Alternative theories of gravity may have considerable impact on cosmological scales while remaining compatible with Solar System tests by means of screening mechanism. I describe the natural emergence of such mechanisms in scalar-tensor theories featuring a coupling to matter of the disformal type.
1. Introduction
Results
May the force not be with you
Screening Modifications of Gravity and Disformal Couplings
Miguel Zumalac´arregui
Instituto de F´ısica Te´orica (IFT-UAM-CSIC) → ITP - Uni. Heidelberg
Refs: PRL 109 241102 (1205.3167) and PRD 87 083010 (1210.8016)
with Tomi S. Koivisto and David F. Mota
University of Geneva (May 2013)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
2. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
The Frontiers of Gravity
Ostrogradski’s Theorem (1850)
Theories with L ⊃
∂nq
∂tn
, n ≥ 2 are unstable∗
L(q(t), ˙q, ¨q) →
∂L
∂q
−
d
dt
∂L
∂ ˙q
+
d2
dt2
∂L
∂¨q
= 0
q, ˙q, ¨q,
...
q → Q1, Q2, P1,P2
H = P1Q2 + terms independent of P1
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
3. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
The Frontiers of Gravity
Ostrogradski’s Theorem (1850)
Theories with L ⊃
∂nq
∂tn
, n ≥ 2 are unstable∗
L(q(t), ˙q, ¨q) →
∂L
∂q
−
d
dt
∂L
∂ ˙q
+
d2
dt2
∂L
∂¨q
= 0
q, ˙q, ¨q,
...
q → Q1, Q2, P1,P2
H = P1Q2 + terms independent of P1
∗ Loophole: Th’s with second order equations of motion
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
4. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Einstein’s Theory
Lovelock’s Theorem (1971)
gµν + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.
√
−g
1
16πG
(R − 2Λ)
Ways out - Clifton et al. (Phys.Rept. 2012)
Additional fields −→
£
¢
¡
φ , Aµ, hµν...
“Higher derivatives” −→ f(R)...
Extra dimensions −→ DGP, Kaluza-Klein...
Weird stuff −→ Non-local, Lorentz violating...
Scalars fields: Simple + certain limits from other theories
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
5. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Scalar Tensor-Theories
Horndenski’s Theory (1974)
gµν +
£
¢
¡
φ + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.
⇒ 4 free functions Gi(φ, X), X ≡ −1
2φ,µφ,µ
LH = G2 − G3 φ + G4R + G4,X ( φ)2
− φ;µνφ;µν
+ G5Gµνφ;µν
−
G5,X
6
( φ)3
− 3( φ)φ;µνφ;µν
+ 2φ ;ν
;µ φ ;λ
;ν φ ;µ
;λ
Jordan-Brans-Dicke: G4 = φ
16πG, G2 = X
ω(φ) − V (φ)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
6. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Scalar Tensor-Theories
Horndenski’s Theory (1974)
gµν +
£
¢
¡
φ + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.
⇒ 4 free functions Gi(φ, X), X ≡ −1
2φ,µφ,µ
LH = G2 − G3 φ + G4R + G4,X ( φ)2
− φ;µνφ;µν
+ G5Gµνφ;µν
−
G5,X
6
( φ)3
− 3( φ)φ;µνφ;µν
+ 2φ ;ν
;µ φ ;λ
;ν φ ;µ
;λ
Jordan-Brans-Dicke: G4 = φ
16πG, G2 = X
ω(φ) − V (φ)
Kinetic Gravity Braiding - Deffayet et al. JCAP 2010
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
7. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Scalar Tensor-Theories
Horndenski’s Theory (1974)
gµν +
£
¢
¡
φ + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.
⇒ 4 free functions Gi(φ, X), X ≡ −1
2φ,µφ,µ
LH = G2 − G3 φ + G4R + G4,X ( φ)2
− φ;µνφ;µν
+ G5Gµνφ;µν
−
G5,X
6
( φ)3
− 3( φ)φ;µνφ;µν
+ 2φ ;ν
;µ φ ;λ
;ν φ ;µ
;λ
Jordan-Brans-Dicke: G4 = φ
16πG, G2 = X
ω(φ) − V (φ)
Kinetic Gravity Braiding - Deffayet et al. JCAP 2010
Deriv. couplings G4(X)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
8. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Scalar Tensor-Theories
Horndenski’s Theory (1974)
gµν +
£
¢
¡
φ + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.
