2. Deixis refers to the phenomenon where in
understanding the meaning of certain words
and phrases in an utterance requires
contextual information.
3. 1. PRONOUN
2. LOCATED
EXPRESSION
3. TEMPORAL
EXPRESSION
I, YOU, WE , THEY, HE, SHE, IT
HERE, THERE, THAT , THOSE
NOW, THEN, YESTERDAY,
TODAY, TOMORROW, LASK
WEEK, NEXT MONTH AND SO
ON.
4. 1. Pronoun
2. Locative Expression
3. Temporal Expression
You can lead a horse to water but you
can’t make him drink.
We can’t go today, but tomorrow will be
fine.
James hasn’t been here yet.
5. Anaphora is a kind of secondary reference in
which a previous reference in recalled by use of
special function words or equivalent lexemes.
Example:
Jack and Jill tried to lift the box and push it onto the
top shelf
6. he
However, she slipped and fell to the floor.
it
they
Each of the four pronouns illustrated here has a
particular scope of reference.
7. Occupational nouns such as:
secretary, teacher, cashier, doctor.
Which don’t indicate gender, are more common in
modern English than pairs like:
actor/actress, waiter/waitress.
17a I asked the secretary to telephone Mr Letterman.
17b had Mr Letterman on the line in a few minutes.
8. 19a There was a strange painting on the wall.
the painting
19b I wondered where the picture had come from
this work of art
it
9. Grammatical anaphora is achieved with a
pronoun; the definite anaphoric pronouns are he,
she, they and, in this case, it.
20.There was a picture above the mantelpiece
and a picture over the desk
one
21. There’s some food on the table and
some food in the fridge
some
10. 7.7 Shifts in ways of referring
Example :
There was a strange painting on the wall.
I wondered where the painting had home from.
it
29a. If we were going to buy a car. We would buy it at Hudson’s.
29b. If we were going to buy a car. We would buy one at Hudson’s.
11. Shift From specific reference to generic reference.
30a. We didn’t buy a new car because they cost too much.
30b. We didn’t Buy a NEW car because they cost too much.
Here they must be equivalent to ‘ new cars ‘.
31. Every woman who has a husband should treat him with respect.
Note the vagueness here. Does they mean ‘ cars ‘ or ‘
new cars ‘ Prosody could make one meaning clear.
12. 7.8 Referential ambiguity
1. An indefinite referring expression may be specific
or not;
32.I wanted to buy a newspaper.
2. Anaphora is unclear because a personal pronoun,
he, she, it or they. Can be linked to either of two
referring expressions;
33.Jack told Ralph that a visitor was waiting for him.
13. 3. The pronoun you is used generically or
specifically:
34. If you want to get ahead, you have to work hard.
4. A noun phrase with every can have distributed reference or
collected reference :
35. I’m buying a drink for everybody here.
