herbs containing v.o. and thallophyta

2. Herbs
chemotaxonomy
Herbs Containing
Alkaloids
1- Lobelia
2- Solanaceous Herbs
Stramonium
Egyptian Henbane
Belladonna
3- Catharanthus (Vinca)
4- Ephedra
5- Broom Tops
Herbs Containing
Volatile oil
1- Peppermint
2- Thyme
3- Cymbopogon
(Half Bar)
4- Lemon Grass
5- Savin Tops
Herbs Containing Resins
Cannabis- Indian Hemp

3. Official
Herbs
1- Lobelia
2- Peppermint
3- Thyme
4- Solanaceous
Stramonium
Egyptian
Henbane
Belladonna
Unofficial
Herbs
1- Cannabis-
Indian Hemp
2- Catharanthus
3- Ephedra
4- Cymbopogon
5- Lemon Grass
6- Broom Tops
7- Savin Tops
Thallophyta
(lower plants)
I– Algae.
1- Fucus
2- Laminaria
3- Carragen
II- Fungi.
1- Ergot
2- Yeast
3- Penicillium
4- Mushroom
5-
Mycotoxins
III- Lichenes.
Iceland
Moss

4. It’s obtained from the leaves and whole plant of
Cymbopogon proximus , Family Graminae.
Macroscopical characters:
The herb consists of a rhizome and stem carrying
lanceolate, narrow, green leaves.
odour: aromatic especially when cut off
taste: bitter.
Inflorescence is in spike and the fruit is caryopsis.

5. Active constituents:
Volatile oils, sesquiterpenes and flavonoids.
Triterpene saponins.
Action
It has smooth muscle relaxant activity.
Anti-hypertensive, coronary vasodilator and
bronchodilator
 used for
1- treatment of renal colic “Antispasmodic”.
2- removal of ureteric calculus.

6. It’s obtained from the leaves and whole plant of
Cymbopogon citratus, Family Graminae.
Macroscopical characters:
•It’s a perennial plant, the herb consists of a rhizome
and a stem carrying linear lanceolate green leaves.
• inflorescence: spike
• fruit: caryopsis.
• odour: strong lemon-like
• taste: bitter.

7. Active constituents:
 0.7% Volatile oil mainly citral, (geranial and neral),
 sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and flavonoids
Uses:
 Used as diaphoretic, Diuretic and emmenagogue.
 stomachic, anti-emetic In folk medicine, to treat nervous diarrhea
(sedative). Oil as carminative
 anti-rheumatic.
 in cosmetics e.g. soap.

8.  Source: the evergreen shrub of Juniperus sabina Fam.
Leguminosae.
 Active constituents:
 Volatile oils (sabinol, cadinene, pinene).
 Tannins, resins.
 Uses:
 Fresh twigs used for the preparation of ointment of savin.
 Oil is powerful irritant and used to promote discharge from
blisters.
 Internally, act as Emmenagogue, to produce abortion (larg
dose).

9.  Origin: dried sclerotium or resting stage of the fungus, Claviceps
purpurea, Family Claviciptiaceae developed on the ovary of the rye plant,
Secale cereale, Family Graminae.
 yields not less 0.2% of the total alkaloids of Ergot, calculated as
ergotamine.

10. The slerotium
shape: subcylindrical, 3-4 sided, tapering towards both ends.
color: brownish to nearly black.
Internally: pinkish white with darker lines radiating from the center.
sphacelia: the small greyish-white remains of the at the apex.
odour: characteristic disagreable becoming more pronounced when
triturated with alkali
taste: an oily disagreable.?????

11. T.S. sclerotium
 an outer region of a few layers of very compact, dark purple
to dark brown more or less obliterated cells ‫مطموس‬, in regular
longitudinal rows.
 The colour of that layer turns red with 66% H2SO4, or chloral
hydrate (T.S.) and violet with alkali.
 The remainder of the structure consists of a closely compact
pseudoparenchyma, consisting of colourless, very short,
rounded oval or irregular cells, varying in size.
 They have thin, colourless, highly refractive chitinous walls,
rich in fixed oil and protein.

12. Active Constituents:
 Twelve alkaloids of lysergic acid type, divided into 6 isomeric
pairs. Of which water soluble are ergometrine (ergonovine),
ergometrinine.
 The remaining five pairs are insoluble in water; ergotamine ,
ergosine, ergocristine, ergokryptine and ergocornine.
N.B.: Ergotoxine is a mixture of
ergokryptine, ergocornine and ergocristine
and their corresponding isomers.

13. Detection of Ergot in Flour:
This test as well as the microscopical features of the powder are
the bases of detection of Ergot in flour.
1- for ergotoxine alkaloids :
Van-Urk’s test: Ergot alkaloids + Van-Urk’s reagent (p-
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in H2SO4 + traces FeCl3) →
Deep blue color.
2- Test for colouring matter(pigment sclererythrin):
ether extract + 10 drops of dilute sulphuric acid → Filtrate + 1cc. of
a cold saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate → red to violet
colour (in the aqueous layer).