⇒ 4 free functions Gi(φ, X), X ≡ −1
2φ,µφ,µ
LH = G2 − G3 φ + G4R + G4,X ( φ)2
− φ;µνφ;µν
+ G5Gµνφ;µν
−
G5,X
6
( φ)3
− 3( φ)φ;µνφ;µν
+ 2φ ;ν
;µ φ ;λ
;ν φ ;µ
;λ
Jordan-Brans-Dicke: G4 = φ
16πG, G2 = X
ω(φ) − V (φ)
Kinetic Gravity Braiding - Deffayet et al. JCAP 2010
Deriv. couplings G4(X), G5 = 0
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
9. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Frames and Forces
f(R) + Lm ,
vv
φ=f , V =R
((
φR + Lm + Lφ ,
uu
gµν ↔φ−1˜gµν
**
˜R + Lm[φ−1
˜gµν] + ˜Lφ
Jordan frame Einstein frame
√
−g
R
16πG
+
√
−γLm γµν[φ, gµν]
matter metric
, · · · +
√
−gLφ
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
10. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Frames and Forces
f(R) + Lm ,
vv
φ=f , V =R
((
φR + Lm + Lφ ,
uu
gµν ↔φ−1˜gµν
**
˜R + Lm[φ−1
˜gµν] + ˜Lφ
Jordan frame Einstein frame
√
−g
R
16πG
+
√
−γLm γµν[φ, gµν]
matter metric
, · · · +
√
−gLφ
Point Particle:
¨xα
= − Γα
µν + Kα
µν
γαλ
( (µγν)λ−1
2 λγµν )
˙xµ
˙xν
⇒ Fi
φ = Ki
00 +O(vi
/c) ≈ f[φ] i
φ
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
11. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Subtle the Force can be
Fi
φ ≈ f[φ] iφ
“You must feel the Force around you;
here, between you, me, the tree, the rock,
everywhere, yes”
Master Yoda
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
12. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Subtle the Force can be
Fi
φ ≈ f[φ] iφ
“You must feel the Force around you;
here, between you, me, the tree, the rock,
everywhere, yes”
Master Yoda
No Fφ observed in Solar System
Screening Mechanisms
Fφ
FG
1 when
ρ ρ0
r H−1
0
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
13. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Screening Mechanisms
§
¦
¤
¥
ρ ρ0 Chameleon Screening - Khoury & Veltman (PRL 2004)
Yukawa force: φ ∝ 1
r e−φ/mφ with mφ(ρ) increases with ρ
(cf. Symmetron - Hinterbichler & Khoury PRL 2010)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
14. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Screening Mechanisms
§
¦
¤
¥
ρ ρ0 Chameleon Screening - Khoury & Veltman (PRL 2004)
Yukawa force: φ ∝ 1
r e−φ/mφ with mφ(ρ) increases with ρ
(cf. Symmetron - Hinterbichler & Khoury PRL 2010)
§
¦
¤
¥
r H−1
0 Vainshtein Screening - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)
L ⊃ (∂φ) + φX/m2
+ αφTm Non-linear derivative interactions
⇒ φ + m−2
( φ)2
− φ;µν φ;µν
= αMδ(r)
φ ∝
r−1 if r rV
√
r if r rV
Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
15. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Screening Mechanisms
§
¦
¤
¥
ρ ρ0 Chameleon Screening - Khoury & Veltman (PRL 2004)
Yukawa force: φ ∝ 1
r e−φ/mφ with mφ(ρ) increases with ρ
(cf. Symmetron - Hinterbichler & Khoury PRL 2010)
§
¦
¤
¥
r H−1
0 Vainshtein Screening - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)
L ⊃ (∂φ) + φX/m2
+ αφTm Non-linear derivative interactions
⇒ φ + m−2
( φ)2
− φ;µν φ;µν
= αMδ(r)
φ ∝
r−1 if r rV
√
r if r rV
Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
16. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Screening Mechanisms
§
¦
¤
¥
ρ ρ0 Chameleon Screening - Khoury & Veltman (PRL 2004)
Yukawa force: φ ∝ 1
r e−φ/mφ with mφ(ρ) increases with ρ
(cf. Symmetron - Hinterbichler & Khoury PRL 2010)
§
¦
¤
¥
r H−1
0 Vainshtein Screening - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)
L ⊃ (∂φ) + φX/m2
+ αφTm Non-linear derivative interactions
