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Working With Very Large 
Firebird Databases 
Some Aspects To Consider 
Paul Reeves 
IBPhoenix 
mail: preeves at ibphoenix.com
About the speaker 
I work for IBPhoenix providing technical support. 
I maintain the windows installer for Firebird and do the Win-dows 
builds.
Introduction 
Background to this talk – Why?
Three questions to answer... 
Does transaction performance deteriorate 
and is it disproportionate to the increase in 
size? 
Is time taken for an admin task proportional 
to database size? 
Are admin tasks disproportionally affected 
by concurrent user activity as database size 
increases?
What are (not) looking at today? 
The focus of this talk is on administration issues 
rather than performance in general 
Performance tends to be application specific 
This talk is more interested in how : 
Gstat 
Gbak 
NBackup 
Sweep 
behave as the db grows in size.
What is a very large database? 
How long is a piece of string? 
It changes with the technology. 
Larger than available RAM 
Perhaps insufficient disc space to manipulate copies and 
backups easily. 
Disk I/O inadequate for task of backing up/restoring large 
data volumes within an acceptable time frame.
Setting up a test environment 
4 core AMD x64 
16 GB RAM 
Windows 2003 X64 server 
Firebird 2.5.2 Super Server, Vanilla config 
RAID 10 with H/W controller and write cache. 
SSD
The test databases 
SDB – 'small' database 
less than available RAM, 8 M rows 
MDB – 'medium' size 
larger than available RAM, 24 M rows 
QLDB – 'Quite Large' 
twice the size of medium db, 48 M rows 
VLDB – 'Very Large' 
four times the size of medium db, 80 M rows.
Simulated Load Testing 
Based on TPC-C 
It is a simple product/order database 
Txns are randomised in an attempt to mod-el 
real world. 
TPC-C performance is measured in new-order 
transactions per minute - tpmC
Caveats 
Not scientifically valid. 
Test suite takes ? days to run 
Results should be averaged over 5 test runs 
These tests relate to this test config. 
Other versions of Firebird may behave differently 
Other O/S may behave differently. 
Other databases or use cases may be different. 
Much more analysis is required.
Baseline Performance Test - 1 
Run tpc-c benchmark test for one hour on each database 
simulating 25 concurrent users. 
Database Txn per min. 
SDB_RAID10 410 
MDB_RAID10 392 
QLDB_RAID10 360 
VLDB_RAID10 288 
SDB_SSD 2232 
MDB_SSD 2235 
QLDB_SSD 1938 
VLDB_SSD 1112
Baseline Performance WIOPS – RAID 10
Baseline Performance WIOPS – SSD
Baseline Performance Test - 3 
Run tpc-c benchmark test for one hour on each database 
Dastiambuaslaeting 25 Tcxonn pceurr rmeinnt users. 
(03) 
Txn per min. 
(02) 
Txn per min. 
(01) 
SDB_RAID10 1295 907 410 
MDB_RAID10 1007 932 392 
QLDB_RAID10 1033 710 360 
VLDB_RAID10 852 529 288 
SDB_SSD 1455 1769 2232 
MDB_SSD 1007 1810 2235 
QLDB_SSD 1652 1771 1938 
