Weight & balance control

•‫محمد‬‫عبدالعزيز‬‫محمد‬‫الحسن‬‫طيفو‬‫ر‬
•‫موظف‬‫سابق‬‫بالطيران‬‫المدني‬‫من‬
2004‫وحتي‬2013‫في‬‫وظيفة‬
‫مفتش‬‫سالمة‬‫وعمليات‬‫جوية‬,
‫متخصص‬‫في‬‫الوزن‬‫والتوازن‬
‫والبضائع‬‫الخطرة‬‫والسالمة‬‫الجوية‬.
•‫واستاذ‬‫معتمد‬‫من‬‫الطيران‬‫المدني‬
‫بتوثيق‬‫رقم‬49‫في‬‫البضائع‬‫الخطرة‬
‫بالطيران‬.
•tayfour@hotmail.com
•0912864217
•0123493158
M. Tayfour 2

M. Tayfour 3
‫االمن‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫طيران‬‫الشرطة‬ ‫طيران‬ ‫انترناشونال‬ ‫اكاديمية‬
‫الجوي‬ ‫لشحن‬ ‫الخرطوم‬ ‫قرية‬‫للطيران‬ ‫الخرطوم‬ ‫اكاديمية‬
‫القوات‬‫المسلحة‬(‫القوات‬‫طيارين‬ ‫الجوية‬)

Theory of Flight
How an Airplane fly

How is lift Generated
Aerofoil

Motions of the Airplane
Identify motions around the 3 axes
• Longitudinal or X Axis
•Lateral or Y Axis
•Vertical or Z Axis

Identify motions around the 3 axes

Yawing

Patching

Rolling

How to Airplane Stop
• Airplane stop with three
system :
–Landing Gear Brakes (wheels).
–Speed Brakes (wings).
–Thrust Reverser (turbines).

Corse Contents
• Introduction
• Weight Control ‫الوزن‬ ‫في‬ ‫التحكم‬
• Effects of weight ‫الوزن‬ ‫آثار‬
• Weight changes ‫التغييرات‬ ‫الوزن‬
• Balance, Stability and Center of Gravity ‫مركز‬
‫و‬ ‫واالستقرار‬ ‫التوازن‬ ‫الجاذبية‬
• Effects of Adverse Balance ‫آثار‬‫توازن‬‫المعاكس‬
• Management of Weight & Balance
Control‫تحكم‬ ‫وتوازن‬ ‫الوزن‬ ‫إدارة‬

• Terms & Definitions ‫والتعاريف‬ ‫الشروط‬
• Principles of Weight & Balance Computations
‫الحسابية‬ ‫وتوازن‬ ‫الوزن‬ ‫مبادئ‬
• Weight & Balance Restrictions
‫القيود‬ ‫وتوازن‬ ‫الوزن‬
• Determining Loaded Weight & Center of
Gravity
‫المحملة‬ ‫الجاذبية‬ ‫ومركز‬ ‫الوزن‬ ‫تحديد‬
• Load Sheet & Cargo Control
Corse Contents

Introduction of W&B
There are many factors
that lead to efficient and
safe operation of aircraft .

Weight Control
Weight is a major factor in airplane
construction and operation, and it
demands respect from all pilots and
particular diligence by all mechanics
and repairmen.
Excessive weight reduces the efficiency
of an aircraft and the safety margin
available if an emergency condition
should arise.

Effects of weight
Any item aboard the aircraft that increases
the total weight in undesirable for
performance.
Manufacturers attempt to make an aircraft
as light as possible without sacrificing
strength or safety.

‫أي‬‫جزاء‬‫متن‬ ‫على‬
‫م‬ ‫تزيد‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الطائرة‬‫ن‬
‫غير‬ ‫الكلي‬ ‫الوزن‬
‫لألداء‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫مرغوب‬.

Effects of weight
Some of the
problems
caused by
overloading
an aircraft
are:

Effects of weight
• Higher takeoff speed
• Longer takeoff run
• Reduced rate and angle of climb
• Lower maximum altitude
• Shorter range
• Reduced cruising speed
• Higher stalling speed

Effects of weight
• Higher approach and landing speed
• Longer landing roll
• Excessive weight on the nose wheel or
tail wheel

Higher Takeoff Speed
the aircraft will need a higher
takeoff speed, which results in a
longer takeoff run.
‫االقالع‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫تحتاج‬ ‫الطائرات‬ ‫فإن‬
‫التي‬ ،‫العليا‬‫مدى‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫في‬ ‫النتائج‬‫لال‬‫ق‬‫الع‬.

