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Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Version 1.0
Sociology and Society
M S Ahluwalia
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Sociology Super-Notes
Introducing Sociology
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Copyright © 2020, by M S Ahluwalia
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We are here to help you!
If you are a faculty or student of sociology, this document may be just what you need!
Schools and Universities often have a vast syllabus, and there is limited support from the
faculty and the institution. But, the exams are tough. Unfortunately, students often don’t get
sufficient support for their exams.
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Sociology Super-Notes
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Sociology Super-Notes
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Let’ start…
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 10
1. How are an individual and the society related?
Neither the life of an individual nor the
history of a society can be understood
without understanding both...
C. Wright Mills, 1959
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
• Society’s Issues
• Matters beyond the local
environment of the individual and
the range of his/her inner life
• Individual’s problems/troubles
• Occur within the character of the
individual and his immediate
relations with others
• They are linked to his self and to
areas of social life of which he is
directly and personally aware
11
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
1. How are an individual and the society related?
• Mills vision of the sociological imagination is set in the unravelling of how the
personal and public are related.
• The individual and society are dialectically linked – with a distinction between:
‘Personal
troubles of
the milieu’
‘Public issues
of social
structure’
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 13
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
2.1. What is plurality of society?
• In today’s world, we humans belong to more than one ‘society’
• This diversity leads to difficulty in mapping of society.
• Our reference to ‘our society’ may mean different things depending on the context
– it may refer to ‘Indian society’ or ‘Punjabi society’ or ‘Muslim society’ or anything
else from the following list:
• For example, one person can be:
Country Region Religion
Linguistic
community
Ethnic
Community
Caste Tribe …
Indian Muslim
Keralite
Well-educated
Malayali
Pathan
Urban
Middle-class
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 14
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
2.2. What is inequality of society?
• Inequality is the cause of differences amongst societies.
• There are different kinds of inequality, and each of them requires serious
attention, Amartya Sen (2005):
Money Education Lifestyle
Political
Power
Opportunity Respect
Dimension
High
Low
Rich
Poor Illiterate Toiling
hard for
little
money
Can’t
influence
anything
No
opportunities
Treated
like dirt
Well-
Educated
Easy lives
of luxury
Can
influence
national
policies
Great
opportunities
for
advancement
Treated
with
respect
by police
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 16
Sociology is the study of
human social life,
groups and societies.
Its subject matter is our own
behaviour as social beings.
3. What is the nature of sociology?
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 17
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
3. What is the nature of Sociology?
1. Only Observes and Understands
• Sociology is concerned with
observation and collection of
data regarding norms and values.
• It is not concerned with prescribing
what they should be like.
2. Concerned with Ethics
• Sociologists have the responsibility
to ask about the goals of his/her
study and the work to which the
sociological findings will be applied
3. Sociology is a Science
• Sociologists are bound to follow
scientific methods
• This ensures that their work can be
validated by others
4. A Structured Profession
• Sociology is more than common-
sense: it has a body of concepts,
methods and data.
• Sociology is reflective, unlike
common-sense.
The Nature of
Sociology
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 19
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
Theory/
Ideas
Material
Issues
Sociology
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 20
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
4.1. Intellectual Ideas involved in making Sociology
• Darwin’s ideas about organic evolution were a major influence - Society
was compared with living organisms.
• Findings about pre-modern societies by early travellers and colonial
administrators were another major influence
• Sociologists and anthropologists made efforts to trace the growth of
society through stages, similar to those of organic life – they categorised
societies into types distinguished by their stages of social development
• Example: societies were classified into:
− Pre-modern societies such as hunters and gatherers, pastoral and
agrarian, agrarian and nonindustrial civilisations.
− Modern societies such as the industrialised societies
• This way of looking at society as a system of parts, each part playing a
given function influenced the study of social institutions like the family or
the school and structures such as stratification.
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 21
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
4.1. Intellectual Ideas… contd.
• The Enlightenment, an European intellectual movement of the late 17th and
18th centuries, emphasised reason and individualism.
