Seminar Sured German Alumni Water Network, Jakarta
Jakarta case presentation edited
1. The ground water pollution:
Jakarta Lesson Learned
Dr. Riant Nugroho
Visiting Senior Lecture University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur
Board Member/Advisor The Jakarta Water Regulatory Body
The paper is presented at The World Water Week, September 5‐11, 2010, Stockholm
UNESCO‐Both ENDS‐International Water Institute Stockholm.
4. Beginning with an Ending: Right to Water & Sanitation
Total policy
performance gap
Mistake People Mistake Total
implementation behavior policy performance
Vision and Policy : Implemen‐
human Regulatory tation
rights framework
compliance
5. GoI’s vision on water and sanitation (National
Development Plan 2004‐2009)
• To develop drinking water and healthy environment,
government priorities are:
1. Increasing tap‐water service coverage and national basic sanitation
in term of quality, efficiency, affordability, and sustainability
2. Increasing quality of surface‐water as raw material for tap‐water
3. Increasing utility of existing sewage and sewer reclamation
infrastructure
4. Developing sanitation services
5. Developing centralized sewerage system for cities and
metropolitans
6. The Constitution : Constitution 1945
• Article 33
“The land, the waters and the natural resources
within shall be under the powers of the State and
shall be used to the greatest benefit of the
people”.
(The statement “under the control” does not mean all activities should only be implemented
by the government, it is allowing to at certain extent on natural resources to be utilized by
private, community or cooperative however it should be under the control of the
Government. This includes land and water having economic value and social functions.
Utilization should be based on sustainable manner and for the maximum prosperity of
Indonesian people.)
7. The Law to International Covenant
• Law No. 11/2005 ratified the international covenant on economic, social
and cultural (ECOSOC) rights : “State shall respects and protects the right
to water”
Key Performance Indicators Government accountability
1. Availability 1. Respect
2. Quality 2. Protect
3. Accessibility 3. Fulfill
society as the active player as
People‐based water
well as the beneficiaries of the
development
development
9. The Law No. 7/2004 on Water Resources
“Water resources shall be managed based
on the principle of conservation, balance,
public benefit, integrity and harmony,
justice, independence, as well
transparency and accountability”
• Articles 5:
“The state will protect the people’s right to
get healthy, clean, and sufficient of water for
their minimal daily life right to water
(access to water)
• Articles 6:
the waters resources shall be under the
powers of the State and shall be used to the
greatest benefit of the people welfare
water right (ownership to water)
10. Government Regulation No. 20/1990 on Water
Pollution Control
• Water is a basic natural resource needed for human being.
Government shall control water pollution through water standard
quality policy to maintain the water quality right to human living
and other living beings.
13. Government Regulation No. 43/2008 on Ground
Water
• Government Regulation
No. 43/2008 on Ground
Water. The policy of
groundwater integrates the
national, province, and
city/municipality
groundwater management,
in the objective to balance
the aspect of conservation,
utilization, and control of
endangering destructive
power of ground water
system.
15. Today’s overall policy’s governance
Constitution 1945
Law No. 7/2003 on Water Law No. 11 /1974 on Water
Law No. 11/2005 on ECOSOC
Resources Affairs
Government Regulation No.
Government Regulation No.
Government Regulation No. 16/2005 on Development of
42/2008 on Water Resource
43/2008 on Ground Water Drinking Water Provision
Management
System
Ministry of Environment Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Public Works Ministry of Health
Decision/Decree/Regulation Decision/Decree/Regulation Decision/Decree/Regulation Decision/Decree/Regulation
Regional Regulation Regional Regulation Regional Regulation Regional Regulation
(Province, City, Municipality) (Province, City, Municipality) (Province, City, Municipality) (Province, City, Municipality)
21. Problem of access to water
• The decrease of water resources : pollution, deforestation, heavy
agriculture activities, the change of function of water catchment
area, water user behavior, and natural phenomena (global climate
change).
