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.Aircraft science and
manufacturing process
A. Fuselage
B. Wings
C. Empenage or Tail
D. Landing Gear
Aircraft Components
Propeller
Landing Gear
Wing
Left Aileron
Fuselage
Empennage
Nacelle
Right Aileron
Wing
Horizontal
Stabilizer
Vertical
Stabilizer
Rudder
Elevator
 Main body of airplane
 Pilot & cargo compartments
 Generally constructed in two or more sections
 Carries accessories and other equipments
 Includes numerous access doors, inspection plates, landing wheel wells,
and other openings
Fuselage
Fuselage Structure
BASIC STRUCTURE TYPES
TRUSS TYPE
- PRATT TRUSS
- WARREN TRUSS
MONOCOQUE
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
TRUSS TYPE
Most early aircraft used this technique with wood and
wire trusses and this type of structure is still in use in many
lightweight aircraft using welded steel tube trusses. The truss
type fuselage frame is assembled with members forming a rigid
frame e.g. beams, bar, tube etc… Primary members of
the truss are 4 longerons. There are two types of truss
structure.
- PRATT TRUSS
- WARREN TRUSS
PRATT TRUSS
• Early days
• Wooden or metal structure
• Great weight
• Difficult to streamline
• Box with tubular longerons +
vertical members
Diagonal members of
tubing or solid rods
• Longerons + only Diagonal Members
• Force transfer to every others structure
• Capable to carry tension + compression
• Reduce amount of webs work
• More space , strength , rigidity
• Better streamline
WARREN TRUSS
Warren Truss Structure of an airplane
Four longerons
Stringers
MONOCOQUE
In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is
also the primary structure. A typical early form of this was
built using molded plywood.
A later form of this
structure uses fiberglass
cloth impregnated with
polyester or epoxy resin,
instead of plywood, as
the skin.
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
This is the preferred method of constructing an all-
aluminum fuselage. First, a series of frames in the shape of
the fuselage cross sections are held in position on a rigid
fixture, or jig. These frames are then joined with lightweight
longitudinal elements called stringers. These are in turn
covered with a skin of sheet aluminum, attached by riveting
or by bonding with special adhesives. Most modern large
aircraft are built using this technique, but use several large
sections constructed in this fashion which are then joined
with fasteners to form the complete fuselage.
Semi-monocoque Structure of an airplane
• Airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage
• Main lifting surfaces
• Various design size and shape
• May be attached at the top, middle, or lower portion of the
fuselage
- High-wing, mid-wing, and low-wing
• The number of wings can also vary
- Monoplanes, biplanes
WINGS
Wing Structure
Many high-wing airplanes have external braces, or wing struts,
which transmit the flight and landing loads through the struts to
the main fuselage structure. Since the wing struts are usually
attached approximately halfway out on the wing, this type of
wing structure is called semi-cantilever. A few high-wing and
most low-wing airplanes have a full cantilever wing designed to
carry the loads without external struts. The principal structural
parts of the wing are spars, ribs, and stringers. These are
reinforced by trusses, I-beams, tubing, or other devices,
including the skin. The wing ribs determine the shape and
thickness of the wing (airfoil).
In most modern airplanes, the fuel tanks either are an integral
part of the wing structure, or consist of flexible containers
mounted inside of the wing. Attached to the rear, or trailing,
edges of the wings are two types of control surfaces referred
to as ailerons and flaps. Ailerons extend from about the
midpoint of each wing outward toward the tip and move in
opposite directions to create aerodynamic forces that cause
the airplane to roll. Flaps extend outward from the fuselage to
near the midpoint of each wing. The flaps are normally flush
with the wing´s surface during cruising flight. When extended,
the flaps move simultaneously downward to increase the
lifting force of the wing for takeoffs and landings.