• Thinkers of the early modern era were convinced that progress in
knowledge promised the solution to all social ills.
• They believed that social issues could be studied - social survey was based
on the belief that human phenomena can be classified and measured.
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 22
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
4.2. Material issues involved in making Sociology
Industrial revolution and capitalism caused permanent changes to the
social structure, and consequently had a profound impact in shaping
Sociology as several issues related to the changes surfaced:
• Chief occupation changed from agriculture and textiles to factory
workers, marked by degradation of labour
• From villages to urban cities
• From small societies to large cosmopolitans
• From hierarchical setup to mixed free-floating defined by current
economic status
• From close interaction to distanced individuals
• From work-rhythms decided by phase of daylight, constraints of
deadlines and other social duties, to clock time as a basis of social
organisation
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 24
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
5. Why do we study European sociology?
Two major reasons:
• The issues and concerns of sociology that came to the fore with the advent
of capitalism and industrialisation in the European society are pertinent
even now, and relevant to all modern societies.
• For Indian sociologists it is even more important to understand the
beginning and growth of sociology in Europe considering India’s modern
history is closely intertwined with that of its colonial ruler England, and
England was the hotseat of most of these changes
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 26
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
1
A Colonial Past
• India’s colonial past
impacted the
emergence of
sociology
• Impact of
industrialisation in
India was not the
same as in the west.
• Example: the people
displaced due to
industrialisation were
not necessarily able
to get jobs and a
better urban lifestyle
2
Incorrect Western
Understanding
• Emergence of
sociology in India
was impacted by
incorrect western
writings and ideas.
• The western view of
the Indian village as a
‘remnant or survival’
from ‘the infancy of
society’
3
Social Plurality
• The difference that
exists between
Sociology (industrial
societies) and Social
Anthropology (simple
societies) in the
western world does
not exist in India
considering its
extreme plurality.
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 28
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
From the perspective of the content that Sociology is studying i.e., the
focus of its analysis, scope of Sociology includes:
Global Issues
National Issues
Individuals’ Issues
Focus on the examination of global processes.
Example: impact of media on the young, impact
of foreign universities on Indian education
system.
Focus on national issues.
Example: unemployment, caste conflict, effect of
policies on tribal population, rural indebtedness
Focus on meaningful interactions between
individuals. Ex: between shopkeeper and
customers, teachers and students, two friends or
family members.
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
Contents
1. How are an individual and the society related?
2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society?
3. What is the nature of sociology?
4. What went into the making of Sociology?
5. Why do we study European sociology?
6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India?
7. What is the scope of Sociology?
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners
• Sociology is one of
a group of social
sciences which also
includes other
disciplines
• These sciences
share common
interests,
concepts, and
methods.
30
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines?
Social
Sciences
Anthropo-
logy
Economics
History
Political
Science
Psychology
Sociology
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 31
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8.1. Sociology and Social Anthropology
The Difference
• Content: Sociology is the study of
modern, complex societies while social
anthropology is the study of simple
societies.
• Focus: Social anthropology studies simple
societies in all their aspects, as wholes.
The specialisation is on the basis of area.
Sociologists focus on either parts of
society like the bureaucracy, religion,
caste or a process such as social mobility.
• Research Method: Social anthropology
was characterised by a long field work
tradition, living in the community,
studying and using ethnographic
research methods. Sociologists have
often relied on survey method and
quantitative data using statistics and the
questionnaire mode.
The Change
• Assumption behind studying a simple
society was that it was bounded. Today,
we know this is not true.
• It was feared that with decline of simple
societies, anthropology would lose its
specificity and merge with sociology. But:
• There have been fruitful interchanges
between the two disciplines and today
often methods and techniques are
drawn from both.
• There have been anthropological
studies of the state and globalisation,
instead of the traditional subject matter.
• Sociology started using anthropological
quantitative and qualitative techniques,
macro and micro approaches for
studying the complexities of modern
societies.