VLDB_SSD 1455 1301 1112
Baseline Performance (03) 
WIOPS – RAID 10
Baseline Performance (03) 
WIOPS – SSD
Impact of gstat -r fb inactive 
Database Size (GB) Fb Inactive MB/s 
SDB_RAID10 8.73 00:00:42 212.85 
MDB_RAID10 22.70 00:04:18 90.1 
QLDB_RAID10 44.00 00:07:44 97.1 
VLDB_RAID10 81.10 00:13:30 102.53 
SDB_SSD 8.73 00:00:30 297.98 
MDB_SSD 22.70 00:03:25 113.39 
QLDB_SSD 44.00 00:06:51 109.63 
VLDB_SSD* 81.10 00:19:06 72.47 
(* sweeper activated)
Impact of gstat -r when fb active 
Database Size (GB) FB Active MB/s 
SDB_RAID10 8.73 00:04:34 32.63 
MDB_RAID10 22.7 00:15:18 25.32 
QLDB_RAID10 44 00:26:25 28.43 
VLDB_RAID10 81.1 00:43:18 31.97 
SDB_SSD 8.73 00:01:58 75.76 
MDB_SSD 22.7 00:08:38 44.87 
QLDB_SSD 44 00:17:44 42.35 
VLDB_SSD (*) 81.1 00:26:52 51.52 
( * uninvited SWEEPER )
Impact of gstat -r - full comparison 
Database Size (GB) Fb Inactive MB/s FB Active MB/s 
SDB_RAID10 8.73 00:00:42 212.85 00:04:34 32.63 
MDB_RAID10 22.7 00:04:18 90.1 00:15:18 25.32 
QLDB_RAID1 
44 00:07:44 97.1 00:26:25 28.43 
0 
VLDB_RAID10 81.1 00:13:30 102.53 00:43:18 31.97 
SDB_SSD 8.73 00:00:30 297.98 00:01:58 75.76 
MDB_SSD 22.7 00:03:25 113.39 00:08:38 44.87 
QLDB_SSD 44 00:06:51 109.63 00:17:44 42.35 
VLDB_SSD 
81.1 00:19:06 72.47 00:26:52 51.52 
(uninvited 
SWEEPER )
Impact of gstat -r – tpmC 
Database Txn per min 
(gstat) 
Txn per min (Baseline) 
SDB_RAID10 787 1295 
MDB_RAID10 412 1007 
QLDB_RAID10 487 1033 
VLDB_RAID10 329 852 
SDB_SSD 2365 1455 
MDB_SSD 1951 1007 
QLDB_SSD 1791 1652 
VLDB_SSD (*) 1040 1455
GStat and FB WIOPS RAID 10
GStat and FB WIOPS - SSD
Using GStat - Summary 
Duration approx 3 times longer when fire-bird 
is active. 
Impacts users when using RAID 10. 
SSD seems to cope with the performance 
hit. 
Safe to run at any time (with caveats).
Using GBak 
Too slow to be practical with large databases. 
Backing up an active database takes a long time 
and slows up users. 
Restoring is slow – over ten hours for VLDB on 
RAID 10 and even longer on SSD card. 
Only use is for changing page size. 
Rule of thumb : 
– restore requires 1 hour per 10 GB.
Nbackup 
Designed to backup VLDB's 
Works while firebird is active (just like gbak) 
What is the cost in time for the SYSDBA? 
What is the impact on users?
Nbackup with direct I/O (default for Win) 
Database FB Inactive FB Active Time Cost 
SDB_RAID10 00:03:09 00:55:27 17.6 
MDB_RAID10 00:09:57 01:37:58 9.85 
QLDB_RAID10 00:25:53 No data 
VLDB_RAID10 No data No data 
SDB_SSD 00:03:53 00:06:27 1.66 
MDB_SSD 00:12:19 00:21:42 1.76 
QLDB_SSD 00:31:23 No data 
VLDB_SSD No data No data
NBackup without direct I/O 
Database FB Inactive FB Active Time Cost 
SDB_RAID10 0:02:57 0:21:10 7.18 
MDB_RAID10 0:10:07 0:56:57 5.63 
QLDB_RAID10 0:26:40 No data 
VLDB_RAID10 No data No data 
SDB_SSD 0:02:33 0:03:16 1.28 
MDB_SSD 0:10:31 0:23:54 2.27 
QLDB_SSD 0:33:19 No data 
VLDB_SSD No data No data
NBackup - -D ON or OFF ? 