Wing Structure
Wing Structure of an airplane
Know as tail section
Consist of
Vertical Stabilizer
Rudder
Horizontal Stabilizer
Elevators
Empennage
Empennage Structure
The correct name for the tail section of an airplane is
empennage. The empennage includes the entire tail group,
consisting of fixed surfaces such as the vertical stabilizer
and the horizontal stabilizer. The movable surfaces include
the rudder, the elevator, and one or more trim tabs. A
second type of empennage design does not require an
elevator. Instead, it incorporates a one-piece horizontal
stabilizer that pivots from a central hinge point. This type of
design is called a stabilator, and is moved using the control
stick, just as you would the elevator.
The rudder is attached to the back of the vertical stabilizer.
During flight, it is used to move the airplane´s nose left and
right. The rudder is used in combination with the ailerons
for turns during flight. The elevator, which is attached to the
back of the horizontal stabilizer, is used to move the nose
of the airplane up and down during flight.
Trim tabs are small, movable portions of the trailing edge of
the control surface. These movable trim tabs, which are
controlled from the cockpit, reduce control pressures. Trim
tabs may be installed on the ailerons, the rudder, and/or the
elevator.
Empennage Structure
Empennage of an airplane
Empennage Structure of an airplane
Empennage Structure of an airplane
Spar
Ribs
Stringers
Skin
Spar
Stringers
Stabilator
The landing gear is the principle support of the airplane when
parked, taxiing, taking off, or when landing. The most common
type of landing gear consists of wheels, but airplanes can also
be equipped with floats for water operations, or skis for landing
on snow. The landing gear consists of three wheels — two
main wheels and a third wheel positioned either at the front or
rear of the airplane. Landing gear employing a rearmounted
wheel is called conventional landing gear.
Landing Gear Structure
 Located underneath of the
fuselage with shock strut
 Fixed / Retractable
 Provides means of landing taxiing
 Tri- cycle –Conventional type
 Floating gear for seaplane /ski- equipped for
ice surface landing etc..
Landing Gear
Airplanes with conventional landing gear are sometimes
referred to as tail wheel airplanes. When the third wheel is
located on the nose, it is called nose wheel, and the design
is referred to as a tricycle gear. A steerable nose wheel or
tail wheel permits the airplane to be controlled throughout all
operations while on the ground.
Landing Gear Structure
THANK
YOU

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Basic aircraft structure

  • 2.
  • 3. A. Fuselage B. Wings C. Empenage or Tail D. Landing Gear Aircraft Components
  • 4. Propeller Landing Gear Wing Left Aileron Fuselage Empennage Nacelle Right Aileron Wing Horizontal Stabilizer Vertical Stabilizer Rudder Elevator
  • 5.  Main body of airplane  Pilot & cargo compartments  Generally constructed in two or more sections  Carries accessories and other equipments  Includes numerous access doors, inspection plates, landing wheel wells, and other openings Fuselage
  • 6. Fuselage Structure BASIC STRUCTURE TYPES TRUSS TYPE - PRATT TRUSS - WARREN TRUSS MONOCOQUE SEMI-MONOCOQUE
  • 7. TRUSS TYPE Most early aircraft used this technique with wood and wire trusses and this type of structure is still in use in many lightweight aircraft using welded steel tube trusses. The truss type fuselage frame is assembled with members forming a rigid frame e.g. beams, bar, tube etc… Primary members of the truss are 4 longerons. There are two types of truss structure. - PRATT TRUSS - WARREN TRUSS
  • 8. PRATT TRUSS • Early days • Wooden or metal structure • Great weight • Difficult to streamline • Box with tubular longerons + vertical members Diagonal members of tubing or solid rods
  • 9. • Longerons + only Diagonal Members • Force transfer to every others structure • Capable to carry tension + compression • Reduce amount of webs work • More space , strength , rigidity • Better streamline WARREN TRUSS
  • 10. Warren Truss Structure of an airplane Four longerons Stringers
  • 11. MONOCOQUE In this method, the exterior surface of the fuselage is also the primary structure. A typical early form of this was built using molded plywood. A later form of this structure uses fiberglass cloth impregnated with polyester or epoxy resin, instead of plywood, as the skin.
