2. HAND INJURIES
• The hands as the human executing organs are in the
center of daily life activities’, thus are always exposed to
injuries and overuse .
• We are more aware of our hands than any part of the
body
• Are important out of all proportion to their apparent
severity ,because of the need for perfect functions .
• Local edema and stiffness of the joints –common
accompaniments of all injuries- are more threatening in
the hand than anywhere else .
3. HAND INJURIES
• Problems of hand arise for 3 reasons :
1- the defect may be unacceptable
2- function is impaired
3- deformed part becomes nuisance during
daily activities
4. HAND INJURIES
• Superficial injuries and severe fracture are obvious but
deeper injuries are often poorly disclosed ,so it is
important in the initial examination to assess the
• circulation
• soft tissue cover
• bones
• joints and tendon
• nerves
• X-rays should include at least 3 views PA ,Lateral and
oblique
5. HAND INJURIES
• Hand injuries the commonest of all injuries .
• in avarage the hand injuries account for 14-30% of all pt
in ED .
• Fractures 46% , tendon injuries 29% and skin lesions .
6. HAND INJURIES
general principle of treatment
• ABC
• Most hand injuries can be dealt with under local or
regional anaesthesia .
• Definitive treatment is dictated by the nature of the injury
, but common to all injuries are
• safe splintage
• prevention of swelling
• dedicated rehabilitation
7. HAND INJURIES
general principle of treatment
• Safe splintage
_ incorrect splintage is a potent cause of stiffness
so must be appropriate and kept to a minimum
-if the whole hand is splinted or bandage this must be in
‘’the position of safe immobilization’’
8. Anatomy of the hand
• Bones
• Areas
• Zones
• Arches
• Ligaments
• Muscles
• Innervation
⥤is a prehensile, multi-fingered extremity located at the
end of an arm or forelimb .
⥤...& are the richest source of tactile feedback, and have
the greatest positioning capability of the body; thus the
sense of touch is intimately associated with hands.
PALMAR DORSAL
11. Flexor Zones:
Flexor Zones: The hand is divided into following 5 zones, which would determine the prognosis and approach to
treatment.
Zone 1:
Only FDP involved
Loss of flx of DIP joint
Instability in pinch
Loss of grip strength
Good prognosis
Zone 2:
“No man’s land”
Pulleys present (prevent bow stringing) A2 and A4
Vincula in area–provide vascular supply. Injury thus causes decreased tendon vascular nutrition.
Poor prognosis
Zone 3:
Good prognosis
Good vascularity and no pulleys
Zone 4:
Carpal tunnel
Usually more than 1 tendon involved
Intendinous adhesions (close proximity of tendons)
Relatively good prognosis
Zone 5:
Usually presents with nerve involvement (ulnar / median nerve)
Tendons superficial, thus adhesions to skin probable
The hand is divided into 8 zones when dealing with extensor tendon injuries.
12.
13.
14. Muscles & tendons
* Extensor tendons of fingers :
-of the long extrinsic muscles .
-attaches to the middle phalanx in
central slip .
* system of flexor tendons of fingers :
-functional unit of tendons, tendon sheath and
pulleys .
- flexor digitorum profundus .
- flexor digitorum superficial .
- flexor pollicis longus of the thumb .
20. ligaments
• Tow important structures called collateral ligaments are
found in either sides of each finger joint .
• Volar plate is the strongest ligament .
21. Blood Supply
1. Ulnar A.
Forms the
superficial palmar
arch ?with
superficial palmar
br. of radial artery
Gives 4 common
palmar digital art.
2. Radial A.
Forms the Deep
palmar arch with
deep br. of ulnar ar. 1
cm proximal to
Superficial arch
27. Metacarpal Fractures
The metacarpal bones are vulnerable to blows and falls
upon the hands or the force of the boxer’s punch .
Injuries are common
Agulatory deformity is usually not very marked
,rotational deformity is serious .
28. 2)Metacarpal Fractures
Head
Intraarticular
Neck
Usually unstable
Forwards tilting of distal
fragement
Shaft
Direct blow
Transverse or oblique #
Base
Associated carpal bone injury
Impacted #
1st metacarpal
Usually occurs at base
29. Presentation
Pain/Tenderness
Swelling
Discoloration
Sensation
Circulation
ROM
Plain Films
Deformity of hand
Localized tenderness
Swelling of hand
Discoloration
Decreased movement
Numbness
Unequal temperatures
What next?
