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ninth edition
STEPHEN P. ROBBINS
PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook
The University of West Alabama
MARY COULTER
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Organizational
Structure and Design
Chapter
10
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–2
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Defining Organizational Structure
• Discuss the traditional and contemporary views of work
specialization, chain of command, and span of control.
• Describe each of the five forms of departmentalization.
• Explain cross-functional teams.
• Differentiate, authority, responsibility, and unity of
command.
• Tell what factors influence the amount of centralization
and decentralization.
• Explain how formalization is used in organizational
design.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–3
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Organizational Design Decisions
• Contrast mechanistic and organic organizations.
• Explain the relationship between strategy and structure.
• Tell how organizational size affects organizational design.
• Discuss Woodward’s findings on the relationship of
technology and structure.
• Explain how environmental uncertainty affects
organizational design.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–4
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Common Organizational Designs
• Contrast the three traditional organizational designs.
• Explain team, matrix, and project structures.
• Describe the design of virtual and network organizations.
• Discuss the organizational design challenges facing
managers today.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–5
Defining Organizational Structure
• Organizational Structure
The formal arrangement of jobs within an organization.
• Organizational Design
A process involving decisions about six key elements:
 Work specialization
 Departmentalization
 Chain of command
 Span of control
 Centralization and decentralization
 Formalization
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–6
Exhibit 10–1 Purposes of Organizing
• Divides work to be done into specific jobs and
departments.
• Assigns tasks and responsibilities associated with
individual jobs.
• Coordinates diverse organizational tasks.
• Clusters jobs into units.
• Establishes relationships among
individuals, groups, and departments.
• Establishes formal lines of authority.
• Allocates and deploys organizational resources.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–7
Organizational Structure
• Work Specialization
The degree to which tasks in the organization are
divided into separate jobs with each step completed
by a different person.
Overspecialization can result in human diseconomies
from boredom, fatigue, stress, poor quality, increased
absenteeism, and higher turnover.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–8
Departmentalization by Type
• Functional
 Grouping jobs by
functions performed
• Product
 Grouping jobs by product
line
• Geographical
 Grouping jobs on the
basis of territory or
geography
• Process
 Grouping jobs on the
basis of product or
customer flow
• Customer
 Grouping jobs by type of
customer and needs
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–9
Exhibit 10–2 Functional Departmentalization
• Advantages
• Efficiencies from putting together similar specialties and
people with common skills, knowledge, and orientations
• Coordination within functional area
• In-depth specialization
• Disadvantages
• Poor communication across functional areas
• Limited view of organizational goals
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–10
Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Geographical Departmentalization
• Advantages
• More effective and efficient handling of specific
regional issues that arise
• Serve needs of unique geographic markets better
• Disadvantages
• Duplication of functions
• Can feel isolated from other organizational areas
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–11
Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Product Departmentalization
+ Allows specialization in particular products and services
+ Managers can become experts in their industry
+ Closer to customers
– Duplication of functions
– Limited view of organizational goals
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–12
Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Process Departmentalization
+ More efficient flow of work activities
– Can only be used with certain types of products
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–13
Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Customer Departmentalization
+ Customers’ needs and problems can be met by specialists
- Duplication of functions
- Limited view of organizational goals
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–14
Organization Structure (cont’d)
• Chain of Command
The continuous line of authority that extends from
upper levels of an organization to the lowest levels of
the organization and clarifies who reports to who.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–15
Organization Structure (cont’d)
• Authority
The rights inherent in a managerial position to tell
people what to do and to expect them to do it.
• Responsibility
The obligation or expectation to perform.
• Unity of Command
The concept that a person should have one boss and
should report only to that person.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–16
Organization Structure (cont’d)
• Span of Control
The number of employees who can be effectively and
efficiently supervised by a manager.