Database FB 
Inactive 
FB Active 
-D ON -D OFF -D ON -D OFF 
SDB_RAID10 00:03:09 0:02:57 00:55:27 0:21:10 
MDB_RAID10 00:09:57 0:10:07 01:37:58 0:56:57 
QLDB_RAID10 00:25:53 0:26:40 0 0 
VLDB_RAID10 0 0 0 0 
SDB_SSD 00:03:53 0:02:33 00:06:27 0:03:16 
MDB_SSD 00:12:19 0:10:31 00:21:42 0:23:54 
QLDB_SSD 00:31:23 0:33:19 0 0 
VLDB_SSD 0 0 0 0
NBackup and xcopy 
Database FB Inactive FB Active Time Cost 
SDB_RAID10 0:01:04 0:02:28 2.31 
MDB_RAID10 0:05:30 0:28:37 5.2 
QLDB_RAID10 (*) 0:12:08 1:16:36 6.31 
VLDB_RAID10 (*) 0:24:14 1:12:22 2.99 
SDB_SSD 0:01:39 0:01:57 1.18 
MDB_SSD 0:06:06 0:08:18 1.36 
QLDB_SSD (*) 0:13:23 0:18:06 1.35 
VLDB_SSD (*) 0:24:36 0:29:12 1.19 
(* Diff. Page size)
NBackup vs. xcopy 
Database FB Inactive FB Active 
nbak xcopy nbak xcopy 
SDB_RAID10 00:03:09 00:01:04 2.95 00:55:27 00:02:28 22.48 
MDB_RAID10 00:09:57 00:05:30 1.81 01:37:58 00:28:37 3.42 
QLDB_RAID10 (*) 00:33:04 00:12:08 2.73 04:51:55 01:16:36 3.81 
VLDB_RAID10 (*) 01:10:45 00:24:14 2.92 03:37:58 01:12:22 3.01 
SDB_SSD 00:03:53 00:01:39 2.35 00:06:27 00:01:57 3.31 
MDB_SSD 00:12:19 00:06:06 2.02 00:21:42 00:08:18 2.61 
QLDB_SSD (*) 00:49:13 00:13:23 3.68 01:30:28 00:18:06 5 
VLDB_SSD (*) 01:36:22 00:24:36 3.92 01:55:31 00:29:12 3.96
Sweep 
Database FB Active 
SDB_RAID10 01:44:30 
MDB_RAID10 04:04:50 
QLDB_RAID10 08:28:07 
VLDB_RAID10 (*) 07:04:29 
SDB_SSD 00:44:46 
MDB_SSD 02:11:18 
QLDB_SSD 04:15:16 
VLDB_SSD (*) 03:19:41 
4K page size except * - 8K
What's up with sweep? 
Before sweep: 
Oldest transaction 366,678 
Oldest active 366,679 
After sweep (8 hours later) : 
Oldest transaction 1,532,631 
Oldest active 1,532,632 
Does it matter?
Sweep and WIOPS (RAID 10)
Sweep, WIOPS and SSD
Things I haven't had time to look at 
Page size comparisons 
Gbak backup cost 
Free space on disc (SSD)
Questions?

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Working with Large Firebird databases

  • 1. Working With Very Large Firebird Databases Some Aspects To Consider Paul Reeves IBPhoenix mail: preeves at ibphoenix.com
  • 2. About the speaker I work for IBPhoenix providing technical support. I maintain the windows installer for Firebird and do the Win-dows builds.
  • 3. Introduction Background to this talk – Why?
  • 4. Three questions to answer... Does transaction performance deteriorate and is it disproportionate to the increase in size? Is time taken for an admin task proportional to database size? Are admin tasks disproportionally affected by concurrent user activity as database size increases?
  • 5. What are (not) looking at today? The focus of this talk is on administration issues rather than performance in general Performance tends to be application specific This talk is more interested in how : Gstat Gbak NBackup Sweep behave as the db grows in size.
  • 6. What is a very large database? How long is a piece of string? It changes with the technology. Larger than available RAM Perhaps insufficient disc space to manipulate copies and backups easily. Disk I/O inadequate for task of backing up/restoring large data volumes within an acceptable time frame.
  • 7. Setting up a test environment 4 core AMD x64 16 GB RAM Windows 2003 X64 server Firebird 2.5.2 Super Server, Vanilla config RAID 10 with H/W controller and write cache. SSD
  • 8. The test databases SDB – 'small' database less than available RAM, 8 M rows MDB – 'medium' size larger than available RAM, 24 M rows QLDB – 'Quite Large' twice the size of medium db, 48 M rows VLDB – 'Very Large' four times the size of medium db, 80 M rows.
  • 9. Simulated Load Testing Based on TPC-C It is a simple product/order database Txns are randomised in an attempt to mod-el real world. TPC-C performance is measured in new-order transactions per minute - tpmC
  • 10. Caveats Not scientifically valid. Test suite takes ? days to run Results should be averaged over 5 test runs These tests relate to this test config. Other versions of Firebird may behave differently Other O/S may behave differently. Other databases or use cases may be different. Much more analysis is required.