• 2003 : number of rural household without access to drinking
water is 30.88% in and without access to sanitation is 36.04 %.
• Clean water supply system serves about 45 million or 40% of urban
population and 7 million or 8% of rural population.
• Poor water continuity in water stressed areas forcing poor people
obtains water at higher price than those with higher income.
• In Bengkulu, North Maluku, Central Kalimantan and West
Kalimantan Provinces, drinking water supply mostly is obtained
from river and unprotected wells.
• In several large cities, 73% of water need for household is
obtained from groundwater sources. (Riant Nugroho, et.al, 2009)
23. Existing condition (2009)
• Today, majority of people are still using ground water, therefore
more approach to develop piped water supply system is needed to
be developed.
• Indonesia target for 2009 is having 60% of service coverage ratio,
compare to the realization of 43%, in compare to 41% service
coverage ratio in 2005.
• While at the PDAM side, the average performance are not
satisfactory.
• Water loss in average is 37%. Water quality is not drinking water
and in many big cities, water authorities unable to supply 24 hour a
day and even some areas suffer of no‐water at all so they need to
rely on unhealthy sources of water.
24. Access to water, recent government report
• “In the year of 2010, only 14% of the population has access to water,
meanwhile in 2014, the target is 60,3% due to the MDG achievement
target of 75% water service coverage. Therefore, GoI need budget of IDR
33 trillion (USD 3,5 billion) in the next 5 years. Therefore, Government of
Indonesia invite private sector to participate”
Dr. Agus Widjanarko, Secretary General of Department of Public Works, 23 June 2010
29. Jakarta’s Profile
• 661.52 km2 of and 8.522.589 population
• The densest city in Indonesia : 12.883 per km2
GDP per capita in 2009 was USD 8.400, or 320% compared to Indonesia GDP per
capita.
Have signed MDG’s commitment in 2008 in NY :
80% of the population will be having clean water and delivered by piped‐
system.
It is not about the “pipe‐water” alone, but in regards to assure that the
ground water will not be used in the city, because it will conserve the land
of the city and to evade the endangered the polluted ground water.
34. JWRB focus : securing water governance
Jakarta Water Good governance in water
Regulatory Body supply services
25 years of concession
Private/foreign
PAM Jaya
companies
Payment Services &
Tarrif
Water
consumers
36. Jakarta water supply service performance 2009
Techincal target Target Actual performance
1. Water loss (NRW) 41.70% 50.20%
2. Production (million m3) 405.09 430,23
3. Connection 795,025 777,994
4. Volume sold (million m3) 287,84 257.96
5. Coverage ratio 68.27% * 63.58% *
Operators coverage ratio assumptions = 7 people per connection
JWRB assumption is 1 connection (household) = 4 people = coverage ratio 42%.
37. Water Tariff Cities in Asia (USD)
Tariff Jakarta Singapore Kuala Manila Bangkok Brunei Hong Taipei
Lumpur Kong
Lowest 0,11 0,31 0,14 0,15 0,26 0,08 0,55 0,16
Highest 1,61 1,39 1,27 0,75 0,48 0,84 1,19 0,24
55. Groundwater‐wells in Jakarta are in danger
Area Distance < 10 METER Distance > 10 METER No information
Number % Number % Number %
Central 3 27% 3 27% 5 45%
South 5 29% 9 53% 3 18%
West 7 47% 5 33% 3 20%
East 8 47% 6 35% 3 18%
North 7 47% 3 20% 3 20%
TOTAL 30 40% 26 35% 17 23%
[Jakarta Regional Agency of Environmental Management (Badan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah/BPLHD,
2009)]
57. The most heavily polluted were groundwater
wells in North Jakarta.