30. Midshaft vs. Base vs.
Neck
Complete vs.
Incomplete vs.
Comminuted
Dorsal vs. Volar
Angulation
Transverse vs. Oblique
vs. Spiral
Unstable vs. Stable
31. Management of metacarpal #
A- undispalced # :
require only a firm crepe-bandage for comfort
2-3 wks
32. Management of metacarpal #
B- dispalced # :
1-of the shaft
- reducion by traction and pressure hand then
held by plaster slap for 3 wks .
-ORIF with small plates and screws
or by percutaneous K-ware
is the best because these
unstable #
33. Management of metacarpal #
B- dispalced # :
2- of the neck (boxer’s fracture )
* usually of the 5th finger
* angulation of upto 40 degrees can be accepted as
long as there is no rotational deformity .
* reduction traction and pressure then held by
plaster slap 1-2wks
* fixation with percutaneous
intramedullary wires
usually preferred
34. Metacarpal Neck Fractures
(Boxer’s Fracture)
Common
Direct impact with closed fist
Dorsal angulation
Unstable
Treatment
Reduction (90-90 method)
Splint
Follow-up within 1 week
Complications
Malunion with volar angulation
Pain
Rotational deformity
Stiffness
36. Thumb Metacarpal Fractures
Uncommon
Most involve the base
Extraarticular
Direct trauma or impaction
20-30 degrees of angulation is
tolerated
Intraarticular
Bennett’s Fracture
Rolando’s Fracture
Treatment
Thumb spica
Complications
Malunion and arthritis
37. Bennett’s Fracture:
At base of first metacarpal
bone
Oblique intra-articular #
Unstable
Due to punching .
X-ray show that a small
triangular fragment has
remained in contact with
the medial edge of the
trapezium , while the
remainder of the thumb has
proximally pulled upon by
the abductor pollicis longus
tendon .
38. Bennett’s Fracture:
Perfect reduction is essential by pulling on the thumb
,abducting it and extending it .and then held by
plaster or internal fixation
Surgical fixation is achieved by passing a k-ware across
the metacarpal base into the carpus
41. fractures of phalanges
Phalangeal # usually result from direct trauma and
therefore any part may be affected .
Management :
A) undisplaced # :
functional splintage (buddy splintage )
for 2-3 wks .
- movement are encouraged from the outset .
42. fractures of phalanges
B) – displaced fractures
1- of the proximal or the middle phalanx :
* the bone # reduced and immobilized under
local anaesthesia , carefully avoiding
malrotation , then splintaed leaving the other
fingers free 3 wks .
43. fractures of phalanges
B) – displaced fractures
1- of the distal phalanx :
distal phalangeal # are usually due to crushing
injuries or a blow from a hammer .
- the soft tissue damage must be treated .
-The majority of fractures can be treated
conservatively, and it is normally the initial repair
of the surrounding soft tissues that is most
important .
44. 3) Phalanx Fractures
15-30% of hand fxs
Tuft
Nail bed injury
Shaft
Intraarticular
Tendon injury
Complications
Pain, hyperesthesia, cold
sensitivity, osteomyelitis
1)Distal Phalanx Fractures
Mechanism:
45. No Problem Refer!
Treatment: padded or “C”
splint; extend past the tip
Refer: transverse, angulated
Healing Time: 3-4 weeks
Return to Work/Sport: okay
with splint as tolerated
exception: transverse fx –
needs longer protection
from potential re-injury
activity
46. •Mechanism: direct blow or
twisting
•Sxs & Exam: local swelling;
examine for deformity or
malrotation; check PIP and DIP
fxn
2)Middle Phalanx Fractures
•Transverse Fx or short oblique: Low risk
47. •Nondisplaced fx’s do well with buddy taping
•Healing Time: 4-6 weeks (buddy tape for 3-4 wk)
•Return to Work/Sport: okay as long as you have some
protection via splint or buddy tape
•Refer: displaced, long oblique, spiral or intra-
articular fx
48. •Mechanism:
direct blow: transverse; often unstable
due to tendon insertions
twisting: oblique or spiral; may be more
stable
Sxs & Exam: local
swelling; examine
for deformity or
malrotation
3)Proximal Phalanx Fractures
49. Apex volar angulation is common
•proximal fragment pulled into flexion by
interosseous
•distal fragment pulled into extension by
extensor mechanism
50.