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 32
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8.2. Sociology and Economics
How Sociology views economics
The sociological approach looks at economic behaviour in the broader context of
social norms, values, practices and interests. The large investment in the
advertisement industry is directly linked to the need to reshape lifestyles and
consumption patterns.
How Economics contributes to Sociology
The defined scope of economics has facilitated its development as a highly focused,
coherent discipline, which can translate the results of theoretical work into practical
suggestions having major implications for public policy.
How Sociology and Economics complement each other
• Economists’ predictive abilities often suffer because of their neglect of
individual behaviour, cultural norms and institutional resistance, things which
sociologists study.
• Sociology unlike economics usually does not provide technical solutions. But it
encourages a questioning and critical perspective.
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 33
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8.3. Sociology and History
The Difference
• Content: Historians study the past,
sociologists are more interested in
the contemporary or recent past.
• Focus: Earlier, historians were
content to delineate the actual
events, to establish how things
actually happened, while in
sociology the focus was to
establish causal relationships.
• Level of Depth: History studies
concrete details while the
sociologist is more likely to
abstract from concrete reality,
categorise and generalise.
The Change
• Historians now use sociological
methods and concepts in their
analysis.
• Earlier, history was about the
history of kings and war. Less
glamorous or exciting events as
changes in land relations or
gender relations within the family
were not studied by historians, but
formed the core area of the
sociologist’s interest.
• Now, history is far more
sociological - it looks at social
patterns, gender relations, mores,
customs and important institutions
other than the acts of rulers, wars
and monarchy.
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 34
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8.4. Sociology and Political Science
The Difference
• Content: Conventionally, political science was focused primarily on
two elements: political theory and government administration.
Neither branch involved extensive contact with political behaviour.
Sociologists like Max Weber worked in what can be termed as
political sociology which focused on the study of political behaviour.
• Focus: Sociology focuses on interrelationships between sets of
institutions including government, whereas political science focuses
on processes within the government. Studies have also been
conducted in membership of political organisations, process of
decision-making in organisations, sociological reasons for support
of political parties, the role of gender in politics, etc.
Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 35
Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
8.5. Sociology and Psychology
• The two disciplines complement each other, and Social
Psychology serves as a bridge between the two
• It maintains a primary interest in the individual but concerns
itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social
groups, collectively with other individuals.
• Sociology attempts to understand behaviour as it is
organised in society, that is the way in which personality is
shaped by different aspects of society.
Sociology Super-Notes
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Sociology Super-Notes
PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 36
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or suggestions?
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Sociology Super-Notes >> Class XI - Introducing Sociology >> Sociology and Society

  • 1. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Version 1.0 Sociology and Society M S Ahluwalia
  • 2. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Sociology Super-Notes Introducing Sociology
  • 3. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Copyright © 2020, by M S Ahluwalia Trademarks ‘Super-Notes’, ‘All About’, ‘Sociology Learners’, ‘M S Ahluwalia’, ‘PsychoTech Services’, ‘Real Happiness Center’ and the msa logo, the People logo for sociology learners, Star and Starji logos for Real Happiness Center logo and PsychoTech Services logo are trademarks of M S Ahluwalia in India and other countries, and may not be used without explicit written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. PsychoTech Services and M S Ahluwalia, are not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of liability/disclaimer of warranty The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. This book should not be used as a replacement of expert opinion. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that internet websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. This document contains notes on the said subject made by the author during the course of studies or general reading. The author hopes you will find these ‘Super-notes’ useful in the course of your learning. In case you notice any errors or have any suggestions for the improvement of this document, please send an email to Super-Notes@PsychoTechServices.com. For general information on our other publications or for any kind of support or further information, you may reach us at care@PsychoTechServices.com. 3 ! Disclaimer
  • 4. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Sociology.PsychoTechServices.com
  • 5. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Version 1.0 For more Super-Notes Click Here! Super-Notes A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
  • 6. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 6 We are here to help you… It is in our DNA. We were born out of a project to help students!
