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Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
ā€¢ Switch Statement
Syntax:
switch Expression {
case Expression
Block of statements
else
Block of statements
}
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
print("
Main Menu
---------
(1) Say Hello
(2) About
(3) Exit
")
nOption = GetString()
switch nOption {
case 1
print("Enter your name : ")
name = getstring()
print("Hello #{name}n")
case 2
print("Sample : using switch statementn")
case 3
Bye
else
print("bad option...n")
}
24.2 Looping
ā€¢ While Loop
Syntax:
while Expression {
Block of statements
}
Example:
Load "stdlib.ring"
While True {
print("
Main Menu
---------
24.2. Looping 229
Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
(1) Say Hello
(2) About
(3) Exit
")
nOption = GetString()
switch nOption {
case 1
print("Enter your name : ")
name = getstring()
print("Hello #{name}n")
case 2
print("Sample : using switch statementn")
case 3
Bye
else
print("bad option...n")
}
}
ā€¢ For Loop
Syntax:
for identifier=expression to expression [step expression] {
Block of statements
}
Example:
# print numbers from 1 to 10
load "stdlib.ring"
for x = 1 to 10 {
print("#{x}n")
}
Example:
load "stdlib.ring"
# Dynamic loop
print("Start : ") nStart = getnumber()
print("End : ") nEnd = getnumber()
print("Step : ") nStep = getnumber()
for x = nStart to nEnd step nStep {
print("#{x}n")
}
Example:
load "stdlib.ring"
# print even numbers from 0 to 10
for x = 0 to 10 step 2 {
print("#{x}n")
}
24.2. Looping 230
Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
Example:
load "stdlib.ring"
# print even numbers from 10 to 0
for x = 10 to 0 step -2 {
print("#{x}n")
}
ā€¢ For in Loop
Syntax:
for identifier in List/String [step expression] {
Block of statements
}
Example:
load "stdlib.ring"
aList = 1:10 # create list contains numbers from 1 to 10
for x in aList { print("#{x}n") } # print numbers from 1 to 10
Example:
load "stdlib.ring"
aList = 1:10 # create list contains numbers from 1 to 10
# print odd items inside the list
for x in aList step 2 {
print("#{x}n")
}
When we use (For in) we get items by reference.
This means that we can read/edit items inside the loop.
Example:
load "stdlib.ring"
aList = 1:5 # create list contains numbers from 1 to 5
# replace list numbers with strings
for x in aList {
switch x {
case 1 x = "one"
case 2 x = "two"
case 3 x = "three"
case 4 x = "four"
case 5 x = "five"
}
}
print(aList) # print the list items
24.3 Exceptions
24.3. Exceptions 231
Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
try {
Block of statements
catch
Block of statements
}
24.3. Exceptions 232
CHAPTER
TWENTYFIVE
GETTING INPUT
We can get input from the keyboard using
ā€¢ The Give Command
ā€¢ The GetChar() Function
ā€¢ The Input() Function
25.1 Give Command
Syntax:
Give VariableName
Example:
See "Enter the first number : " Give nNum1
See "Enter the second number : " Give nNum2
See "Sum : " + ( 0 + nNum1 + nNum2 )
Output:
Enter the first number : 3
Enter the second number : 4
Sum : 7
25.2 GetChar() Function
We can get one character from the standard input using the GetChar() function
Syntax:
GetChar() ---> Character
Example:
While True
See "
Main Menu
(1) Say Hello
(2) Exit
"
Option = GetChar()
233
Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
GetChar() GetChar() # End of line
# the previous two lines can be replaced with the next line
# Give Option
if Option = 1
see "Enter your name : " give cName
see "Hello " + cName
else
bye
ok
End
25.3 Input() Function
We can get input from the keyboard using the Input() function
Syntax:
Input(nCount) ---> string
The function will wait until nCount characters (at least) are read
Example:
See "Enter message (30 characters) : " cMsg = input(30)
See "Message : " + cMsg
25.3. Input() Function 234
CHAPTER
TWENTYSIX
FUNCTIONS - FIRST STYLE
In this chapter we are going to learn about the next topics :-
ā€¢ Deļ¬ne functions
ā€¢ Call functions
ā€¢ Declare parameters
ā€¢ Send parameters
ā€¢ Main Function
ā€¢ Variables Scope
ā€¢ Return Value
ā€¢ Recursion
26.1 Deļ¬ne Functions
To deļ¬ne new function
Syntax:
func <function_name> [parameters]
Block of statements
Note: No keyword is required to end the function deļ¬nition.