Reduced rate and angle of climb

Higher approach and landing speed

Excessive weight on the nose wheel
or tail wheel

Weight Changes
The maximum allowable weight for an aircraft is
determined by design considerations. However,
the maximum operational weight may be less
than the maximum allowable weight due to such
considerations as high-density altitude or high-
drag field conditions caused by wet grass or water
on the runway. The maximum operational weight
may also be limited by the departure or arrival
airport’s runway length.

Balance, Stability and Center of Gravity
Balance refers to the location of the CG of an aircraft, and
is important to stability and safety in flight.
The CG is a point at which the aircraft would balance if it
were suspended at that point.

‫واالستقرار‬ ‫التوازن‬ ‫الجاذبية‬ ‫مركز‬

AFM (Aircraft Flight Manual)

Effects of Adverse Balance
‫آثار‬‫ال‬‫توازن‬‫المعاكس‬
Stability
&
Control

Stability :
Loading in a nose heavy condition
causes problems in controlling and
raising the nose especially during
takeoff and landing . Tail heavy loading
also produces very light control forces.

Stability :
TCDS : Type Certificate Data Sheet
AFM : Aircraft Flight Manual
POH : Pilot’s Operating Handbook

Stability :
TCDS : Type Certificate Data Sheet
Fore and Aft limits beyond which the
CG should not be located for flight.

Stability :
AFM : Aircraft Flight Manual
the action places the aircraft controls
in an of streamline condition,
increases drag, and results in
decreased operating efficiency, since
lateral balance is addressed in AFM.

Control :
In extreme cases a CG location that beyond
the forward limit may result in nose
heaviness, making it difficult or impossible
to flare for landing. Manufacturers
purposely place the forward CG limit as far
rearward as possible to aid pilots in
avoiding damage when landing.

Terms and
Definitions
‫المصطالحات‬
‫والتعاريف‬

Terms and Definitions
‫والتعاريف‬ ‫المصطالحات‬
Arm (moment arm)
The horizontal distance in inches from the
reference datum line to the CG of an
item.
The algebraic sign is plus (+) if measured
aft of the datum, and minus (-) if
measured forward of the datum.

Basic Empty Weight
The standard empty weight plus the weight
of optional and special equipment that
have been installed.

Center of Gravity
The point about which an A/C would
balance if it were possible to suspend it
at that point.

CG Limits
The specified forward and aft point within
the CG must be located during flight,
these are indicated on pertinent aircraft
specifications.

CG Range
The distance between the forward and aft
CG limits indicated on pertinent aircraft
specifications.

Datum
An imaginary vertical plane or line from which
all measurements of arm are taken.
The datum is established by the manufacturer.
Once the datum has been selected, all
moment arms and the location of CG range
are measured from this point.

Floor load limit
The maximum weight the floor can per
square inch/foot as provided by the
manufacturer.

Fuel load
The expendable part of
the load the aircraft, it
includes only usable
fuel, not fuel required
to fill the lines or that
which remains trapped
in the tank sumps

Fuel load
The expendable part of the load the aircraft, it
includes only usable fuel, not fuel required to
fill the lines or that which remains trapped in
the tank sumps.

Licensed empty weight
The empty weight that consists of the
airframe, engine(s), unusable fuel, and
un-drainable oil plus standard and
optional equipment as specified in the
equipment list.

Maximum land weight
Is the greatest weight that an aircraft
normally is allowed to have at loading.

Maximum ramp (Taxi) weight
The total weight of a loaded A/C, and
includes all fuel. It is greater than the
takeoff weight due to the fuel that will be
burned during the taxi and run-up
operations.

Maximum takeoff weight
The maximum allowable weight for takeoff.

Maximum weight
The maximum authorized weight of the
aircraft and all of it’s equipment as
specified in the TCDS for the A/C.

Maximum Zero Fuel Weight
The maximum weight, exclusive of usable
fuel for the A/C.

Moment
The product of the weight of an item
multiplied by its arm.
Moment are expressed in pound-inches
(in-lb). Total moment is the weight of the
airplane multiplied by the distance
between the datum and CG.

Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
The average distance from the leading
edge to the trailing edge of wing.

Moment Index
A moment divided by a constant such 100,
1.000 or 10.000 . The purpose of using a
moment index is to simplify weight and
balance computations of aircraft where
heavy item and long arms result in large,
unmanageable numbers.

Payload
The weight of passengers, cargo, mail and
baggage.