Width of span is affected by:
 Skills and abilities of the manager
 Employee characteristics
 Characteristics of the work being done
 Similarity of tasks
 Complexity of tasks
 Physical proximity of subordinates
 Standardization of tasks
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–17
Exhibit 10–3 Contrasting Spans of Control
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–18
Organization Structure (cont’d)
• Centralization
The degree to which decision-making is concentrated
at a single point in the organizations.
 Organizations in which top managers make all the decisions
and lower-level employees simply carry out those orders.
• Decentralization
Organizations in which decision-making is pushed
down to the managers who are closest to the action.
• Employee Empowerment
Increasing the decision-making authority (power) of
employees.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–19
Exhibit 10–4 Factors that Influence the Amount of Centralization
• More Centralization
 Environment is stable.
 Lower-level managers are not as capable or experienced at
making decisions as upper-level managers.
 Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.
 Decisions are relatively minor.
 Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.
 Company is large.
 Effective implementation of company strategies depends on
managers retaining say over what happens.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–20
Exhibit 10–4 (cont’d) Factors that Influence the Amount of Centralization
• More Decentralization
 Environment is complex, uncertain.
 Lower-level managers are capable and experienced at making
decisions.
 Lower-level managers want a voice in decisions.
 Decisions are significant.
 Corporate culture is open to allowing managers to have a say in
what happens.
 Company is geographically dispersed.
 Effective implementation of company strategies depends on
managers having involvement and flexibility to make decisions.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–21
Organization Structure (cont’d)
• Formalization
The degree to which jobs within the organization are
standardized and the extent to which employee
behavior is guided by rules and procedures.
 Highly formalized jobs offer little discretion over what is to be
done.
 Low formalization means fewer constraints on how
employees do their work.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–22
Organizational Design Decisions
• Mechanistic Organization
 A rigid and tightly controlled
structure
 High specialization
 Rigid departmentalization
 Narrow spans of control
 High formalization
 Limited information network
(downward)
 Low decision participation
• Organic Organization
 Highly flexible and
adaptable structure
 Non-standardized jobs
 Fluid team-based structure
 Little direct supervision
 Minimal formal rules
 Open communication
network
 Empowered employees
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–23
Exhibit 10–5 Mechanistic versus Organic Organization
• High specialization
• Rigid departmentalization
• Clear chain of command
• Narrow spans of control
• Centralization
• High formalization
• Cross-functional teams
• Cross-hierarchical teams
• Free flow of information
• Wide spans of control
• Decentralization
• Low formalization
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–24
Contingency Factors
• Structural decisions are influenced by:
Overall strategy of the organization
 Organizational structure follows strategy.
Size of the organization
 Firms change from organic to mechanistic organizations as
they grow in size.
Technology use by the organization
 Firms adapt their structure to the technology they use.
Degree of environmental uncertainty
 Dynamic environments require organic structures;
mechanistic structures need stable environments.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–25
Contingency Factors (cont’d)
• Strategy Frameworks:
Innovation
 Pursuing competitive advantage through meaningful and
unique innovations favors an organic structuring.
Cost minimization
 Focusing on tightly controlling costs requires a mechanistic
structure for the organization.
Imitation
 Minimizing risks and maximizing profitability by copying
market leaders requires both organic and mechanistic
elements in the organization’s structure.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–26
Contingency Factors (cont’d)
• Strategy and Structure
Achievement of strategic goals is facilitated by
changes in organizational structure that
accommodate and support change.
• Size and Structure
As an organization grows larger, its structure tends to
change from organic to mechanistic with increased
specialization, departmentalization, centralization,
and rules and regulations.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–27
Contingency Factors (cont’d)
• Technology and Structure
Organizations adapt their structures to their
technology.
Woodward’s classification of firms based on the
complexity of the technology employed:
 Unit production of single units or small batches
 Mass production of large batches of output
 Process production in continuous process of outputs
Routine technology = mechanistic organizations
Non-routine technology = organic organizations
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–28
Exhibit 10–6 Woodward’s Findings on
Technology, Structure, and Effectiveness
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–29
Contingency Factors (cont’d)
• Environmental Uncertainty and Structure
Mechanistic organizational structures tend to be most
effective in stable and simple environments.