⇒ φ + m−2
( φ)2
− φ;µν φ;µν
= αMδ(r)
φ ∝
r−1 if r rV
√
r if r rV
Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
17. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Form of the Matter Metric
√
−g R
16πG +
√
−γLm γµν[φ, gµν]
matter metric
, · · · +
√
−gLφ
Disformal Relations - Bekenstein (PRD 1992)
γµν = C(φ)gµν
conformal
+ D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
disformal
d¯s2
γ = Cds2
g + D(φ,µdxµ
)2
C = 1 local rescaling, same causal structure
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
18. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Form of the Matter Metric
√
−g R
16πG +
√
−γLm γµν[φ, gµν]
matter metric
, · · · +
√
−gLφ
Disformal Relations - Bekenstein (PRD 1992)
γµν = C(φ)gµν
conformal
+ D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
disformal
d¯s2
γ = Cds2
g + D(φ,µdxµ
)2
C = 1 local rescaling, same causal structure
D = 0 modified causal structure
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
19. Introduction
Results
Theories of Gravity
Screening Mechanisms
Form of the Matter Metric
√
−g R
16πG +
√
−γLm γµν[φ, gµν]
matter metric
, · · · +
√
−gLφ
Disformal Relations - Bekenstein (PRD 1992)
γµν = C(φ)gµν
conformal
+ D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
disformal
d¯s2
γ = Cds2
g + D(φ,µdxµ
)2
C = 1 local rescaling, same causal structure
D = 0 modified causal structure
¯γ00 ∝ 1 − D
C
˙φ2 → Slow roll - MZ, Koivisto et al. (JCAP 2010)
+ relativistic MOND, VSL, Galileons...
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
20. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Disformally Related Theories - MZ, Koivisto, Mota (PRD 2013)
γµν = C(φ)gµν + D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
Einstein Frame: LEF =
√
−gR[gµν] +
√
−γLM (γµν, ψ)
Einstein
gµν → 1
C gµν − D
C φ,µφ,ν
Jordan
Jordan Frame: LJF =
√
−γR[γµν] +
√
−gLM (gµν, ψ)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
21. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Disformally Related Theories - MZ, Koivisto, Mota (PRD 2013)
γµν = C(φ)gµν + D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
Einstein Frame: LEF =
√
−gR[gµν] +
√
−γLM (γµν, ψ)
Einstein
gµν → 1
C gµν − D
C φ,µφ,ν
Jordan
Jordan Frame: LJF =
√
−γR[γµν] +
√
−gLM (gµν, ψ)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
22. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Disformally Related Theories - MZ, Koivisto, Mota (PRD 2013)
γµν = C(φ)gµν + D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
Einstein Frame: LEF =
√
−gR[gµν] +
√
−γLM (γµν, ψ)
Einstein
gµν →C−1gµν
))
gµν →gµν − D
C
φ,µφ,ν
uu
gµν → 1
C gµν − D
C φ,µφ,ν
D ⊂ matteroo
§
¦
¤
¥Galileon
))
Disformal
uu
D ⊂ gravity //
OO
Jordan
Jordan Frame: LJF =
√
−γR[γµν] +
√
−gLM (gµν, ψ)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
24. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
The Galileon Frame
Compute
√
−γ ¯R[γµν] for
§
¦
¤
¥
γµν = gµν + π,µπ,ν (π ≡ D(φ)dφ)
Disformal Curvature
√
−γR[γµν] =
√
−g
1
˜γ
R[gµν] − ˜γ ( π)2
− π;µνπ;µν
+ µξµ
with ˜γ−1 ≡ g/γ = 1 + π,µπ,µ
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
25. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
The Galileon Frame
Compute
√
−γ ¯R[γµν] for
§
¦
¤
¥
γµν = gµν + π,µπ,ν (π ≡ D(φ)dφ)
Disformal Curvature
√
−γR[γµν] =
√
−g
1
˜γ
R[gµν] − ˜γ ( π)2
− π;µνπ;µν
+ µξµ
with ˜γ−1 ≡ g/γ = 1 + π,µπ,µ
Quartic DBI Galileon
π = brane coordinate in 5th dim.