KOJA
TANJUNG PRIOK DISTRICT
DISTRICT
PENJARINGAN
DISTRICT PADEMANGAN
DISTRICT
CILINCING
DISTRICT
AREA OF NORTH JAKARTA MUNICIPALITY: KELAPA
143,21 KM2 GADING
TOTAL POPULATION: 1.4 PEOPLE DISTRICT
POPULATION DENSITY: 10,356
PERSONS/KM2
CONSISTING OF 6 SUB‐DISTRICTS 31
KELURAHAN
STRATEGICALLY LOCATED AT COASTAL
58. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN JAKARTA
RAW WATER WATER SUPPLY GROUNDWATER WASTEWATER
1. Depletion of 1. Low service coverage ratio 1. High ground water 1. Very low service
Quantity and 2. Relatively high water abstraction due to low coverage (2,8%).
Quality of Raw losses (48,9%). coverage. 2. Lack of wastewater
Water. 3. Raw water becoming 2. Low recharge capacity. facilities.
critical 3. Polluted shallow ground 3. Increasingly high
4. Average tariff increasing
water by wastewater. pollution of surface
(Rp. 7,225/m3).
4. Very low ground water water and ground
5. Water quality not
drinkable.
charge/tariff. water bodies.
WATER SUPPLY ECOLOGICAL ISSUES IN THE COASTAL AREA
CRISIS
Flood Threat and
LAND SUBSIDENCE Sea Water Intrusion
Tidal Sea Water
1. INCREASING FLOOD PRONE
AREAS.
2. DECREASING ELEVATION OF
COASTAL RIVER EMBANKMENT
IN COASTAL AREA.
3. DECREASING ELEVATION OF
DRAINAGE SYSTEM (MACRO & 1. CLIMATE CHANGE
MICRO) CAUSING LOW URBAN 2. PEAK TIDAL CYCLE
DRAINAGE CAPACITY
59. LEVEL OF WATER STRESS CLASSIFICATION
WATER STRESS INDEX
WATER STRESS LEVEL CLASSIFICATION COLORED CODE
(WSI) VALUE
WSI < 0.2 NO WATER STRESS
0.2 < WSI < 0.3 LOW WATER STRESS
0.3 < WSI < 0.4 MEDIUM WATER STRESS
0.4 < WSI I< 0.5 HIGH WATER STRESS
WSI > 0.5 VERY HIGH WATER STRESS
62. Finding 1
Majority of people in Jakarta are using groundwater well as their
primary water sources, and majority of the groundwater are poor –
highly contaminated
Contamination of the ground water caused by: no modern sewer
and sewage as well as sanitation system available for the city, less
tap‐water service coverage, people habit, and sea‐water intrusion
63. Finding 2: The legal and policy development in Jakarta
Government Regulation (Regional Act) (Perda) of Jakarta Province No. 10/1991 on
Local Company for Wastewater Management of DKI Jakarta
Governor Decree No. 45/1992 concerning Provision of Wastewater Management by
Pipeline System in Jakarta
Governor Decree No. 122/2005 on Domestic Wastewater Management in Jakarta
Province
Governor Decree No. The Decree of Governor of the Province of DKI Jakarta
Number 1470/2006 on Service for Wastewater Discharge/Disposal and Installation
Cost of Wastewater Pipeline in Jakarta
East Canal Jakarta Project, almost finished, for flood control, developed by
Government of Jakarta.
Government Regulation (Regional Act) of Jakarta No 11/2010 on New Tariff of Deep‐
Water, which increased deep‐water tariff 16.7 times for luxury housings and 6.69
times for business.
Government Regulation .Tariff increase for luxury housings: from IDR 550 per m3 to
IDR 8.800 per m3. It is equal to pipe‐water for high tariff. Tariff increase for
business: from IDR 3.300 per m3 to IDR 23.000 per m3. It is higher than pipe‐water
tariff for business.
65. Finding 4
People of Jakarta has a strong willingness to pay any public
infrastructure as long as it is match with the people need and/or
what government and/or provider has been promised.
“Willingness to pay for water is high, even when they do not have
water in a term of 24/7”
People of Jakarta has a strong willingness to pay sanitation and
sewage services
69. Finding 6
Low and middle income people has a high understanding that the
right to water not governmental duties alone, but people, too.