The flexibility of organic organizational structures is
better suited for dynamic and complex environments.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–30
Common Organizational Designs
• Traditional Designs
Simple structure
 Low departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralized
authority, little formalization
Functional structure
 Departmentalization by function
– Operations, finance, human resources, and product
research and development
Divisional structure
 Composed of separate business units or divisions with limited
autonomy under the coordination and control the parent
corporation.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–31
Exhibit 10–7 Strengths and Weaknesses of Traditional
Organizational Designs
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–32
Exhibit 10–8 Contemporary Organizational Designs
Team Structure
• What it is: A structure in which the entire organization is made up of
work groups or teams.
• Advantages: Employees are more involved and empowered. Reduced
barriers among functional areas.
• Disadvantages: No clear chain of command. Pressure on teams to perform.
Matrix-Project Structure
What it is: A structure that assigns specialists from different functional
areas to work on projects but who return to their areas when
the project is completed. Project is a structure in which
employees continuously work on projects. As one project is
completed, employees move on to the next project.
• Advantages: Fluid and flexible design that can respond to environmental
changes. Faster decision making.
• Disadvantages: Complexity of assigning people to projects. Task and
personality conflicts.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–33
Exhibit 10–8 (cont’d) Contemporary Organizational Designs
Boundaryless Structure
What it is: A structure that is not defined by or limited to artificial
horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries; includes virtual
and network types of organizations.
• Advantages: Highly flexible and responsive. Draws on talent wherever it’s
found..
• Disadvantages: Lack of control. Communication difficulties..
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–34
Organizational Designs (cont’d)
• Contemporary Organizational Designs
Team structures
 The entire organization is made up of work groups or self-
managed teams of empowered employees.
Matrix and project structures
 Specialists from different functional departments are assigned
to work on projects led by project managers.
 Matrix and project participants have two managers.
 In project structures, employees work continuously on
projects; moving on to another project as each project is
completed.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–35
Exhibit 10–9 An Example of a Matrix Organization
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–36
Organizational Designs (cont’d)
• Contemporary Organizational Designs (cont’d)
Boundaryless Organization
 An flexible and unstructured organizational design that is
intended to break down external barriers between the
organization and its customers and suppliers.
 Removes internal (horizontal) boundaries:
– Eliminates the chain of command
– Has limitless spans of control
– Uses empowered teams rather than departments
 Eliminates external boundaries:
– Uses virtual, network, and modular organizational
structures to get closer to stakeholders.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–37
Removing External Boundaries
• Virtual Organization
 An organization that consists of a small core of full-time
employees and that temporarily hires specialists to work on
opportunities that arise.
• Network Organization
 A small core organization that outsources its major
business functions (e.g., manufacturing) in order to
concentrate what it does best.
• Modular Organization
 A manufacturing organization that uses outside suppliers to
provide product components for its final assembly
operations.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–38
Today’s Organizational Design
Challenges
• Keeping Employees Connected
Widely dispersed and mobile employees
• Building a Learning Organization
• Managing Global Structural Issues
Cultural implications of design elements
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–39
Organizational Designs (cont’d)
• The Learning Organization
An organization that has developed the capacity to
continuously learn, adapt, and change through the
practice of knowledge management by employees.
