steel making cas study

2.  Alloy steel- it is a steel that has small amounts of
one or more alloying elements (other than carbon)
such as manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper,
chromium and aluminium added.
 It is alloyed with a variety of elements in total
amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to
modify or improve its mechanical properties

3. Alloy steel has some of its properties better
than carbon steel.
 Tensile strength
 Hardness
 Toughness
 Wear Resistance
 High Temperature Resistance

4.  Density (1000 kg/m3): Around 7.85
 Elastic Modulus (GPa): 190-210
 Poisson Ratio: Yield Strength (Mpa):366-1793
 Thermal Expansion (10-6/K): 9.0-15
 Melting Point (°C): 1371-1454
 Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K): 26-48.6
 Specific Heat (J/kg-K): 452-1499
 Electrical Resistivity (10-9W-m): 210-1251
 Tensile Strength (MPa): 758-1882
 Percent Elongation (%) : 4-31
 Hardness (Brinell 3000kg): 149-627

5.  Chromium – Adds hardness. Increased toughness and
wear resistance.
 Cobalt – Used in making cutting tools; improved Hot
Hardness (or Red Hardness).
 Manganese – Increases surface hardness. Improves
resistance to strain, hammering & shocks.
 Molybdenum – Increases strength. Improves
resistance to shock and heat.
 Nickel – Increases strength & toughness. Improves
corrosion resistance.
 Tungsten – Adds hardness and improves grain
structure. Provides improved heat resistance.

6.  Alloy steels are broken down into two groups: low-
alloy steels and high-alloy steels.
 low-alloy steels : increase strength and
hardenability.
 high-alloy steels : improves corrosion resistance
and stability at high or low temperature.
 Most commonly, the phrase "alloy steel" refers to
low- alloy steels.

7.  Simple alloy steel is alloy steel containing one
alloying element. for example, simple nickel
steel.
 Quaternary alloy steel is alloy steel that contains
two alloying elements, as, Chromium Vanadium
steel.
 Complex steel is alloy steel containing more than
two alloying elements such as high speed tool
steel.

8. This process can be divided into the following steps:-
 Iron making: In the first step, the raw inputs iron
ore, coke, and lime are melted in a blast furnace
.and turned into molten iron
 Primary Steelmaking: Primary steelmaking methods
differ between BOS and EAF methods. EAF method
feeds recycled steel scrap through use of high power
electric arcs (temperatures up to 1650 °C) to melt
the metal and convert it to high-quality steel.
 Secondary Steelmaking: Secondary steelmaking
involves treating the molten steel produced .This is
done by adding or removing certain elements
and/or manipulating the temperature and
production environment. the following secondary
steelmaking processes are be used:

9.  Vacuum degassing
 Continuous Casting: In this step, the molten steel is
cast into a cooled mold causing a thin steel shell to
solidify. The shell strand is withdrawn using guided
rolls and fully cooled and solidified. The strand is cut
into desired lengths depending on application.
 Primary Forming: The steel that is cast is then
formed into various shapes, often by hot rolling, a
process that eliminates cast defects and achieves
the required shape and surface quality. Hot rolled
products are divided into flat products, long
products, seamless tubes, and specialty products.
 Downstream processing - refers to recovery and
purification

10.  Alloy steels are manufactured in the form of:
Bars, Wires, Wire Rod, Bright Bars
 Sizes: Alloy steel products are manufactured in
size ranging from 5mm to 400mm width or
diameter.
 Shapes: Alloy Steel products are manufactured in
the following shapes -Square Round,Rectangle
,Hexagon Flat,Customized Shapes.

11.  Automotive- Transmission Parts, Engine Components, Steering
Components, High Tensile Fasteners, Fuel Injection Pumps,
Bearing Axles, Gears, Crankshaft, Transmission Chains, Springs,
Combustion chamber, Axles, Wheel Hubs
 Engineering -Cutting Tools, Structural Steel
 Industry- Mining Machinery, Energy exploration machinery,
food-processing units(non-corrosive environment)
 Construction- Reinforcing Bars Agriculture Tractor Parts
 Home -Utensils, Decorative purposes
 Railways- Wagon Axles, Crankshafts, Cushioning Device
Components, Steel Liners, Traction Gears
 Military- Ordnance, gun barrels, projectiles, missile
components

12.  The application of alloy steel is increasing everyday.
 Wide use in Automotive industries .
 Forging industry is the largest consumer of alloy
steel, which in turn caters to the need of automotive
and auto ancillary sector. The industry has registered
a growth of over 15% p.a. for the last two years.
 CARE(Credit Analysis & Research Limited) Research
expects the domestic alloy steel demand to grow at
a CAGR of 13.6% during the period FY11 to FY16.

13.  Wikipedia .org
 www. slideshare.net
 www.esabna.com
 www.intechopen.com