There is “The Jakarta Water Consumer Representative” (KPAM) as
“Water Voice” in Jakarta. It was founded in 2003 as an
independent institution, and up to now the represent customer’s
voice and also working intensely with the government and operator
to fight illegal connection and consumption.
The problem is…They do not know what to do, how to participate,
how to take a part on those duties of the “right to water”
75. “Fantastic 4”
of an
integrated
programmes
Polluted ground water condition
76. ICIM
Steps Agenda It is about… Government Business Public
Importance Idea VVV V VV
Concept Blueprint VVV VV V
Implementation Practice VV VVV V
Management Sustainability VV VVV VVV
Well‐being MDG (value creation) V V VVV
77. The legal and policy development challenges for Jakarta
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5
Government, and
Society PPP projects to
investment of develop Jakarta sewage
local (Sub‐ integrated sewage management
Kelurahan) system
sewage system
Development Model Pipe‐water
Government Agenda coverage Enough water Jakarta water
100% coverage
Public Education minimum 80% (as supply for Jakarta security
Business Model MDG target)
Regulation to Regulation to
close all deep‐ close all deep‐
water wheel water wheel
Regulation of
Regulation on
integrated water
restriction of
management
individual sewage
system : water &
system
sewage
78. The legal and policy development challenges for
Jakarta – Prepared and Proposed Policy
Multi‐Purpose Deep Tunnel, for flood control, water reclaims sewage, toll road,
and utilities, waiting for approval, developed by JWRB –dated 2006
Jatiluhur‐Jakarta of 62 km Closed‐Pipe Project, informally approved, in process of
finding investor, increase supply water of Jakarta, developed by JWRB –dated
2007
The Revitalization of Kali Besar at Old Jakarta, formally approved, in progress,
increase supply water of Jakarta, reclaim the river of Kali Besar, sewage system,
water transport, developed by JWRB –dated 2008
Sub‐Kelurahan integrated Sewage System, a sewage system of 100 of dense
housing in Jakarta with target of 100 Sub‐Kelurahan integrated Sewage System,
will be implemented by community organizations and donors, the concept being
developed by JWRB with experts, Indonesia Water Dialogues, and some
community organizations –dated 2009
Jakarta Policy to disallow shallow ground water well in a series of period from
zone 1 (northern of Jakarta) to zone 4 (southern of Jakarta) –dated 2009
TIWASS, for sewage, still in process of finding investor, developed by Government
of Jakarta –dated 2005
79. Disallow GWW
Zone 1 : in the year of 2015 Zone 1
has to be served 100% by
pope‐water system, and
there is a “zero” ground‐
water
Zone 2: in the year of 2020
has to be served 100% by
pope‐water system, and Zone 2
there is a “zero” ground‐
water
Zone 3: in the year of 2025
has to be served 100% by Zone 3
pope‐water system, and
there is a “zero” ground‐
water
Zone 4: in the year of 2030
has to be served 100% by Zone 4
pope‐water system, and
there is a “zero” ground‐
water
80. Conclusion
• The United Nations has recognized the human right to water and
sanitation.
• The agenda is now that the importance of understanding the right to
water not only as a list of governmental duties alone.
• GUB’s Approach
1. Government : to develop excellence policy on
water and sanitation/sewage
2. Business/Private sector : its participation in
PPP
3. Public : to promote the awareness and values
to conserve water and manage
sanitation/sewage system as part of their
critical contribution to provide water as a
common/social right –not individual right.
81. Epilogue: right to water and sanitation
RIGHT FOR A GOOD AND SUSTAINABLE WATER CATCHMENT
RIGHT FOR A GOOD RAW WATER MANAGEMENT
RIGHT FOR A SOUND WATER MANAGEMENT
RIGHT FOR A CLEAN WATER AND AFFORDABLE
RIGHT FOR A HEALTHY SANITATION & SEWAGE