14. Ergometrine is used as an Oxytocic (faster stimulation of
uterine muscle), and is injected during the final stages of
labor to assist delivery and
Ergometrine is used to reduce post-partum hemorrhage.
Bleeding is reduced because of its vasoconstrictor effects,
and it is valuable after caesarian operations.
Ergotamine is used in the treatment of acute attacks of
migraine, and may be combined with caffeine.
Lysergic acid is used in preparation of L.S.D (Lysergic
acid diethylamide) (recreational ‫او‬ ‫السعاده‬ ‫استحداث‬
‫ترفيهي‬ drug)

15.  It consists of the unicellular fungus Saccharomyces siccum,
Family Saccharomycetaceae.
constituents:
 About 13% proteins, 0.27% oil.
 Enzymes as zymase, invertase, maltase.
 Glycogen, fat, ergosterol and zymosterol.
 It’s an important and cheap source of vitamin B.
Uses:
 The chief use of yeast is as a source of vitamin B.
 Dried yeast is used in many dietetic preparations.
 Dried yeast of dead cells is used in making tablets in
Pharmaceutical industry.

16.  It’s the mould fungi of Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum
, Family Aspergillaceae.
Active constituents:
 An antibiotic principle named penicillin, it’s unstable acid,
sodium and calcium salts of penicillin are prepared and used for
i.m. administration.
Uses:
 1- Penicillins are active against many pathogenic gram-
positive bacteria.
 2- Also used in controlling infections caused by some gram-
negative bacteria.

17.  They are secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi.
 Aflatoxins are the most important mycotoxins, because they
are:
 Carcinogenic.
 Mutagens, causing chromosomal aberrations.
 Teratogens causing malformation in embryos.
 They cause hemorrhage, necrosis of the liver as well as
kidney lesions.
 They are difurocoumarin cyclopentone derivatives as
aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 from the fungus Asperigillus
flavaus and A. parasiticus.
 Food stuffs affected by fungi are ground nuts, rice,
maize, wheat, cocconut, seeds, milk and cheese (due to
bad storage conditions).

18. Some Amanita species are edible as A.
rubescence.
Others are poisonous such as: A. phalloides
known as death cap, A. muscara known as fly
Agaric because its extract is used for
destruction of flies, also A. pantherina used for
this purpose all belongs to family Amantaceae.
They contain cyclopeptides, amatoxins and
phallotoxins which are toxic agents.
Other species cause hallucination and
psychic symptoms.

19. It’s the lichen of Cetraria islandica , Family Parmeliaceae.
Macroscopical characters:
1- It consists of pieces of the dried foliaceous lichen with
numerous ascending branches arranged in an unevenly
developed dichotomy.
The branches are thin with spinulose margins with
minute projections.
The plant is greenish-brown to brown above and greyish
below with small, white, ovoid depressed spots.
The drug is odourless and has mucilagenous taste.

20. Active constituents:
Up to 50% mucilage.
Bitter substances, lichen acids.
Two complex carbohydrate substances lichenin
and isolichenin.
Uses:
Iceland moss is used as a bitter stomachic and
tonic.
It yields a demulcent and nutrient jelly.
It’s used to mask the taste of nauseous
medicines

21. Source: The thalus obtained from Fucus vesiculosus (Linn.), Fucus
serratus (Linn.) and Ascophyllum nodosum (Linn.), Family
Fucaceae.
Geographical sources:
Coasts of Britain, Scotland and Norway.
Macroscopical characters:
•They are small plants, olive-brown in colour about 30-100 cm long.
•It’s dichotomously branched, the thalus is attached to stones and
rocks by a cord like portion.
•The base is expanded to a disc, known as a haptron.
•F. vesiculosus known as bladder wrack because it bears ovoid
vesicles, usually in pairs
•while F. serratus has a serrated margin.
•The drug has seaweed odour and saline, disagreeable
mucilaginous taste.

22. Active Constituents:
-Mucilagenous substance algin or fucin (calcium
salt of alginic acid).
-Iodides, chlorides, bromides.
Uses:
Preparation of alginates.
Fucus in many preparations to reduce obesity.
Na alginates used as emulsifying agent.
Source of iodine in thyroid gland hypofunction
(Hypothyroidism).
Constipation.
Anorexia, neuritis, asthma and anemia.

23. LAMINARIA (KELPS) ‫الالميناريا‬
The thallus obtained from Laminaria digitata and
Laminaria saccharina (Lam.), Family
Laminariaceae.
•It has seaweed odour and saline mucilaginous
taste.
Active constituents:
•Minerals.
•Mucilaginous substance algin.
•Polysaccharide laminarin in addition to iodine.
Uses:
•It’s used for preparation of alginates.
•Used in tablet manufacturing.
•Used to reduce obesity.

24. Source: Chondrus crispus Fam. Gigartinaceae.
Active Constituents:
•Pectins, carrageenin (mucilaginous substance).
•Proteins.
•Iodides, bromides, with calcium, sodium and magnesium.
Uses:
1.Demulcent in chronic diarrhea.
2.Preparation of nutrient jelly.
3.Disintegrant in tablet manufacture.
4. Employed for technical purposes such as calico
dressing.