Earth Science: Identify minerals

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Notes from 10/14/10

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Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and that exhibits a crystalline structure. Characteristics of Minerals 1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation. It should be made by natural processes without the aid of any organism. In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial conditions is not considered a mineral. 2. A mineral is Inorganic It is formed by inorganic processes and does not contain any organic compound. The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no organic material ( or what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral. This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard parts of an organism are not minerals. 3. A mineral is a homogeneous Solid We should be able to see something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of matter. This property of minerals is very important especially when dealing with materials in other states such as liquids and gases. A mineral should exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid. 4. A mineral has a definite Chemical Composition Most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore be represented using a fixed or variable chemical formula. Example: A mineral with a fixed chemical formula is quartz (SiO2). This indicates that the mineral quartz contains one silicon atom and two oxygen atoms. 5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure Minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive. Atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern. NOTE: Knowing whether a material is crystalline or not would require sophisticated methods such as involving the use of X-rays (XRD). Mineraloids Any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a mineraloid. Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solids with definite chemical compositions but with no ordered internal structure. Examples of mineraloids are volcanic glass and opal.

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This presentation includes topics such as how ore minerals are found, mined and processed, effects of massive mineral extraction and ways in minimizing the effects of mining industries. All information and images reflected in the presentation were based on internet sources that are cited and given credit in the presentation. Furthermore, the author disclaims to any inaccuracies within the presentation. Thank you and hope this can help you.

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Introduction to Minerals Minerals, by definition, are naturally occurring “inorganic” (Not containing any organic) substances, often characterized by a precise crystal structure. Its “chemical structure” (The atomic arrangement of a substance) can be exact or can vary within a range. “Native elements” (Group of minerals with a molecular structure of only one element; examples are Copper, Sulfur, and Diamond). that occur in nature are also considered minerals. Minerals are economic goods. They are mined for the valuable elements they contain or the need for unique properties. Other minerals are mined for their beauty and rarity, giving many specimens world-recognized value and new ones are being discovered all the time. Little known to professional mineral collectors, they are rare, have no commercial purpose, and almost never make good specimens. Characteristic Properties of Minerals: Minerals can be identified by various physical and chemical properties. It is important to understand that minerals are typically identified by a variety of properties. There is no single characteristic that can diagnose all minerals. Common diagnostic features include:  Color  Streak  Luster  Hardness Other properties that can be used for mineral diagnostics include:  Crystal form  Cleavage  Fracture  Smell  Taste and many more Color: Color seems like a simple property, but identifying minerals by color alone can be dangerous. Most minerals can exhibit a wide range of colors due to small amounts of impurities, like these quartz examples. Another example: Ruby and sapphire are the same mineral, corundum, and come in a variety of colors. Therefore, color alone is not very diagnostic. Img Streak Mineral Streak is the color of powdered minerals on streak slabs (unglazed porcelain tiles). This property is useful for diagnosis of a small number of minerals (usually those with a metallic sheen). Although the mineral colors vary, the stripe colors are remarkably consistent. Luster Luster describes the way a mineral surface reflects light. There are many types of glosses, but the most common are • Metallic • Nonmetallic • glassy • brilliant • dull Hardness: Hardness is a mineral's ability to withstand scratches. The Mohs Hardness Scale is a unit less 10-point scale of where each hardness value is represented by a common mineral. The Mohs hardness scale is not linear! hardness can be directly related to bond strength – hardness is the representation of the weakest bond. Compare the hardness of graphite (H=1) and diamond (H=10). They have the same chemical composition but different bonds/structures Crystal Form Some minerals that grow without being impeded by their environment develop characteristic crystal shapes or crystal form that represents symmetry in the crystal structure. Crystalline form may be a diagnostic characteristic of some minerals The internal structure of quartz is six-sided symmetrical (hexagonal). As a result, quartz crystals generall

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