2. Major Brain Stem ActivitiesMajor Brain Stem Activities
īŽ ConduitConduit
īŽ Ascending and descending pathwaysAscending and descending pathways
īŽ Integrative functionsIntegrative functions
īŽ Complex motor patternsComplex motor patterns
īŽ Respiratory and cardiovascular activityRespiratory and cardiovascular activity
īŽ Regulation of arousal and level ofRegulation of arousal and level of
consciousnessconsciousness
īŽ Cranial Nerve functionsCranial Nerve functions
8. PonsPons
īŽ Cerebellar PedunclesCerebellar Peduncles
īŽ Superior (Dives under the colliculi)Superior (Dives under the colliculi)
īŽ Middle (Bridge of the pons)Middle (Bridge of the pons)
īŽ Inferior (inferior/medial to middle)Inferior (inferior/medial to middle)
īŽ Floor of the 4th VentricleFloor of the 4th Ventricle
13. PonsPons
īŽ 4th Ventricle4th Ventricle
īŽ Inflow from aqueduct ofInflow from aqueduct of
SylviusSylvius
īŽ Sulcus limitansSulcus limitans
14. MedullaMedulla
īŽ PyramidsPyramids
īŽ Pyramidal decussationPyramidal decussation
īŽ Inferior oliveInferior olive
īŽ Obex (inferiormost point of the 4thObex (inferiormost point of the 4th
ventricle)ventricle)
18. Tectum and TegmentumTectum and Tegmentum
īŽ TectumTectum
īŽ Area posterior to the ventricular spaceArea posterior to the ventricular space
īŽ Only prominent in the midbrainOnly prominent in the midbrain
īŽ Superior and inferior colliculi (âtectal plateâ)Superior and inferior colliculi (âtectal plateâ)
20. Tectum and TegmentumTectum and Tegmentum
īŽ TegmentumTegmentum
īŽ Area anterior to the ventricular space (but notArea anterior to the ventricular space (but not
everything anterior)everything anterior)
īŽ This is the embryologically oldest areas of theThis is the embryologically oldest areas of the
brainstembrainstem
22. Remember the Big Four?Remember the Big Four?
Corticospinal tract
Dorsal Columns
Spinothalamic tract
Spinocerebellar tracts
23. Big Four PathwaysBig Four Pathways
īŽ Corticospinal tractCorticospinal tract
īŽ Descending motorDescending motor
īŽ Spinothalamic tractSpinothalamic tract
īŽ Ascending pain/temperatureAscending pain/temperature
īŽ Dorsal columns/Medial lemniscusDorsal columns/Medial lemniscus
īŽ Ascending somatosensory and consciousAscending somatosensory and conscious
proprioceptionproprioception
īŽ Spinocerebellar tractsSpinocerebellar tracts
īŽ Ascending unconscious proprioceptionAscending unconscious proprioception
24. The Big Four -- Caudal MedullaThe Big Four -- Caudal Medulla
Corticospinal tract
Medial Lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract
Spinocerebellar tracts
Lateral Cuneate Nucleus
25. The Big FourâĻerrâĻthree -- PonsThe Big FourâĻerrâĻthree -- Pons
Corticospinal tract
Medial Lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract
26. The Big Three -- MidbrainThe Big Three -- Midbrain
Corticospinal tract
Medial Lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract
28. Brain Stem NucleiBrain Stem Nuclei
īŽ Major neurotransmitter nucleiMajor neurotransmitter nuclei
īŽ Reticular formation (not really a ânucleusâReticular formation (not really a ânucleusâ
but acts like a group of nuclei)but acts like a group of nuclei)
īŽ Nuclei associated with cranial nervesNuclei associated with cranial nerves
29. Raphe NucleiRaphe Nuclei
īŽ Ridge of cells along the midline in theRidge of cells along the midline in the
center of the brainstemcenter of the brainstem
īŽ Multiple nucleiMultiple nuclei
īŽ CaudalCaudal
īŽ projections to the spinal cord and other partsprojections to the spinal cord and other parts
of the brainstemof the brainstem
īŽ RostralRostral
īŽ projections to multiple cortical areasprojections to multiple cortical areas
30. Raphe NucleiRaphe Nuclei
īŽ Major serotonin nucleiMajor serotonin nuclei
īŽ Technically part of theTechnically part of the reticular formationreticular formation
īŽ Complex reciprocal relationships with multipleComplex reciprocal relationships with multiple
areasareas
īŽ Ascending pathways involved in manyAscending pathways involved in many
neurobehavioral phenomenaneurobehavioral phenomena
īŽ MoodMood
īŽ SleepSleep
īŽ Feeding/satietyFeeding/satiety
īŽ Descending pathways modulate spinal cordDescending pathways modulate spinal cord
functionfunction
īŽ PainPain
31. Locus CeruleusLocus Ceruleus
īŽ Major norepinephrine nucleusMajor norepinephrine nucleus
īŽ Dorsal wall of the rostral ponsDorsal wall of the rostral pons
īŽ Projects toProjects to
īŽ Spinal cordSpinal cord
īŽ Brain StemBrain Stem
īŽ CortexCortex
32. Locus CeruleusLocus Ceruleus
īŽ FunctionFunction
īŽ ArousalArousal
īŽ Modulation of stress responsesModulation of stress responses
īŽ Linked toLinked to
īŽ DepressionDepression
īŽ AnxietyAnxiety
īŽ Post-traumatic stress disorderPost-traumatic stress disorder
īŽ Accounts for some of the psychiatricAccounts for some of the psychiatric
symptoms in Parkinsonâs Diseasesymptoms in Parkinsonâs Disease
34. Substantia NigraSubstantia Nigra
īŽ One of a few major dopamine centerOne of a few major dopamine center
īŽ Projects to the basal gangilaProjects to the basal gangila
īŽ FunctionFunction
īŽ Modulation of movementsModulation of movements
īŽ Major role in Parkinsonâs DiseaseMajor role in Parkinsonâs Disease
īŽ NOT involved in psychiatric symptomsNOT involved in psychiatric symptoms
35. Nucleus Basalis of MeynertNucleus Basalis of Meynert
īŽ NOT in the brainstem, but importantNOT in the brainstem, but important
īŽ Located in the basal forebrainLocated in the basal forebrain
īŽ Major acetylcholine nucleus in the brainMajor acetylcholine nucleus in the brain
īŽ Provides tonic stimulation to theProvides tonic stimulation to the
hippocampushippocampus
36. Nucleus Basalis of MeynertNucleus Basalis of Meynert
īŽ Major neurotransmitter associated withMajor neurotransmitter associated with
Alzheimerâs DiseaseAlzheimerâs Disease
īŽ Major medications for Alzheimerâs areMajor medications for Alzheimerâs are
cholinesterase inhibitorscholinesterase inhibitors