Standard empty weight
A/C weight that consists of the airframe,
engines, and all item of operating
equipment that have fixed locations and
are permanently installed in the A/C,
including ballast, hydraulic fluid,
unusable fuel, and full engine oil.

Standard weight
Established weight for numerous items
involved in weight and balance
computations. These weight should not
be used if actual weight are available.
Some of the standard weight are :

Standard weight
Some of the standard weight are :
Gasoline……… = 6 Ib/US gal
Jet A, Jet A1… = 6.8 Ib/US gal
Jet B…………… = 6.5 Ib/US gal
Oil……………… = 7.5 Ib/US gal

Station
A location in the A/C that is identified by
designating its distance in inches from
the datum. The datum is therefore
identified as station zero.

Useful load
The weight of the pilot, passengers,
baggage, usable fuel and drainable oil.
It’s the basic empty weight subtracted
from the maximum allowable gross
weight.

Fly without Accident
& Incident

Principles of Weight & Balance
Computations
‫الحسابية‬ ‫وتوازن‬ ‫الوزن‬ ‫مبادئ‬

Structural Weight Limitations
There are 4 Structural Weight Limitations
published by the Manufacturer :
1. MZFW
2. MTOW
3. MLAW
4. MTW or MTGW

MZFW
It is the maximum certified
weight up to which the A/C
can be loaded without the
fuel .

Performance / Operational Weight
Limitations
• The maximum Take-off weight can be further
restricted due to certain performance /
operational factors . This reduced / regulated
weight is known as Regulated / Restricted
Takeoff Weight (RTOW)

Limitations
• The following are some of the factors which
govern RTOW :
1. Runway length and its conditions .
2. Temperature and density of air .
3. Obstacle limits .
4. Altitude of the airfield .
5. Wind conditions .

Limitations
• If any of above factor landing then a weight
known as Regulated / Restricted Landing
Weight (RLAW) is given.
• The RTOW / RLW are given by Flight Dispatch
or Captain by referring to document known as
the RTOW chart or Airport Analysis chart

Operational Weight
• Basic Weight / Empty Weight (BW)
This is the weight of the A/C with all necessary
fixed items such as equipment, jump, seats,
galley structure, unusable fuel and engine oil.
• Dry Operating Weight (DOW)
Basic weight + operational items such as cockpit
crew, catering, etc (without fuel)

Dry Operating Weight (DOW)
• Dry operating weight are published in the Quick
Reference Guide (QRG) issued by the Cargo
Department, the updated and revised from time
to time.
• DOW including the weight of standard cockpit
crew.
• Qatar Airways A330-243F uses 85 KG as standard
weight for a cockpit crew and a load master.
• This does not include crew check in baggage.
Crew in baggage is calculated at 20 KG per piece.

• DOW 109688 KG AFM
• MTOW 233000 KG AFM
• MZFW 173000 KG AFM
• MLW 182000 KG AFM
• TOTAL TRFIC LOAD 49805 KG ‫متغير‬
• Takeoff fuel 40000 kg ‫متغير‬
• Trip fuel 30250 kg ‫متغير‬
• A/C Reg. A7-AFV
• A/C FLIGHT N. QR9001
• CREW 2/1

Load sheet A330-243F
Q R 9 0 0 4 A 7 A F Y 2 / 1 11/02/2016
1 0 9 6 2 1
8 5
1 0 9 7 0 6
4 5 0 0 0
1 5 4 7 0 6
1 7 3 0 0 0
4 5 0 0 0
1 8 2 0 0 0
3 5 0 0 0
2 3 3 0 0 0 2 1 7 0 0 02 1 8 0 0 0
1 5 4 7 0 6
6 2 2 9 4

6 2 2 9 4
4 4 2 7 5 4 4 2 7 5
DOH

6 2 2 9 4
4 4 2 7 5 4 4 2 7 5
1 8 0 1 9

4 4 2 7 5
1 0 9 7 0 6
1 5 3 9 8 1
4 5 0 0 0
1 7 3 0 0 0
2 3 3 0 0 0
1 9 8 9 8 1
3 5 0 0 0
1 6 3 9 8 1

2
1
3
6 2 2 9 4
4 4 2 7 5
18019
1 8 2 0 0 0

• A/C Reg. A7-AFF
• CREW 2/2
• Date of Flight 15/2/2016
• Route MXP - DOH

• A/C Reg. A7-AFH
• CREW (2/2) Loadmaster/Courier
• Route HKG - DOH

• A/C Reg. A7-AFV
• CREW (2/1) Loadmaster
• Route DOH – NBO
• Dangerous Goods No

Weight & balance control

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