2. By the end of Part II, you will be able to
• Access and use APA style guides
• List the elements required to create citations
for the six most frequently used research
resources
• Construct correct citations for the six most
frequently used research resources
3. In Part I, we discussed the six most frequently
used research resources: journal
articles, books, book
chapters, websites, government documents, and
reference works.
Each of these types of resources has its own
citation format. The Publication
Manual of the American
Psychological Association gives you
the guidelines for creating each of
these different types of citations.
4. APA Publication Manual
The official Publication Manual is nearly 300
pages long, and gives specific details about how
to cite nearly every kind of resource that exists.
It organizes this information by resource type, so
identifying the type of resource that you want to
cite is the first step. Again, we discussed
identifying resources in Part I.
6. Other APA Guides
While the official Publication Manual is the best option
for finding and using guidelines for creating citations, you
may not always have access to the ~300 page book.
There are many excellent guides online. We recommend
the Purdue Online Writing Lab guide, which is linked in
the box on the right side of this page. You can also access
it here:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/
7. Citation Formats
Regardless of the guide that you choose to
use, the information that you find should be the
same.
We will now explore the different formats for
citing different types of research resources.
8. Journal Articles
Journal article citations require the following
elements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Author(s)
Publication year
Article title
Journal title
Volume and issue of journal issue
Page numbers of journal article
DOI (digital object identifier), if available
10. Journal Articles
The elements for a journal article citation are
put together in the following order:
Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of
article. Title of Periodical, volume number
(issue number), pages.
http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy
11. Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this journal article citation?
Hint: there are two problems.
Harlow, Henry. Fundamentals for
preparing psychology journal articles. (1983)
Journal of Comparative and Physiological
Psychology, 55, 893-896.
12. Test Yourself!
The problems are:
1. Only the author’s initials are used, rather than the
first and middle names
2. The publication year should immediately follow the
author
The citation should look like this:
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing
psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative
and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
13. Journal Articles: One More Thing
You may have noticed that the citation that we
just looked at didn’t include either a DOI (for
electronic articles) or an issue number.
Not all articles will have a DOI or even an issue
number. If the article doesn’t include these
elements, then you will not include them in your
citation.
14. Books
Book citations require the following elements:
•
•
•
•
•
Author(s)
Publication year
Book title
Publisher location
Publisher
16. Books
The elements for a book citation are put
together in the following order:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:
Capital letter also for subtitle. Location:
Publisher.
17. Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this book citation? Hint:
there are two problems.
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA Guide
to Preparing Manuscripts for Journal
Publication. American Psychological
Association: Washington, DC.
18. Test Yourself
The problems are:
1. Only the first word (or proper nouns) in the book title
should be capitalized
2. The publication location should precede the publisher
The citation should look like this:
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to
preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
19. Book Chapters
Book chapter citations require the following elements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chapter author(s)
Publication year
Chapter title
Book editor(s)
Book title
Page range of chapter
Publisher location
Publisher
20. Book Chapters
Book title
Book editor
Publisher (and location)
Publication year
Chapter title
Page number(s)
Chapter authors
21. Book Chapters
The elements for a book chapter citation are put
together in the following order:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of
publication). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor &
B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of
chapter). Location: Publisher.
22. Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this book chapter citation?
Hint: there are two problems.
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and
Women's Gender Role Journeys: A Metaphor
for Healing, Transition, and Transformation. In
B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across the
life cycle. New York, NY: Springer.
23. Test Yourself!
The problems are:
1. The page numbers of the chapter are missing
2. Only the first word (and any proper nouns) need to be
capitalized in the chapter title
The citation should look like:
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's
gender role journeys: A metaphor for healing,
transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib
(Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123).
New York, NY: Springer.
24. Websites
The following elements are required for a
website citation:
•
•
•
•
•
Author(s)
Publication date (year, month date)
Article title
Website title
Web address
26. Websites
The elements in a website citation are put
together in the following order:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, month date
of publication). Article title. Website Title.
Retrieved from http://Web address
27. Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this book chapter citation?
Hint: there are two problems.
Brett Jones. The MUSIC model of academic
motivation. Educational Psychology at
Virginia Tech Website. Retrieved from
http://www.ep.soe.vt.edu/ms/
28. Test Yourself!
The problems are:
1. The date is missing (and in this case, only the year is
available, rather than the year, month, and date)
2. The author’s name should appear as last name, first
initial, rather than the full named spelled out
The citation should look like:
Jones, B. (2013). The MUSIC model of academic motivation.
Educational Psychology at Virginia Tech Website.
Retrieved from http://www.ep.soe.vt.edu/ms/
29. Government Documents
The following elements are required for a government
document citation:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Author(s) OR government agency/organization name
Government agency
Publication year
Publication title
Publication report number (if available)
Publication location
Publisher
30. Government Documents
Publisher (all GPO
publications have
Washington, DC as their
location)
Report number
Government agency
Report title
Publication date
31. Government Documents
The elements in a government document citation
are put together in the following order:
Author, A.A. & Author, B.B. OR
Government Name. Name of Government
Agency. (Year). Title: Subtitle (Report No. xxx [if
available]). Publication Location: Publisher.
32. Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this government document
citation? Hint: there are two problems.
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on
Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
Satellite Television Act of 1999: Report of
the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation on S. 303, together with
minority views.
33. Test Yourself!
The problems are:
1. The year of publication is missing
2. The publisher and publication location are missing. Most
government documents will be published by the Government
Printing Office, but you still must include this in your citations.
The citation should look like:
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation. (1999). Satellite Television Act of
1999: Report of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation on S. 303, together with minority views.
Washington DC: Government Printing Office.
34. Reference Works
The following elements are required for a reference work
citation:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reference work entry author(s)
Publication year
Reference work entry (article) title
Reference work title
Page range of reference work entry (if print)
Publication location
Publisher
URL (if electronic)
36. Reference Works
The elements in a reference work citation are
put together in the following order:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year Published).
Article title. In Reference Work Title. (pp. page
(s)). Publication Location: Publisher.
37. Test Yourself!
What’s wrong with this government document
citation? Hint: there are two problems.
McGhee, K., & McKay, G. (2007). Insects.
In Encyclopedia of animals. (pp. 170-171).
Washington, DC.
38. Test Yourself!
The problems are:
1. All of the words in the reference work title
should be capitalized, not just the first word
2. The publisher is missing
The citation should look like:
McGhee, K., & McKay, G. (2007). Insects.
In Encyclopedia of Animals. (pp. 170-171).
Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.
39. Now that we’ve discussed the unique
characteristics of each type of citation that you are
likely going to need to construct, it is time to test
your understanding a bit more.
Click on the link abovein order to complete the
activity (Activity 2) for this section, and to get a
sense of how well you understand and are able
construct different types of citations.
When you are finished, continue on to Part III:
Creating Bibliographies