  • 11. Baseline Performance Test - 1 Run tpc-c benchmark test for one hour on each database simulating 25 concurrent users. Database Txn per min. SDB_RAID10 410 MDB_RAID10 392 QLDB_RAID10 360 VLDB_RAID10 288 SDB_SSD 2232 MDB_SSD 2235 QLDB_SSD 1938 VLDB_SSD 1112
  • 14. Baseline Performance Test - 3 Run tpc-c benchmark test for one hour on each database Dastiambuaslaeting 25 Tcxonn pceurr rmeinnt users. (03) Txn per min. (02) Txn per min. (01) SDB_RAID10 1295 907 410 MDB_RAID10 1007 932 392 QLDB_RAID10 1033 710 360 VLDB_RAID10 852 529 288 SDB_SSD 1455 1769 2232 MDB_SSD 1007 1810 2235 QLDB_SSD 1652 1771 1938 VLDB_SSD 1455 1301 1112
  • 15. Baseline Performance (03) WIOPS – RAID 10
  • 16. Baseline Performance (03) WIOPS – SSD
  • 17. Impact of gstat -r fb inactive Database Size (GB) Fb Inactive MB/s SDB_RAID10 8.73 00:00:42 212.85 MDB_RAID10 22.70 00:04:18 90.1 QLDB_RAID10 44.00 00:07:44 97.1 VLDB_RAID10 81.10 00:13:30 102.53 SDB_SSD 8.73 00:00:30 297.98 MDB_SSD 22.70 00:03:25 113.39 QLDB_SSD 44.00 00:06:51 109.63 VLDB_SSD* 81.10 00:19:06 72.47 (* sweeper activated)
  • 18. Impact of gstat -r when fb active Database Size (GB) FB Active MB/s SDB_RAID10 8.73 00:04:34 32.63 MDB_RAID10 22.7 00:15:18 25.32 QLDB_RAID10 44 00:26:25 28.43 VLDB_RAID10 81.1 00:43:18 31.97 SDB_SSD 8.73 00:01:58 75.76 MDB_SSD 22.7 00:08:38 44.87 QLDB_SSD 44 00:17:44 42.35 VLDB_SSD (*) 81.1 00:26:52 51.52 ( * uninvited SWEEPER )
  • 19. Impact of gstat -r - full comparison Database Size (GB) Fb Inactive MB/s FB Active MB/s SDB_RAID10 8.73 00:00:42 212.85 00:04:34 32.63 MDB_RAID10 22.7 00:04:18 90.1 00:15:18 25.32 QLDB_RAID1 44 00:07:44 97.1 00:26:25 28.43 0 VLDB_RAID10 81.1 00:13:30 102.53 00:43:18 31.97 SDB_SSD 8.73 00:00:30 297.98 00:01:58 75.76 MDB_SSD 22.7 00:03:25 113.39 00:08:38 44.87 QLDB_SSD 44 00:06:51 109.63 00:17:44 42.35 VLDB_SSD 81.1 00:19:06 72.47 00:26:52 51.52 (uninvited SWEEPER )
  • 20. Impact of gstat -r – tpmC Database Txn per min (gstat) Txn per min (Baseline) SDB_RAID10 787 1295 MDB_RAID10 412 1007 QLDB_RAID10 487 1033 VLDB_RAID10 329 852 SDB_SSD 2365 1455 MDB_SSD 1951 1007 QLDB_SSD 1791 1652 VLDB_SSD (*) 1040 1455
  • 21. GStat and FB WIOPS RAID 10
  • 22. GStat and FB WIOPS - SSD
  • 23. Using GStat - Summary Duration approx 3 times longer when fire-bird is active. Impacts users when using RAID 10. SSD seems to cope with the performance hit. Safe to run at any time (with caveats).
  • 24. Using GBak Too slow to be practical with large databases. Backing up an active database takes a long time and slows up users. Restoring is slow – over ten hours for VLDB on RAID 10 and even longer on SSD card. Only use is for changing page size. Rule of thumb : – restore requires 1 hour per 10 GB.