Characteristics of a learning organization:
 An open team-based organization design that empowers
employees
 Extensive and open information sharing
 Leadership that provides a shared vision of the organization’s
future, support and encouragement
 A strong culture of shared values, trust, openness, and a
sense of community.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–40
Terms to Know
• organizing
• organizational structure
• organizational design
• work specialization
• departmentalization
• functional departmentalization
• product departmentalization
• geographical
departmentalization
• process departmentalization
• customer departmentalization
• cross-functional teams
• chain of command
• authority
• responsibility
• unity of command
• span of control
• centralization
• decentralization
• employee empowerment
• formalization
• mechanistic organization
• organic organization
• unit production
• mass production
• process production
• simple structure
• functional structure
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–41
Terms to Know
• divisional structure
• team structure
• matrix structure
• project structure
• boundaryless organization
• virtual organization
• network organization
• learning organization
• organizational chart

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Chapter10organizationalstructureanddesignppt10 100223215434-phpapp01

  • 1. ninth edition STEPHEN P. ROBBINS PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama MARY COULTER © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Organizational Structure and Design Chapter 10
  • 2. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–2 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Defining Organizational Structure • Discuss the traditional and contemporary views of work specialization, chain of command, and span of control. • Describe each of the five forms of departmentalization. • Explain cross-functional teams. • Differentiate, authority, responsibility, and unity of command. • Tell what factors influence the amount of centralization and decentralization. • Explain how formalization is used in organizational design.
  • 3. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–3 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Organizational Design Decisions • Contrast mechanistic and organic organizations. • Explain the relationship between strategy and structure. • Tell how organizational size affects organizational design. • Discuss Woodward’s findings on the relationship of technology and structure. • Explain how environmental uncertainty affects organizational design.
  • 4. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–4 L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d) Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter. Common Organizational Designs • Contrast the three traditional organizational designs. • Explain team, matrix, and project structures. • Describe the design of virtual and network organizations. • Discuss the organizational design challenges facing managers today.
  • 5. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–5 Defining Organizational Structure • Organizational Structure The formal arrangement of jobs within an organization. • Organizational Design A process involving decisions about six key elements:  Work specialization  Departmentalization  Chain of command  Span of control  Centralization and decentralization  Formalization
  • 6. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–6 Exhibit 10–1 Purposes of Organizing • Divides work to be done into specific jobs and departments. • Assigns tasks and responsibilities associated with individual jobs. • Coordinates diverse organizational tasks. • Clusters jobs into units. • Establishes relationships among individuals, groups, and departments. • Establishes formal lines of authority. • Allocates and deploys organizational resources.
  • 7. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–7 Organizational Structure • Work Specialization The degree to which tasks in the organization are divided into separate jobs with each step completed by a different person. Overspecialization can result in human diseconomies from boredom, fatigue, stress, poor quality, increased absenteeism, and higher turnover.
  • 8. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–8 Departmentalization by Type • Functional  Grouping jobs by functions performed • Product  Grouping jobs by product line • Geographical  Grouping jobs on the basis of territory or geography • Process  Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow • Customer  Grouping jobs by type of customer and needs
  • 9. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–9 Exhibit 10–2 Functional Departmentalization • Advantages • Efficiencies from putting together similar specialties and people with common skills, knowledge, and orientations • Coordination within functional area • In-depth specialization • Disadvantages • Poor communication across functional areas • Limited view of organizational goals
  • 10. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–10 Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Geographical Departmentalization • Advantages • More effective and efficient handling of specific regional issues that arise • Serve needs of unique geographic markets better • Disadvantages • Duplication of functions • Can feel isolated from other organizational areas
  • 11. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–11 Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Product Departmentalization + Allows specialization in particular products and services + Managers can become experts in their industry + Closer to customers – Duplication of functions – Limited view of organizational goals
  • 12. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–12 Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Process Departmentalization + More efficient flow of work activities – Can only be used with certain types of products
  • 13. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–13 Exhibit 10–2 (cont’d) Customer Departmentalization + Customers’ needs and problems can be met by specialists - Duplication of functions - Limited view of organizational goals
  • 14. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–14 Organization Structure (cont’d) • Chain of Command The continuous line of authority that extends from upper levels of an organization to the lowest levels of the organization and clarifies who reports to who.
  • 15. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–15 Organization Structure (cont’d) • Authority The rights inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and to expect them to do it. • Responsibility The obligation or expectation to perform. • Unity of Command The concept that a person should have one boss and should report only to that person.