  • 7. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners We are here to help you! If you are a faculty or student of sociology, this document may be just what you need! Schools and Universities often have a vast syllabus, and there is limited support from the faculty and the institution. But, the exams are tough. Unfortunately, students often don’t get sufficient support for their exams. We at PsychoTech Services have launched several efforts to help students – if you haven’t visited our site yet, now might be the right time – Click Here! Look for some useful lectures from across the web, guidance for solving assignments, or the highly accurate ‘Exam Question Pattern Analysis’, or more in our Super-Notes series. Also, remember, your exams will test both your knowledge and your ability to present the answers well. So work on both these aspects – read this for some very useful tips on How to Score More in your Exams! We hope that all the resources we have created for you will help you to complete your course requirements successfully! Good Luck!!! 7
  • 8. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 8 Let’ start…
  • 9. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Contents 1. How are an individual and the society related? 2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society? 3. What is the nature of sociology? 4. What went into the making of Sociology? 5. Why do we study European sociology? 6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India? 7. What is the scope of Sociology? 8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines? Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
  • 10. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 10 1. How are an individual and the society related? Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both... C. Wright Mills, 1959
  • 11. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners • Society’s Issues • Matters beyond the local environment of the individual and the range of his/her inner life • Individual’s problems/troubles • Occur within the character of the individual and his immediate relations with others • They are linked to his self and to areas of social life of which he is directly and personally aware 11 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 1. How are an individual and the society related? • Mills vision of the sociological imagination is set in the unravelling of how the personal and public are related. • The individual and society are dialectically linked – with a distinction between: ‘Personal troubles of the milieu’ ‘Public issues of social structure’
  • 12. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Contents 1. How are an individual and the society related? 2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society? 3. What is the nature of sociology? 4. What went into the making of Sociology? 5. Why do we study European sociology? 6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India? 7. What is the scope of Sociology? 8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines? Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
  • 13. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 13 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 2.1. What is plurality of society? • In today’s world, we humans belong to more than one ‘society’ • This diversity leads to difficulty in mapping of society. • Our reference to ‘our society’ may mean different things depending on the context – it may refer to ‘Indian society’ or ‘Punjabi society’ or ‘Muslim society’ or anything else from the following list: • For example, one person can be: Country Region Religion Linguistic community Ethnic Community Caste Tribe … Indian Muslim Keralite Well-educated Malayali Pathan Urban Middle-class
  • 14. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 14 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 2.2. What is inequality of society? • Inequality is the cause of differences amongst societies. • There are different kinds of inequality, and each of them requires serious attention, Amartya Sen (2005): Money Education Lifestyle Political Power Opportunity Respect Dimension High Low Rich Poor Illiterate Toiling hard for little money Can’t influence anything No opportunities Treated like dirt Well- Educated Easy lives of luxury Can influence national policies Great opportunities for advancement Treated with respect by police
  • 15. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Contents 1. How are an individual and the society related? 2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society? 3. What is the nature of sociology? 4. What went into the making of Sociology? 5. Why do we study European sociology? 6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India? 7. What is the scope of Sociology? 8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines? Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
  • 16. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 16 Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies. Its subject matter is our own behaviour as social beings. 3. What is the nature of sociology?
  • 17. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 17 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 3. What is the nature of Sociology? 1. Only Observes and Understands • Sociology is concerned with observation and collection of data regarding norms and values. • It is not concerned with prescribing what they should be like. 2. Concerned with Ethics • Sociologists have the responsibility to ask about the goals of his/her study and the work to which the sociological findings will be applied 3. Sociology is a Science • Sociologists are bound to follow scientific methods • This ensures that their work can be validated by others 4. A Structured Profession • Sociology is more than common- sense: it has a body of concepts, methods and data. • Sociology is reflective, unlike common-sense. The Nature of Sociology
  • 18. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Contents 1. How are an individual and the society related? 2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society? 3. What is the nature of sociology? 4. What went into the making of Sociology? 5. Why do we study European sociology? 6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India? 7. What is the scope of Sociology? 8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines? Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
  • 19. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 19 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 4. What went into the making of Sociology? Theory/ Ideas Material Issues Sociology
  • 20. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 20 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 4.1. Intellectual Ideas involved in making Sociology • Darwin’s ideas about organic evolution were a major influence - Society was compared with living organisms. • Findings about pre-modern societies by early travellers and colonial administrators were another major influence • Sociologists and anthropologists made efforts to trace the growth of society through stages, similar to those of organic life – they categorised societies into types distinguished by their stages of social development • Example: societies were classified into: − Pre-modern societies such as hunters and gatherers, pastoral and agrarian, agrarian and nonindustrial civilisations. − Modern societies such as the industrialised societies • This way of looking at society as a system of parts, each part playing a given function influenced the study of social institutions like the family or the school and structures such as stratification.