  • 25. Nbackup Designed to backup VLDB's Works while firebird is active (just like gbak) What is the cost in time for the SYSDBA? What is the impact on users?
  • 26. Nbackup with direct I/O (default for Win) Database FB Inactive FB Active Time Cost SDB_RAID10 00:03:09 00:55:27 17.6 MDB_RAID10 00:09:57 01:37:58 9.85 QLDB_RAID10 00:25:53 No data VLDB_RAID10 No data No data SDB_SSD 00:03:53 00:06:27 1.66 MDB_SSD 00:12:19 00:21:42 1.76 QLDB_SSD 00:31:23 No data VLDB_SSD No data No data
  • 27. NBackup without direct I/O Database FB Inactive FB Active Time Cost SDB_RAID10 0:02:57 0:21:10 7.18 MDB_RAID10 0:10:07 0:56:57 5.63 QLDB_RAID10 0:26:40 No data VLDB_RAID10 No data No data SDB_SSD 0:02:33 0:03:16 1.28 MDB_SSD 0:10:31 0:23:54 2.27 QLDB_SSD 0:33:19 No data VLDB_SSD No data No data
  • 28. NBackup - -D ON or OFF ? Database FB Inactive FB Active -D ON -D OFF -D ON -D OFF SDB_RAID10 00:03:09 0:02:57 00:55:27 0:21:10 MDB_RAID10 00:09:57 0:10:07 01:37:58 0:56:57 QLDB_RAID10 00:25:53 0:26:40 0 0 VLDB_RAID10 0 0 0 0 SDB_SSD 00:03:53 0:02:33 00:06:27 0:03:16 MDB_SSD 00:12:19 0:10:31 00:21:42 0:23:54 QLDB_SSD 00:31:23 0:33:19 0 0 VLDB_SSD 0 0 0 0
  • 29. NBackup and xcopy Database FB Inactive FB Active Time Cost SDB_RAID10 0:01:04 0:02:28 2.31 MDB_RAID10 0:05:30 0:28:37 5.2 QLDB_RAID10 (*) 0:12:08 1:16:36 6.31 VLDB_RAID10 (*) 0:24:14 1:12:22 2.99 SDB_SSD 0:01:39 0:01:57 1.18 MDB_SSD 0:06:06 0:08:18 1.36 QLDB_SSD (*) 0:13:23 0:18:06 1.35 VLDB_SSD (*) 0:24:36 0:29:12 1.19 (* Diff. Page size)
  • 30. NBackup vs. xcopy Database FB Inactive FB Active nbak xcopy nbak xcopy SDB_RAID10 00:03:09 00:01:04 2.95 00:55:27 00:02:28 22.48 MDB_RAID10 00:09:57 00:05:30 1.81 01:37:58 00:28:37 3.42 QLDB_RAID10 (*) 00:33:04 00:12:08 2.73 04:51:55 01:16:36 3.81 VLDB_RAID10 (*) 01:10:45 00:24:14 2.92 03:37:58 01:12:22 3.01 SDB_SSD 00:03:53 00:01:39 2.35 00:06:27 00:01:57 3.31 MDB_SSD 00:12:19 00:06:06 2.02 00:21:42 00:08:18 2.61 QLDB_SSD (*) 00:49:13 00:13:23 3.68 01:30:28 00:18:06 5 VLDB_SSD (*) 01:36:22 00:24:36 3.92 01:55:31 00:29:12 3.96
  • 31. Sweep Database FB Active SDB_RAID10 01:44:30 MDB_RAID10 04:04:50 QLDB_RAID10 08:28:07 VLDB_RAID10 (*) 07:04:29 SDB_SSD 00:44:46 MDB_SSD 02:11:18 QLDB_SSD 04:15:16 VLDB_SSD (*) 03:19:41 4K page size except * - 8K
  • 32. What's up with sweep? Before sweep: Oldest transaction 366,678 Oldest active 366,679 After sweep (8 hours later) : Oldest transaction 1,532,631 Oldest active 1,532,632 Does it matter?
  • 33. Sweep and WIOPS (RAID 10)
  • 35. Things I haven't had time to look at Page size comparisons Gbak backup cost Free space on disc (SSD)