  • 16. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–16 Organization Structure (cont’d) • Span of Control The number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently supervised by a manager. Width of span is affected by:  Skills and abilities of the manager  Employee characteristics  Characteristics of the work being done  Similarity of tasks  Complexity of tasks  Physical proximity of subordinates  Standardization of tasks
  • 17. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–17 Exhibit 10–3 Contrasting Spans of Control
  • 18. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–18 Organization Structure (cont’d) • Centralization The degree to which decision-making is concentrated at a single point in the organizations.  Organizations in which top managers make all the decisions and lower-level employees simply carry out those orders. • Decentralization Organizations in which decision-making is pushed down to the managers who are closest to the action. • Employee Empowerment Increasing the decision-making authority (power) of employees.
  • 19. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–19 Exhibit 10–4 Factors that Influence the Amount of Centralization • More Centralization  Environment is stable.  Lower-level managers are not as capable or experienced at making decisions as upper-level managers.  Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.  Decisions are relatively minor.  Organization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.  Company is large.  Effective implementation of company strategies depends on managers retaining say over what happens.
  • 20. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–20 Exhibit 10–4 (cont’d) Factors that Influence the Amount of Centralization • More Decentralization  Environment is complex, uncertain.  Lower-level managers are capable and experienced at making decisions.  Lower-level managers want a voice in decisions.  Decisions are significant.  Corporate culture is open to allowing managers to have a say in what happens.  Company is geographically dispersed.  Effective implementation of company strategies depends on managers having involvement and flexibility to make decisions.
  • 21. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–21 Organization Structure (cont’d) • Formalization The degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.  Highly formalized jobs offer little discretion over what is to be done.  Low formalization means fewer constraints on how employees do their work.
  • 22. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–22 Organizational Design Decisions • Mechanistic Organization  A rigid and tightly controlled structure  High specialization  Rigid departmentalization  Narrow spans of control  High formalization  Limited information network (downward)  Low decision participation • Organic Organization  Highly flexible and adaptable structure  Non-standardized jobs  Fluid team-based structure  Little direct supervision  Minimal formal rules  Open communication network  Empowered employees
  • 23. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–23 Exhibit 10–5 Mechanistic versus Organic Organization • High specialization • Rigid departmentalization • Clear chain of command • Narrow spans of control • Centralization • High formalization • Cross-functional teams • Cross-hierarchical teams • Free flow of information • Wide spans of control • Decentralization • Low formalization
  • 24. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–24 Contingency Factors • Structural decisions are influenced by: Overall strategy of the organization  Organizational structure follows strategy. Size of the organization  Firms change from organic to mechanistic organizations as they grow in size. Technology use by the organization  Firms adapt their structure to the technology they use. Degree of environmental uncertainty  Dynamic environments require organic structures; mechanistic structures need stable environments.
  • 25. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–25 Contingency Factors (cont’d) • Strategy Frameworks: Innovation  Pursuing competitive advantage through meaningful and unique innovations favors an organic structuring. Cost minimization  Focusing on tightly controlling costs requires a mechanistic structure for the organization. Imitation  Minimizing risks and maximizing profitability by copying market leaders requires both organic and mechanistic elements in the organization’s structure.
  • 26. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–26 Contingency Factors (cont’d) • Strategy and Structure Achievement of strategic goals is facilitated by changes in organizational structure that accommodate and support change. • Size and Structure As an organization grows larger, its structure tends to change from organic to mechanistic with increased specialization, departmentalization, centralization, and rules and regulations.
  • 27. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–27 Contingency Factors (cont’d) • Technology and Structure Organizations adapt their structures to their technology. Woodward’s classification of firms based on the complexity of the technology employed:  Unit production of single units or small batches  Mass production of large batches of output  Process production in continuous process of outputs Routine technology = mechanistic organizations Non-routine technology = organic organizations
  • 28. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–28 Exhibit 10–6 Woodward’s Findings on Technology, Structure, and Effectiveness
  • 29. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–29 Contingency Factors (cont’d) • Environmental Uncertainty and Structure Mechanistic organizational structures tend to be most effective in stable and simple environments. The flexibility of organic organizational structures is better suited for dynamic and complex environments.