  • 12. SEMI-MONOCOQUE This is the preferred method of constructing an all- aluminum fuselage. First, a series of frames in the shape of the fuselage cross sections are held in position on a rigid fixture, or jig. These frames are then joined with lightweight longitudinal elements called stringers. These are in turn covered with a skin of sheet aluminum, attached by riveting or by bonding with special adhesives. Most modern large aircraft are built using this technique, but use several large sections constructed in this fashion which are then joined with fasteners to form the complete fuselage.
  • 14. • Airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage • Main lifting surfaces • Various design size and shape • May be attached at the top, middle, or lower portion of the fuselage - High-wing, mid-wing, and low-wing • The number of wings can also vary - Monoplanes, biplanes WINGS
  • 15. Wing Structure Many high-wing airplanes have external braces, or wing struts, which transmit the flight and landing loads through the struts to the main fuselage structure. Since the wing struts are usually attached approximately halfway out on the wing, this type of wing structure is called semi-cantilever. A few high-wing and most low-wing airplanes have a full cantilever wing designed to carry the loads without external struts. The principal structural parts of the wing are spars, ribs, and stringers. These are reinforced by trusses, I-beams, tubing, or other devices, including the skin. The wing ribs determine the shape and thickness of the wing (airfoil).
  • 16. In most modern airplanes, the fuel tanks either are an integral part of the wing structure, or consist of flexible containers mounted inside of the wing. Attached to the rear, or trailing, edges of the wings are two types of control surfaces referred to as ailerons and flaps. Ailerons extend from about the midpoint of each wing outward toward the tip and move in opposite directions to create aerodynamic forces that cause the airplane to roll. Flaps extend outward from the fuselage to near the midpoint of each wing. The flaps are normally flush with the wing´s surface during cruising flight. When extended, the flaps move simultaneously downward to increase the lifting force of the wing for takeoffs and landings. Wing Structure
  • 17. Wing Structure of an airplane
  • 18. Know as tail section Consist of Vertical Stabilizer Rudder Horizontal Stabilizer Elevators Empennage
  • 19. Empennage Structure The correct name for the tail section of an airplane is empennage. The empennage includes the entire tail group, consisting of fixed surfaces such as the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer. The movable surfaces include the rudder, the elevator, and one or more trim tabs. A second type of empennage design does not require an elevator. Instead, it incorporates a one-piece horizontal stabilizer that pivots from a central hinge point. This type of design is called a stabilator, and is moved using the control stick, just as you would the elevator.
  • 20. The rudder is attached to the back of the vertical stabilizer. During flight, it is used to move the airplane´s nose left and right. The rudder is used in combination with the ailerons for turns during flight. The elevator, which is attached to the back of the horizontal stabilizer, is used to move the nose of the airplane up and down during flight. Trim tabs are small, movable portions of the trailing edge of the control surface. These movable trim tabs, which are controlled from the cockpit, reduce control pressures. Trim tabs may be installed on the ailerons, the rudder, and/or the elevator. Empennage Structure
  • 21. Empennage of an airplane
  • 22. Empennage Structure of an airplane
  • 23. Empennage Structure of an airplane Spar Ribs Stringers Skin Spar Stringers Stabilator
  • 24. The landing gear is the principle support of the airplane when parked, taxiing, taking off, or when landing. The most common type of landing gear consists of wheels, but airplanes can also be equipped with floats for water operations, or skis for landing on snow. The landing gear consists of three wheels — two main wheels and a third wheel positioned either at the front or rear of the airplane. Landing gear employing a rearmounted wheel is called conventional landing gear. Landing Gear Structure
  • 25.  Located underneath of the fuselage with shock strut  Fixed / Retractable  Provides means of landing taxiing  Tri- cycle –Conventional type  Floating gear for seaplane /ski- equipped for ice surface landing etc.. Landing Gear
  • 26. Airplanes with conventional landing gear are sometimes referred to as tail wheel airplanes. When the third wheel is located on the nose, it is called nose wheel, and the design is referred to as a tricycle gear. A steerable nose wheel or tail wheel permits the airplane to be controlled throughout all operations while on the ground. Landing Gear Structure