- De Rham Tolley (JCAP 2010)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
26. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Disformally Related Theories - MZ, Koivisto, Mota (PRD 2013)
γµν = C(φ)gµν + D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
Einstein Frame: LEF =
√
−gR[gµν] +
√
−γLM (γµν, ψ)
§
¦
¤
¥Einstein
gµν →C−1gµν
))
gµν →gµν − D
C
φ,µφ,ν
uu
gµν → 1
C gµν − D
C φ,µφ,ν
D ⊂ matteroo
Galileon
))
Disformal
uu
D ⊂ gravity //
OO
Jordan
Jordan Frame: LJF =
√
−γR[γµν] +
√
−gLM (gµν, ψ)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
27. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
The Einstein Frame
LEF =
√
−g
R
16πG
+ Lφ +
√
−γLM (γµν, ψ)
γµν = C(φ)gµν + D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
Gµν = 8πG(Tµν
m + Tµν
φ )
Matter-field interaction: µTµν
m = −Qφ,ν
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
28. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
The Einstein Frame
LEF =
√
−g
R
16πG
+ Lφ +
√
−γLM (γµν, ψ)
γµν = C(φ)gµν + D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
Gµν = 8πG(Tµν
m + Tµν
φ )
Matter-field interaction: µTµν
m = −Qφ,ν
Q =
D
C
µ (Tµν
m φ,ν) −
C
2C
Tm +
D
2C
−
DC
C2
φ,µφ,νTµν
m
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
29. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
The Einstein Frame
LEF =
√
−g
R
16πG
+ Lφ +
√
−γLM (γµν, ψ)
γµν = C(φ)gµν + D(φ)φ,µφ,ν
Gµν = 8πG(Tµν
m + Tµν
φ )
Matter-field interaction: µTµν
m = −Qφ,ν
Q =
D
C
µ (Tµν
m φ,ν) −
C
2C
Tm +
D
2C
−
DC
C2
φ,µφ,νTµν
m
Kinetic mixing Conformal Disformal
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
30. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Consequences of Kinetic Mixing - Koivisto, Mota, MZ (PRL 2012)
Static matter ρ(x) + non-rel. p = 0
1 +
Dρ
C − 2DX
¨φ + F( φ,µ, φ,µ, ρ) = 0
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
31. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Consequences of Kinetic Mixing - Koivisto, Mota, MZ (PRL 2012)
Static matter ρ(x) + non-rel. p = 0
1 +
Dρ
C − 2DX
¨φ + F( φ,µ, φ,µ, ρ) = 0
Disformal Screening Mechanism
¨φ ≈ −
D
2D
˙φ2
+ C
˙φ2
C
−
1
2D
(If Dρ → ∞)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
32. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Consequences of Kinetic Mixing - Koivisto, Mota, MZ (PRL 2012)
Static matter ρ(x) + non-rel. p = 0
1 +
Dρ
C − 2DX
¨φ + F( φ,µ, φ,µ, ρ) = 0
Disformal Screening Mechanism
¨φ ≈ −
D
2D
˙φ2
+ C
˙φ2
C
−
1
2D
(If Dρ → ∞)
φ(x, t)
§
¦
¤
¥
independent of ρ(x) and ∂iφ
⇒ No φ between M1, M2 ⇒
§
¦
¤
¥No fifth force!
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
33. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Disformal Screening: Potential Signatures
Assumptions:
Static ∂tρ = 0
Pressureless Dp X ≡ C − 2DX
Neglect p
ρ , p
ρ
∂φ
∂tφ
2
, X
Dρ , X
DρV /¨φ , Γµ
00φ,µ/¨φ ∼ 0
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
34. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Disformal Screening: Potential Signatures
Assumptions:
Static ∂tρ = 0
Pressureless Dp X ≡ C − 2DX
Neglect p
ρ , p
ρ
∂φ
∂tφ
2
, X
Dρ , X
DρV /¨φ , Γµ
00φ,µ/¨φ ∼ 0
Potential Signatures
Matter velocity flows: T0i → Terms ∝ φ;0i and ˙φ φ,i
Suppressed by v/c → Binary pulsars?
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
35. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Disformal Screening: Potential Signatures
Assumptions:
Static ∂tρ = 0
Pressureless Dp X ≡ C − 2DX
Neglect p
ρ , p
ρ
∂φ
∂tφ
2
, X
Dρ , X
DρV /¨φ , Γµ
00φ,µ/¨φ ∼ 0
Potential Signatures
Matter velocity flows: T0i → Terms ∝ φ;0i and ˙φ φ,i
Suppressed by v/c → Binary pulsars?
Pressure: Instability and effects on radiation
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
36. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Disformal Screening: Potential Signatures
Assumptions:
Static ∂tρ = 0
Pressureless Dp X ≡ C − 2DX
Neglect p
ρ , p
ρ
∂φ
∂tφ
2
, X
Dρ , X
DρV /¨φ , Γµ
00φ,µ/¨φ ∼ 0
Potential Signatures
Matter velocity flows: T0i → Terms ∝ φ;0i and ˙φ φ,i
Suppressed by v/c → Binary pulsars?
