
of LIVING WITHIN OUR MEANS.
gerund phrase

25. What kind of phrase is it?
TO RAISE THE LEVEL OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
REGARDING SEXUAL HARASSMENT,
management provided several
workshops.

26. What kind of phrase is it?
The UConn basketball program, ONE OF
THE
MOST SUCCESSFUL IN THE COUNTRY,
continued
to thrive in recent years.
appositive phrase

27. source
 http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/gra
mmar/phrases.htm#absolute
 http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/gra
mmar/clauses.htm

29. What is the meaning of each
quote?
 On Work
The best prize that life offers is the
chance to work hard at work worth doing.
 On Happiness
Childhood is happy because it believes in
everything. Old age doubts everything.
 On Brotherhood
Brotherly kindness is possible when we
are willing
to forget the gap between us.

30. What is the meaning of each
quote?
 On Giving Honor
It is better to honor a man in life than to
worship him after he is dead.
 On Setting Example
Be the living example of truth. Be
careful not to do something bad so that
the little ones will not be misled.

31. Discussion questions:
 What is the difference between the
underlined word groups and the
groups that are in bold letters ?
 How do we call these word groups?

32. What is a clause?
 Itis a group of related words
containing a subject and a verb.

33. Independent clause
 Independent clauses can stand
by themselves
 Two independent clauses can be
combined with the use of
coordinating conjunctions,
conjunctive adverbs, and a
semicolon.

34. Conjunctive adverbs
 accordingly, furthermore, moreover,
similarly, also, hence, namely, still,
anyway, however, nevertheless, then,
besides, incidentally, next, thereafter,
certainly, indeed, nonetheless, therefore,
consequently, instead, now, thus, finally,
likewise, otherwise, undoubtedly, further,
meanwhile.

35. Dependent clauses
 Dependent Clauses cannot stand by
themselves and make good sense.
 must be combined with an
independent clause
 a dependent clause always contains a
subject and a verb, but it cannot stand
by itself.

36. Noun clause as a subject
What they did with the treasure
remains a mystery.
Whatever you want for dessert
is fine with me.
That you should feel this way
about her came as a great
surprise to us.

37. Noun clause as object
Juan finally revealed what he had
done
with the money.
Her husband spent whatever she had
saved
over the years.
I don't know what I should do next.

38. Noun clause as object of the
preposition
In fact, he wrote a book about what he
had done
over the years.
We are interested in what he does for
a living.

39. Noun clause as predicate
nominative
The trouble was that they had never
been there
before.
The biggest disappointment of last season
was
that the women's team didn't make it to
the final
four.

40. Adjective clause/Relative
clause
My brother, who now teaches math in
a small college, never liked math in
high school.
The dealership that sold more cars
ended up actually losing money.
The Federated Bank, which was
founded nearly two centuries ago,
folded during the state's economic crisis.

41. Adverb clause
The team had fallen behind by ten points before
they were able to figure out the opponent's
defense.
Since he started working nights, he doesn't see
much of his kids.
While Josie sat inside watching television,
Gladys shoveled the driveway.

42. Identify the italicized clause as
independent or dependent clause. Write
your answers on your paper.
1. My cousin’s friends who were mostly
foreigners had enjoyed their stay in the
Philippines.
2. Unless the teacher tells you to speak,
you have to stay quiet on your seat.
3. The student teacher has to prepare the
visual materials so that the lesson
becomes more interesting.

43. Identify the italicized clause as
independent or dependent clause. Write
your answers on your paper.
4. Whether you like it or not, you look
very much like your father.
5. The Philippines still has hope if we will
start loving and caring for each
other.
6. The teacher whom everybody admires
received a “Model Teacher” award.

44. Complete the following by supplying the
indicated kind of clause. Rewrite the
complete sentence on your paper.
1. I can bring pride and honor to my
country (dependent clause)
2. I care for the environment
(dependent clause)
3. Nature is a gift (dependent clause)
4. If you care for mother earth
(independent clause)
5. Even if the world is already polluted
(independent clause)

45. Complete the following by supplying the
indicated kind of clause. Rewrite the
complete sentence on your paper.
6. We should support the integrity of
God’s creation (dependent clause)
7. When nature is destroyed
(independent clause)
8. God gave us nature (dependent
clause)
9. People lack concern for the
environment (dependent clause)
10. I am a student (dependent clause)