Example:
func hello
see "Hello from function" + nl
26.2 Call Functions
To call function without parameters, we type the function name then ()
Tip: We can call the function before the function deļ¬nition and the function code.
Example:
235
Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
hello()
func hello
see "Hello from function" + nl
Example:
first() second()
func first see "message from the first function" + nl
func second see "message from the second function" + nl
26.3 Declare parameters
To declare the function parameters, after the function name type the list of parameters as a group of identiļ¬ers separated
by comma.
Example:
func sum x,y
see x+y+nl
26.4 Send Parameters
To send parameters to function, type the parameters inside () after the function name
Syntax:
funcname(parameters)
Example:
/* output
** 8
** 3000
*/
sum(3,5) sum(1000,2000)
func sum x,y see x+y+nl
26.5 Main Function
Using the Ring programming language, the Main Function is optional, when itā€™s deļ¬ned, it will be executed after the
end of other statements.
if no other statements comes alone, the main function will be the ļ¬rst entry point
Example:
26.3. Declare parameters 236
Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
# this program will print the hello world message first then execute the main function
See "Hello World!" + nl
func main
see "Message from the main function" + nl
26.6 Variables Scope
The Ring programming language uses lexical scoping to determine the scope of a variable.
Variables deļ¬ned inside functions (including function parameters) are local variables. Variables deļ¬ned outside func-
tions (before any function) are global variables.
Inside any function we can access the variables deļ¬ned inside this function beside the global variables.
Example:
# the program will print numbers from 10 to 1
x = 10 # x is a global variable.
func main
for t = 1 to 10 # t is a local variable
mycounter() # call function
next
func mycounter
see x + nl # print the global variable value
x-- # decrement
Note: Using the main function before the for loop declare the t variable as a local variable, Itā€™s recommended to use
the main functions instead of typing the instructions directly to set the scope of the new variables to local.
26.7 Return Value
The function can return a value using the Return command.
Syntax:
Return [Expression]
Tip: the Expression after the return command is optional and we can use the return command to end the function
execution without returning any value.
Note: if the function doesnā€™t return explicit value, it will return NULL (empty string = ā€œā€ ).
Example:
26.6. Variables Scope 237
Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
if novalue() = NULL
See "the function doesn't return a value" + nl
ok
func novalue
26.8 Recursion
The Ring programming language support Recursion and the function can call itself using different parameters.
Example:
see fact(5) # output = 120
func fact x if x = 0 return 1 else return x * fact(x-1) ok
26.8. Recursion 238

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The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 27 of 210

  • 1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 ā€¢ Switch Statement Syntax: switch Expression { case Expression Block of statements else Block of statements } Example: Load "stdlib.ring" print(" Main Menu --------- (1) Say Hello (2) About (3) Exit ") nOption = GetString() switch nOption { case 1 print("Enter your name : ") name = getstring() print("Hello #{name}n") case 2 print("Sample : using switch statementn") case 3 Bye else print("bad option...n") } 24.2 Looping ā€¢ While Loop Syntax: while Expression { Block of statements } Example: Load "stdlib.ring" While True { print(" Main Menu --------- 24.2. Looping 229
  • 2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 (1) Say Hello (2) About (3) Exit ") nOption = GetString() switch nOption { case 1 print("Enter your name : ") name = getstring() print("Hello #{name}n") case 2 print("Sample : using switch statementn") case 3 Bye else print("bad option...n") } } ā€¢ For Loop Syntax: for identifier=expression to expression [step expression] { Block of statements } Example: # print numbers from 1 to 10 load "stdlib.ring" for x = 1 to 10 { print("#{x}n") } Example: load "stdlib.ring" # Dynamic loop print("Start : ") nStart = getnumber() print("End : ") nEnd = getnumber() print("Step : ") nStep = getnumber() for x = nStart to nEnd step nStep { print("#{x}n") } Example: load "stdlib.ring" # print even numbers from 0 to 10 for x = 0 to 10 step 2 { print("#{x}n") } 24.2. Looping 230
  • 3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 Example: load "stdlib.ring" # print even numbers from 10 to 0 for x = 10 to 0 step -2 { print("#{x}n") } ā€¢ For in Loop Syntax: for identifier in List/String [step expression] { Block of statements } Example: load "stdlib.ring" aList = 1:10 # create list contains numbers from 1 to 10 for x in aList { print("#{x}n") } # print numbers from 1 to 10 Example: load "stdlib.ring" aList = 1:10 # create list contains numbers from 1 to 10 # print odd items inside the list for x in aList step 2 { print("#{x}n") } When we use (For in) we get items by reference. This means that we can read/edit items inside the loop. Example: load "stdlib.ring" aList = 1:5 # create list contains numbers from 1 to 5 # replace list numbers with strings for x in aList { switch x { case 1 x = "one" case 2 x = "two" case 3 x = "three" case 4 x = "four" case 5 x = "five" } } print(aList) # print the list items 24.3 Exceptions 24.3. Exceptions 231
