Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of natural and man made features, on or near the earth surface by means of linear or angular measurement or both. It has been an essential element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history (about 5,000 years ago). It is required in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Its most familiar modern uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership.

1. BY -
MOHIT DWIVEDI
12BCL0172

2. Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of
natural and man made features, on or near the earth surface
by means of linear or angular measurement or both.
It has been an essential element in the development of the
human environment since the beginning of recorded history
(about 5,000 years ago). It is required in the planning and
execution of nearly every form of construction. Its most
familiar modern uses are in the fields of
transport, building and construction, communications,
mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land
ownership.

3. Determination of relative positions of Earth’s surface from the
Earth Itself - Land Surveying or Hydrographic Surveying
Determination of relative positions of Earth’s surface
from the Air - Aerial Surveying or
Photogrammetry
Determination of relative points of Earth’s surface
from the Space - GPS Surveying
Determination of relative positions of Earth’s surface
from the Space - Space borne Surveying
or Remote sensing
Kinds of Surveying

5. Types of Surveying
Surveying
Primary
Classification
Plane
Surveying
Geodetic
Surveying
Secondary
Classification
Based on
Instruments
Based on
Methods
Based on
Objects
Based on
Nature of
Field

6. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
INSTRUMENTS
 Chain Survey
 Compass survey
 Plane Table survey
 Theodolite survey
 Tacheometric Survey
 Total Station survey
 Levelling

7. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
INSTRUMENTS
 Triangulation Survey
 Trigonometry Survey
 Traverse Survey

8. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
OBJECTS
 Mine survey
 Archeological Survey
 Military survey

9. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
NATURE OF FIELD
 Land survey
 Marine survey
 Astronomical survey

10. Types of Land Surveying
1. Topographical Survey
To determine natural features of a land parcel such
as valleys, rivers and artificial features such as
road, railways, etc.
2. Cadastral Survey:
To determine boundaries of field
3. City survey:
To locate premises, streets, water supply and
drainage systems of a town or city
4. Engineering survey:
To collect detailed data for the design for of Civil
Engineering projects involving roads, railways, etc
Engineering surveys are sub divided into:
Reconnaissance Survey (Preliminary Survey),
Location Survey

12. DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
 In electronic methods, distances are
measured with instruments that rely on
propagation, reflection and subsequent
reception of either radio or light waves.
 EDM – Electronic distance
measurement equipment.
 Total station.

13. EDM
 Separate EDM are not very popular , instead Total Station which has in
built EDM is being used .
 The distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple
frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the
target for each frequency.
 Most total stations use a Porro prism as the reflector for the EDM signal.
 It can measure distances up to a few kilometres, but some instruments
are "reflector less", and can measure distances to any object that is
reasonably light in colour, up to a few hundred meters.
 The typical Total Station EDM can measure distances accurate to about
3 millimetres or 1/100th of a foot.

14. Hand held EDM-GEODIMETER
 Very handy
 Cheap
 Can be used with
accuracy of about
10mm