  • 21. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 21 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 4.1. Intellectual Ideas… contd. • The Enlightenment, an European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries, emphasised reason and individualism. • Thinkers of the early modern era were convinced that progress in knowledge promised the solution to all social ills. • They believed that social issues could be studied - social survey was based on the belief that human phenomena can be classified and measured.
  • 22. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 22 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 4.2. Material issues involved in making Sociology Industrial revolution and capitalism caused permanent changes to the social structure, and consequently had a profound impact in shaping Sociology as several issues related to the changes surfaced: • Chief occupation changed from agriculture and textiles to factory workers, marked by degradation of labour • From villages to urban cities • From small societies to large cosmopolitans • From hierarchical setup to mixed free-floating defined by current economic status • From close interaction to distanced individuals • From work-rhythms decided by phase of daylight, constraints of deadlines and other social duties, to clock time as a basis of social organisation
  • 23. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Contents 1. How are an individual and the society related? 2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society? 3. What is the nature of sociology? 4. What went into the making of Sociology? 5. Why do we study European sociology? 6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India? 7. What is the scope of Sociology? 8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines? Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
  • 24. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 24 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 5. Why do we study European sociology? Two major reasons: • The issues and concerns of sociology that came to the fore with the advent of capitalism and industrialisation in the European society are pertinent even now, and relevant to all modern societies. • For Indian sociologists it is even more important to understand the beginning and growth of sociology in Europe considering India’s modern history is closely intertwined with that of its colonial ruler England, and England was the hotseat of most of these changes
  • 25. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Contents 1. How are an individual and the society related? 2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society? 3. What is the nature of sociology? 4. What went into the making of Sociology? 5. Why do we study European sociology? 6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India? 7. What is the scope of Sociology? 8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines? Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
  • 26. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 26 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India? 1 A Colonial Past • India’s colonial past impacted the emergence of sociology • Impact of industrialisation in India was not the same as in the west. • Example: the people displaced due to industrialisation were not necessarily able to get jobs and a better urban lifestyle 2 Incorrect Western Understanding • Emergence of sociology in India was impacted by incorrect western writings and ideas. • The western view of the Indian village as a ‘remnant or survival’ from ‘the infancy of society’ 3 Social Plurality • The difference that exists between Sociology (industrial societies) and Social Anthropology (simple societies) in the western world does not exist in India considering its extreme plurality.
  • 27. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Contents 1. How are an individual and the society related? 2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society? 3. What is the nature of sociology? 4. What went into the making of Sociology? 5. Why do we study European sociology? 6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India? 7. What is the scope of Sociology? 8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines? Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
  • 28. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 28 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 7. What is the scope of Sociology? From the perspective of the content that Sociology is studying i.e., the focus of its analysis, scope of Sociology includes: Global Issues National Issues Individuals’ Issues Focus on the examination of global processes. Example: impact of media on the young, impact of foreign universities on Indian education system. Focus on national issues. Example: unemployment, caste conflict, effect of policies on tribal population, rural indebtedness Focus on meaningful interactions between individuals. Ex: between shopkeeper and customers, teachers and students, two friends or family members.
