1.
CERVICAL AND PROSTATE CANCER
9 MARCH 2014
What is cancer?
What if I have a
cancer am I going to
die or it can be cure?

2.
CONTENTS
 What is cancer
Cervical cancer
 What is cervical cancer?
 Causes
 Victims
 Symptoms
 Percentage of women with it
Prostate cancer
 Risk factors
 Symptoms
 Prevention
 Treatment
 Causes

3.
INTRODUCTION
This following discussion is based on two
types of cancers of which is cervical and
prostate cancer. Officially cervical cancer is
the problem mostly in women while
prostate cancer is the problem in men.

4.
TYPES OF CANCER
CERVICAL CANCER PROSTATE CANCER

5.
WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer is a disease caused by an
uncontrolled division of abnormal cell in a
part of the body, or a harmful growth of
tumour resulting from an uncontrolled
division of abnormal cells.
Cancer is a disease that begins in the cells,
and it can affects many people.

6.
WHAT CAUSES CANCER?
It can be caused in many ways. The main causes of
cancer are increasing of age, environmental causes
such as chemicals and radiation viruses and inherited
genes.
Cancer is caused by the loss of cell cycle controls in
cancer cells, it occurs when cell division goes out of
control and a growth or tumour causes the growth to
be malignant or benign. The benign growth is
contained within a capsule and can be surgically
removed.

7.
Actually causes of cancer
Diet and lifestyle can increase the risk of getting
cancer for example, people with a diet that lacks fibre
but is high in protein and fat have a greater chance of
getting cancer of the colon.
Viruses can cause cancer of the cervix in women and
some types of liver cancer. Inherited genes that have
multated (changed their structured) give instruction
to cells in certain parts of the body to keep dividing,
resulting in cancer, for example breast cancer.

8.
Terminology
 Tumour- mass that develops when cells divide
very rapidly I an uncontrolled way, as many be
associated with cancer.
Malignant- when a tumour is harmful.
Carcinogenic – a substance that causes cancer.
Hysterectomy- is an operation to remove the
uterus cervix and sometimes the ovaries as well.

9.
WHAT IS CERVICAL CANCER?
A woman should have an annual check-up with a doctor
or clinic nurse to check for cervical cancer. The doctor
removes a small amount of tissue that lines the cervix and
puts it onto on a slide that is sent to the pathology
laboratory. This procedure is called a pap smear or
cervical smear. The cells are carefully examined under the
microscope to check for any signs of abnormal growth.
Cervical cancer can spread up into the uterus, the use of
the pill may sometimes increases the risk of cervical
cance (Liao S October 1996).
It the test for cervical cancer is positive, the woman has a
hysterectomy.

10.
Causes of cervical cancer
A. Viruses
B. Old age 40-50
C. Family history
D. Environment factors
E. Early sexual contact and having multiple
sexual partners

11.
Treatment for cervical cancer
Removed the deepest cells by
biopsy were normal no further
treatment may be needed and
removal of cells or tissue to
diagnose cancer and to out how far
it has invaded (Larsson A, 2001).

12.
PERCENTAGE (%)
 Percentage of women with the cervical cancer in
KWAZULU NATAL, GAUTENG P, MPUMALANG, AND
LIMPOPO.
PRECENTAGE (%)
GP-10%
MP-20
KZN-30%
LIMPOPO

13.
NUMBER OF THE WOMEN
Number of women with cervical cancer in the total of
5000 women.
A. KZN- 30%/100 x 5000 B. MP- 20%/100 X 5000
= 1500 women = 1000 women
C. GP- 10%/100 x 5000 D. LIMPOPO- 40%/ 100 X 5000
= 500 women = 2000 women

14.
symptoms
 Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Vaginal discharge
Warts/ genital warts

15.
Risk factors
It during the time of diagnosis.

16.
Prostate cancer
It is different to say what causes
prostate cancer but there are some
risk factors that can be taken into
account.

17.
Risk factors
At an age of 50 years and older, a high-fat diet and family
history.
Animal fats, genetic factors (positive family history)
increase in age and environment factors such as diet,
large consumption of red meat.
Prostate cancer is more common in men who are more
than 65 years of age. It is recommended that after the age
of 50 years, men should have an annual prostate-specific
antigen blood test (PSA) and a digital rectal examination
(DRE). The earlier prostate cancer is detected the greater
the changes.

18.
symptoms
It early stage there no symptoms.
Frequent urination.
Not being able to urinate, weak or interrupted urine
flow, blood in the urine, difficulty in having an
erection, blood in the semen and frequent pain or
stiffness in the back, hips or upper thighs.
According to (Maaike C.G, 2003), ejaculation, urgency
and nocturia (getting up often a pass urine at night) .

19.
Treatment or prevention
The prostate gland can be removed this
operation is invasive and the recovery period
is long.
A new treatment called Brachytherapy is
proving to be very successful.
Surgery (cracial prostategomy), watchuful
waiting, radiation external beamradiation,
brachytherapy and hormonal treatment.

20.
Reduce risk of getting it!!
Men can reduce the risk of getting
prostate cancer by reducing their fat
intake, eating at least five serving of
fruit/ or vegetables per day, exercising,
and maintain their ideal body weight.

21.
Tests for staging cancer
Cancer site Type of biopsy
performed
Other tests
performed
Prostate Needle biopsy Blood tests for acid
phosphates and
prostate-specific
antigen (PSA
ULTRASOUND
SCAN)

22.
CAUSES
 BY CHANGES IN THE DNA OF NORMAL
PROSTATE CELLS
SMOKING
OBESITY
DIET
 GENES/ FAMILY HISTORY
AGE AND RACE.

23.
S.A. men with prostate cancer
 South African men with prostate cancer in 1993-2001
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Cape
town
Durban Richards Mossel
bay
Saldaoha East
london

24.
Conclusion
The views on concluding the
discussion is that those cancer are
harmful and can kill people so if you
found out that you are suffering from
cancer you must take the treatment as
soon as possible (Koutsky LA, 2002).

25.
THANK YOU!!!!!!!!

26.
REFFERENCE LIST
Cornelis J.A. Hogewoning, Maaike C.G. Bleeker, et al (2003). "Condom use
Promotes the Regression of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and
Clearance of HPV: Randomized Clinical Trial". International Journal of
Cancer 107 (5): 811–816.
Manhart LE, Koutsky LA (2002). "Do condoms prevent genital HPV
infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? A meta-
analysis". Sex Transm Dis 29 (11): 725–35.
Nilsson BO, Carlsson L, Larsson A, Ronquist G (2001). "Autoantibodies to
prostasomes as new markers for prostate cancer". Ups. J. Med. Sci. 106
(1): 43–9.
Umekita Y, Hiipakka RA, Kokontis JM, Liao S (October 1996).