51. •Nondisplaced fx’s do well with buddy taping; use
gutter splint for additional stability
•Healing Time: 4-6 weeks (buddy tape for 3-4
wk)
•Return to Work/Sport: okay as long as you have
some protection via splint or buddy tape
•Refer: angulated, displaced, intra-articular fx
Proximal Phalanx Fx: Treatment
54. CMC joint dislocation:
Mechanism :forceful dorsiflexion of the wrist
combined with longitudinal impact ,
Seen typically in boxers and in motorcyclists .
Dx : X-rays
After regional anaesthesia , the dislocation is reduced
by traction , manipulation, and pressure on the
metacarpal base , then protective slap is worn for 6
wks .
55. CMC joint dislocation
Carpometacarpal
(CMC) dislocation
(a) Thumb
dislocation.
(b) Dislocation of the
fourth and
fifth CMC joints
treated by closed
reduction and
Kirschner wires (c).
Complete CMC
dislocation (d).
56. Thumb CMC dislocation :
Isolated dislocation is rare
compared to the more common
Bennett fracture dislocation.
Easy to reduce but unstable after
reduction.
Apply thumb spica splint after
reduction.
Need surgical referral.
58. Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Relatively rare injury
Dorsal displacement
Hyperextension forces
Dorsal displacement
Volar plate can enter joint
space
Volar dislocations
Usually surgical
Treatment
Reduce
Splint in flexion
59. Dislocation of MCP joint
The thumb is most frequently affected and clinically
the injury resembles a BENNETT’ fracture –dislocation
Dx : by Xrays
The displaced is easily reduced by traction &
hyperpronation , but reduction is unstable and can be
held by a K-wire for 5 wks and then protective splint
for 8 wks because risk of instability .
60. MCP of the Thumb
Strong but vulnerable
5 times more likely to be injured
Difficult reduction
Volar plate entrapment
Ulnar collateral ligament
injury
Gamekeeper’s or Skier’s thumb
Radial collateral ligament
injury
Less common
Forced adduction with or
without hyperextension
61. Skier’s Thumb
Scottish gamekeeper’s
Repeated twisting
Forced radial deviation
Associated avulsion fracture
Valgus stress testing
Extension and flexion
Complete ligament tears
>35 degrees of laxity
Treatment
Thumb spica
63. 1)Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
Dislocation pattern
Dorsal
Most common ligamentous hand injury
Lateral
Volar
Associated fracture
> 33% of articular surface = unstable
Violent twist with finger
flexed (palmer) or extended
(dorsal)
SHARP, deformity, disability
RICE, splint, meds,
reduction/surgery, protect
64. • Nondisplaced Fx: Initially use extension block
splint for first 2-3 weeks followed by buddy
taping in sight flexion. Work on restoring ROM.
• Healing Time: 6-12 weeks; monitor progress
every 2-3 weeks
65. 2)Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Most are dorsal
Often open
Reduction
Traction
Hyperextension
Dorsal pressure
Irreducible
Avulsion fracture
Buttonhole tear
Open dislocation
Irrigation
Antibiotics
67. Tendon injuries
• Are the second most common injuries of the hand
• After clinical examination , ultrasound and MRI imaging
have provide to be important diagnostic tools .
• Treated by conservative or surgical
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81. • For later case where the joint is still passively correctable
, treated by is to divide the extensor tendon in just
proximal to its insertion into the distal phalanx .
• long standing fixed deformity may be better left alone .
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
pressure in carpal tunnel (swelling, inflammation) via
trauma, rep flexion
Pressure on median n
Sensory (lat palm), motor (wrist, finger flex) deficits
A. Mechanism: overuse, congenital, trauma
B. Pathology: Compression of the median nerve in the
tunnel
, surgical decompression
88. Signs and Symptoms:
Pain in wrist
Numbness and tingling in the thumb and first two fingers
Positive Phalen’s test
Positive tap test