  • 29. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Contents 1. How are an individual and the society related? 2. What are ‘plurality’ and ‘inequality’ of society? 3. What is the nature of sociology? 4. What went into the making of Sociology? 5. Why do we study European sociology? 6. What influenced emergence of Sociology in India? 7. What is the scope of Sociology? 8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines? Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society
  • 30. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners • Sociology is one of a group of social sciences which also includes other disciplines • These sciences share common interests, concepts, and methods. 30 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 8. How is Sociology related to other disciplines? Social Sciences Anthropo- logy Economics History Political Science Psychology Sociology
  • 31. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 31 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 8.1. Sociology and Social Anthropology The Difference • Content: Sociology is the study of modern, complex societies while social anthropology is the study of simple societies. • Focus: Social anthropology studies simple societies in all their aspects, as wholes. The specialisation is on the basis of area. Sociologists focus on either parts of society like the bureaucracy, religion, caste or a process such as social mobility. • Research Method: Social anthropology was characterised by a long field work tradition, living in the community, studying and using ethnographic research methods. Sociologists have often relied on survey method and quantitative data using statistics and the questionnaire mode. The Change • Assumption behind studying a simple society was that it was bounded. Today, we know this is not true. • It was feared that with decline of simple societies, anthropology would lose its specificity and merge with sociology. But: • There have been fruitful interchanges between the two disciplines and today often methods and techniques are drawn from both. • There have been anthropological studies of the state and globalisation, instead of the traditional subject matter. • Sociology started using anthropological quantitative and qualitative techniques, macro and micro approaches for studying the complexities of modern societies.
  • 32. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 32 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 8.2. Sociology and Economics How Sociology views economics The sociological approach looks at economic behaviour in the broader context of social norms, values, practices and interests. The large investment in the advertisement industry is directly linked to the need to reshape lifestyles and consumption patterns. How Economics contributes to Sociology The defined scope of economics has facilitated its development as a highly focused, coherent discipline, which can translate the results of theoretical work into practical suggestions having major implications for public policy. How Sociology and Economics complement each other • Economists’ predictive abilities often suffer because of their neglect of individual behaviour, cultural norms and institutional resistance, things which sociologists study. • Sociology unlike economics usually does not provide technical solutions. But it encourages a questioning and critical perspective.
  • 33. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 33 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 8.3. Sociology and History The Difference • Content: Historians study the past, sociologists are more interested in the contemporary or recent past. • Focus: Earlier, historians were content to delineate the actual events, to establish how things actually happened, while in sociology the focus was to establish causal relationships. • Level of Depth: History studies concrete details while the sociologist is more likely to abstract from concrete reality, categorise and generalise. The Change • Historians now use sociological methods and concepts in their analysis. • Earlier, history was about the history of kings and war. Less glamorous or exciting events as changes in land relations or gender relations within the family were not studied by historians, but formed the core area of the sociologist’s interest. • Now, history is far more sociological - it looks at social patterns, gender relations, mores, customs and important institutions other than the acts of rulers, wars and monarchy.
  • 34. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 34 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 8.4. Sociology and Political Science The Difference • Content: Conventionally, political science was focused primarily on two elements: political theory and government administration. Neither branch involved extensive contact with political behaviour. Sociologists like Max Weber worked in what can be termed as political sociology which focused on the study of political behaviour. • Focus: Sociology focuses on interrelationships between sets of institutions including government, whereas political science focuses on processes within the government. Studies have also been conducted in membership of political organisations, process of decision-making in organisations, sociological reasons for support of political parties, the role of gender in politics, etc.
  • 35. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 35 Introducing Sociology – Sociology and Society 8.5. Sociology and Psychology • The two disciplines complement each other, and Social Psychology serves as a bridge between the two • It maintains a primary interest in the individual but concerns itself with the way in which the individual behaves in social groups, collectively with other individuals. • Sociology attempts to understand behaviour as it is organised in society, that is the way in which personality is shaped by different aspects of society.
  • 36. Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners Sociology Super-Notes PsychoTech Services Sociology Learners 36 Do you have any questions, or suggestions? Message us on Facebook: facebook.com/RealSociologyLearners
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