  • 30. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–30 Common Organizational Designs • Traditional Designs Simple structure  Low departmentalization, wide spans of control, centralized authority, little formalization Functional structure  Departmentalization by function – Operations, finance, human resources, and product research and development Divisional structure  Composed of separate business units or divisions with limited autonomy under the coordination and control the parent corporation.
  • 31. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–31 Exhibit 10–7 Strengths and Weaknesses of Traditional Organizational Designs
  • 32. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–32 Exhibit 10–8 Contemporary Organizational Designs Team Structure • What it is: A structure in which the entire organization is made up of work groups or teams. • Advantages: Employees are more involved and empowered. Reduced barriers among functional areas. • Disadvantages: No clear chain of command. Pressure on teams to perform. Matrix-Project Structure What it is: A structure that assigns specialists from different functional areas to work on projects but who return to their areas when the project is completed. Project is a structure in which employees continuously work on projects. As one project is completed, employees move on to the next project. • Advantages: Fluid and flexible design that can respond to environmental changes. Faster decision making. • Disadvantages: Complexity of assigning people to projects. Task and personality conflicts.
  • 33. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–33 Exhibit 10–8 (cont’d) Contemporary Organizational Designs Boundaryless Structure What it is: A structure that is not defined by or limited to artificial horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries; includes virtual and network types of organizations. • Advantages: Highly flexible and responsive. Draws on talent wherever it’s found.. • Disadvantages: Lack of control. Communication difficulties..
  • 34. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–34 Organizational Designs (cont’d) • Contemporary Organizational Designs Team structures  The entire organization is made up of work groups or self- managed teams of empowered employees. Matrix and project structures  Specialists from different functional departments are assigned to work on projects led by project managers.  Matrix and project participants have two managers.  In project structures, employees work continuously on projects; moving on to another project as each project is completed.
  • 35. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–35 Exhibit 10–9 An Example of a Matrix Organization
  • 36. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–36 Organizational Designs (cont’d) • Contemporary Organizational Designs (cont’d) Boundaryless Organization  An flexible and unstructured organizational design that is intended to break down external barriers between the organization and its customers and suppliers.  Removes internal (horizontal) boundaries: – Eliminates the chain of command – Has limitless spans of control – Uses empowered teams rather than departments  Eliminates external boundaries: – Uses virtual, network, and modular organizational structures to get closer to stakeholders.
  • 37. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–37 Removing External Boundaries • Virtual Organization  An organization that consists of a small core of full-time employees and that temporarily hires specialists to work on opportunities that arise. • Network Organization  A small core organization that outsources its major business functions (e.g., manufacturing) in order to concentrate what it does best. • Modular Organization  A manufacturing organization that uses outside suppliers to provide product components for its final assembly operations.
  • 38. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–38 Today’s Organizational Design Challenges • Keeping Employees Connected Widely dispersed and mobile employees • Building a Learning Organization • Managing Global Structural Issues Cultural implications of design elements
  • 39. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–39 Organizational Designs (cont’d) • The Learning Organization An organization that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and change through the practice of knowledge management by employees. Characteristics of a learning organization:  An open team-based organization design that empowers employees  Extensive and open information sharing  Leadership that provides a shared vision of the organization’s future, support and encouragement  A strong culture of shared values, trust, openness, and a sense of community.
  • 40. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–40 Terms to Know • organizing • organizational structure • organizational design • work specialization • departmentalization • functional departmentalization • product departmentalization • geographical departmentalization • process departmentalization • customer departmentalization • cross-functional teams • chain of command • authority • responsibility • unity of command • span of control • centralization • decentralization • employee empowerment • formalization • mechanistic organization • organic organization • unit production • mass production • process production • simple structure • functional structure
  • 41. © 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 10–41 Terms to Know • divisional structure • team structure • matrix structure • project structure • boundaryless organization • virtual organization • network organization • learning organization • organizational chart