1. Grammar
Book
By: Cameron Shockey

2. Table of Contents
1) Nationalities
2) Stem Changers
3) Para
4) Indirect object Pronouns
5) Object Pronoun Placement
6) Gustar
7) Affirmative and Negative Words
8) Superlative
9) Reflexives
10) Affirmative tū Commands/Irregular/Pronoun Placement
11) Negative tū Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
12) Sequencing Events
13) Preterite
14) Trigger Words
15) -car, -gar, -zar
16) Deber + Infinitive
17) Modal Verbs
18) Present Progressive
19) Adverbs

3. Nationalities

4. Stem Changer
Dormir o ue Pedir e i
duermo
pido
dormimos
pedemos
duermes dormis
pides pedis
duerme duermen
pide piden
Pensar e ie
pienso pensamos
piensas pensais
piensa piensan

5. Para
 Para means “for”
 Indicates the recipients of an item
-Compro el regalo para tu mama
 Indicates a purpose
- Vamos al resturante para comer
 Indicates an implied purpose
-Tengo dinero para(comprar) algo

6. Indirect Object Pronouns
 Indirect Objects are nouns that tell to
whom/what or for whom/what
 Indirect Object pronouns replace or
accompany indirect objects
me nos
te os
le les

7. Object Pronoun Placement
 Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
 Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
 Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
 Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb

8. Gustar
 Gustarmeans “to like/enjoy”
 No goes before the IOP
 You can’t separate the IOP from gustar
gusto gustamos
gustas gustaís
gusta gustan

9. Affirmative and Negative
Words

10. Superlatives
 The suffix –ísimo, ísimos, ísima, ísimas are added to adjectives
and adverbs
 It’s equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or
adverb
 malo → malísimo
 muchas→muchísimas
 difícil→ dificilísimo
 Adjectives and adverbs ending in c,g,or z change spelling to
qu, gu, and c respectively
 rico→ riquísimo
 larga→larguísima
 feliz→felicísimo
 Adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding –císimola
 joven→ jovencísimo
 trabajador→ trabajadorcísimo

11. Reflexives
 Reflect on yourself
 The subject is also the object
 The subject, the pronoun, and the verb are all in the same form
EX: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la noche.
me nos despierto despertamos
+
te os despiertas despertais
se se despierta despiertan

12. Affirmative tū
Commands/Irregular/Pronoun
Placement
Affirmative tu Commands
Irregulars 1) drop the “s”
Tener - di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven
Venir
Dar/Decir
Ir Pronoun Placement
Ser 1) Infinitive
2) Gerund (ing)
Hacer
3) Before Congugated
Estar Verb
Saber/Salir 4) Affirmative command

13. Negative tū
Command/Irregular/Pronoun
Placement
Negative tū Command
Irregular 1) Put in “yo”
2) Change vowel
No tengas ar→e er,ir→a
No vengas 3) Add the “s”
No des/digas
No vayas
No sea Pronoun Placement
1) Infinitive
No hagas 2) Gerund (ing)
No estes 3) Before Congugated
No sepas/salgas Verb
4) Affirmative command

14. Sequencing Events
Primero entonces Luego/despues Por fin
first then after finally
Antes de Despues de
before after
Por la manana Por la tarde Por la noche
In/during the morning In/during the afternoon In/during the night
Los lunes, martes, miercoles, jueves, viernes, sabado, domingo
Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays Sundays

15. Pretérite
ar: comier/ir:
-í -imos
-é -amos
Comí Comimos
hablé Hablamos
Escribí Escribimos
-aste -iste
Hablaste Comiste
Escribiste
-é -aron -ió -ieron
Habló hablaron Comió Comieron
escribió escribieron

16. Trigger Words

17. -car, -gar, -zar
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
-Toque -Jugue -Comencé
-Tocaste Jugaste -Comenzaste
-Toco Jugó -Comenzó
-Tocamos Jugamos -Comenzamos
-Tocaron jugaron -Comenzaron

18. Deber + Infinitive
The verb deber means should or
ought to.
To say what people should
Deber (should ought to) do, use a congugated form of
deber with the infinitive of
debo debemos another verb.
debes debéis Examples:
Debo barrer el suelo.
I should sweep the floor.
debe deben
Debes limpiar la cocina.
You should clean the kitchen.
Deba sacar la basura.
He should take out the trash.

19. Modal Verbs
 When verbs are used in modal combinations, the
second verb is not conjugated but rather left in
the infinitive form
 You would never say “no puedo nado.”
Deber-should
Desear-desire
Necesitar-to need
Poder-can, could, might
Querer-want, would like to
Saber-know, know how to
Soler-usually, used to

20. Present Progressive Verb Irregular
Present
•When the stem of an –er or –ir verb ends in Participle
a vowel, change the –iendo to –yendo to Leer Leyendo
form the present participle. Oír Oyendo
traer Trayendo
Pedir Pidiendo
•When you use pronouns with the Servir Sirviendo
present progressive, you can put them in
one of two places, Decir Diciendo
-put pronoun before the conjugated Dormir Durmiendo
form of estar venir viniendo
-or attach them to the end of the
present participle Estoy Estamos
esperando esperando
Estas Estāis
esperando esperando
Esta Estan
esperando esperando

21. Adverbs
•When an adjective ends in e,l, or
Adjective Adverb
z, simply add –mente to the end
•When two adverbs modify the reciente recientemente
same verb, only the second one frecuente frecuentemente
uses the –mente ending
•For adjectives ending in with –o or normal normalmente
–a, add -mente to the feminine
form Adjective Adverb
Irregular Adverbs cuidadoso cuidadosamente
mucho A lot rapido Rapidamente
Muy very lento lentamente
Mal bad
Nunca Never
Poco Little
Peor Worse
siempre Always