  • 4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 try { Block of statements catch Block of statements } 24.3. Exceptions 232
  • 5. CHAPTER TWENTYFIVE GETTING INPUT We can get input from the keyboard using ā€¢ The Give Command ā€¢ The GetChar() Function ā€¢ The Input() Function 25.1 Give Command Syntax: Give VariableName Example: See "Enter the first number : " Give nNum1 See "Enter the second number : " Give nNum2 See "Sum : " + ( 0 + nNum1 + nNum2 ) Output: Enter the first number : 3 Enter the second number : 4 Sum : 7 25.2 GetChar() Function We can get one character from the standard input using the GetChar() function Syntax: GetChar() ---> Character Example: While True See " Main Menu (1) Say Hello (2) Exit " Option = GetChar() 233
  • 6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 GetChar() GetChar() # End of line # the previous two lines can be replaced with the next line # Give Option if Option = 1 see "Enter your name : " give cName see "Hello " + cName else bye ok End 25.3 Input() Function We can get input from the keyboard using the Input() function Syntax: Input(nCount) ---> string The function will wait until nCount characters (at least) are read Example: See "Enter message (30 characters) : " cMsg = input(30) See "Message : " + cMsg 25.3. Input() Function 234
  • 7. CHAPTER TWENTYSIX FUNCTIONS - FIRST STYLE In this chapter we are going to learn about the next topics :- ā€¢ Deļ¬ne functions ā€¢ Call functions ā€¢ Declare parameters ā€¢ Send parameters ā€¢ Main Function ā€¢ Variables Scope ā€¢ Return Value ā€¢ Recursion 26.1 Deļ¬ne Functions To deļ¬ne new function Syntax: func <function_name> [parameters] Block of statements Note: No keyword is required to end the function deļ¬nition. Example: func hello see "Hello from function" + nl 26.2 Call Functions To call function without parameters, we type the function name then () Tip: We can call the function before the function deļ¬nition and the function code. Example: 235
  • 8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 hello() func hello see "Hello from function" + nl Example: first() second() func first see "message from the first function" + nl func second see "message from the second function" + nl 26.3 Declare parameters To declare the function parameters, after the function name type the list of parameters as a group of identiļ¬ers separated by comma. Example: func sum x,y see x+y+nl 26.4 Send Parameters To send parameters to function, type the parameters inside () after the function name Syntax: funcname(parameters) Example: /* output ** 8 ** 3000 */ sum(3,5) sum(1000,2000) func sum x,y see x+y+nl 26.5 Main Function Using the Ring programming language, the Main Function is optional, when itā€™s deļ¬ned, it will be executed after the end of other statements. if no other statements comes alone, the main function will be the ļ¬rst entry point Example: 26.3. Declare parameters 236
  • 9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 # this program will print the hello world message first then execute the main function See "Hello World!" + nl func main see "Message from the main function" + nl 26.6 Variables Scope The Ring programming language uses lexical scoping to determine the scope of a variable. Variables deļ¬ned inside functions (including function parameters) are local variables. Variables deļ¬ned outside func- tions (before any function) are global variables. Inside any function we can access the variables deļ¬ned inside this function beside the global variables. Example: # the program will print numbers from 10 to 1 x = 10 # x is a global variable. func main for t = 1 to 10 # t is a local variable mycounter() # call function next func mycounter see x + nl # print the global variable value x-- # decrement Note: Using the main function before the for loop declare the t variable as a local variable, Itā€™s recommended to use the main functions instead of typing the instructions directly to set the scope of the new variables to local. 26.7 Return Value The function can return a value using the Return command. Syntax: Return [Expression] Tip: the Expression after the return command is optional and we can use the return command to end the function execution without returning any value. Note: if the function doesnā€™t return explicit value, it will return NULL (empty string = ā€œā€ ). Example: 26.6. Variables Scope 237
  • 10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 if novalue() = NULL See "the function doesn't return a value" + nl ok func novalue 26.8 Recursion The Ring programming language support Recursion and the function can call itself using different parameters. Example: see fact(5) # output = 120 func fact x if x = 0 return 1 else return x * fact(x-1) ok 26.8. Recursion 238