Pressure: Instability and effects on radiation
Strong gravitational fields: Γµ
00φ,µ not suppressed by Dρ
Γr
00 = GM
r3 (r − 2GM) → Black holes?
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
37. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
Disformal Screening: Potential Signatures
Assumptions:
Static ∂tρ = 0
Pressureless Dp X ≡ C − 2DX
Neglect p
ρ , p
ρ
∂φ
∂tφ
2
, X
Dρ , X
DρV /¨φ , Γµ
00φ,µ/¨φ ∼ 0
Potential Signatures
Matter velocity flows: T0i → Terms ∝ φ;0i and ˙φ φ,i
Suppressed by v/c → Binary pulsars?
Pressure: Instability and effects on radiation
Strong gravitational fields: Γµ
00φ,µ not suppressed by Dρ
Γr
00 = GM
r3 (r − 2GM) → Black holes?
Spatial Field Gradients: Evolution independent of ∂iφ
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
38. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
The Vainshtein Radius - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)
Non-linear derivative interactions L ⊃ + φX/m2
+ αφTm
⇒ φ + m−2
( φ)2
− φ;µν φ;µν
= αMδ(r)
φ ∝
r−1 if r rV
√
r if r rV
Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3
Disformal coupling: L ⊃ −˜γ ( φ)2
− φ;µν φ;µν
(Jordan Fr.)
φ = 0 ⇒ φ =
S
r
Einstein Fr.
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
39. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
The Vainshtein Radius - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)
Non-linear derivative interactions L ⊃ + φX/m2
+ αφTm
⇒ φ + m−2
( φ)2
− φ;µν φ;µν
= αMδ(r)
φ ∝
r−1 if r rV
√
r if r rV
Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3
Disformal coupling: L ⊃ −˜γ ( φ)2
− φ;µν φ;µν
(Jordan Fr.)
φ =
−QµνδTµν
m
C + D(φ,r)2
⇒ φ =
S
r
(if r → ∞)
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
40. Introduction
Results
Disformally Related Frames
Screening the Force
The Vainshtein Radius - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)
Non-linear derivative interactions L ⊃ + φX/m2
+ αφTm
⇒ φ + m−2
( φ)2
− φ;µν φ;µν
= αMδ(r)
φ ∝
r−1 if r rV
√
r if r rV
Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3
Disformal coupling: L ⊃ −˜γ ( φ)2
− φ;µν φ;µν
(Jordan Fr.)
φ =
−QµνδTµν
m
C + D(φ,r)2
⇒ φ =
S
r
(if r → ∞)
D 0 ⇒ asymptotic φ0 = S
r breaks down at ˜rV = DS2
C
1/4
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
41. Introduction
Results
Conclusions
Life beyond the conformal coupling: Dφ,µφ,ν
→ don’t be a conformist!
New frames: Galileon Disformal
Einstein Frame: simpler Eqs. physical insight
Screening mechanisms:
Disformal: Dρ → ∞ field eq. independent of ρ
Vainshtein: r rV ⇒ Fφ FG
Open questions potential applications (e.g. Cosmology)
May the force not be with you!
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
43. Introduction
Results
Properties of the Field Equation
Canonical scalar field Lφ = X − V , solve for φ
Mµν
µ νφ +
C
C − 2DX
QµνTµν
m − V = 0
Mµν
≡ gµν
−
D Tµν
m
C − 2DX
, Qµν ≡
C
2C
gµν +
C D
C2
−
D
2C
φ,µφ,ν
Coupling to (Einstein F) perfect fluid Tµ
ν = diag(ρ, p, p, p)
M0
0 = 1 + Dρ
C−2DX , D, ρ 0 ⇒ no ghosts
Mi
i = 1 − Dp
C−2DX , ⇒ potential instability if p C/D − X
- Does it occur dynamically?
- Consider non-relativistic coupled species Mi
i 0
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you
44. Introduction
Results
(Some) Cosmology
˙ρ + 3Hρ = Q0
˙φ ,
- Pure Conformal Q
(c)
0 = C
2C ρ
- Pure Disformal Q
(d)
0 ≈ ρφ
D
2D (1 + wφ) − V
2V (1 − wφ)
Simple models give
good background expansion with Λ = 0
too much growth:
Geff
G
− 1 =
Q2
0
4πGρ2
But much room for viable models
Miguel Zumalac´arregui May the force not be with you